Scoring and Sleep Stages Flashcards
What is orthopnea?
Difficulty breathing except in an upright position.
What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing? How long does it usually last?
Gradually increasing, then decreasing rate and depth. Lasts 30-180 seconds. (Cheyne-Stokes is a good guess on test questions.)
D-6
What causes Cheyne-Stokes Breathing? (x6)
Central sleep apnea, meningitis, drug overdose, increased intracranial pressure, Damaged respiratory area of brain, CHF. (If there’s a breathing pattern you don’t know on the test, choose this one.)
“Crescendo-decrescendo” describes what pattern of breathing?
Cheyne-Stokes
What is Biot’s Breathing?
What’s another name for Biot’s?
Increased respiratory rate and depth with irregular periods of apnea. Each breath has the same depth.
Also called Ataxic breathing
What causes Biot’s breathing?
CNS problems, Meningitis
What’s another word for Cheyne-Stokes Breathing?
Periodic breathing
What is Kussmaul’s Breathing?
Increased respiratory rate (over 20) with increased depth and labored breathing sounds
What causes Kussmauls breathing?
Metabolic acidosis, renal failure
What is paradoxical breathing?
When inhalation results in a decreasing or asymmetrical chest movement.
What causes paradoxical breathing?
Difficult breathing against a closed airway.
What is apneustic breathing?
Series of slow, deep breaths, each one held for 30-90 seconds.
What causes apneustic breathing?
Head injury, tumor.
For examination purposes, what is the definition of Apnea?
A 90% decrease in airflow that lasts 10 seconds or longer. (D-7)
According to Medicare/Medicaid Services, a hypopnea is marked by a ___% decrease in SpO2.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine says that it’s ___%.
Medicare: 4%
AASM: 3%
Positive airway pressure is the most common form of sleep apnea treatment. What kinds of surgery are there?
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UP3), nasal reconstruction, maxillomandibular advancement, tracheostomy, and upper airway stimulation device.
Besides surgery and PAP, there are three other options to treat OSA. What are they?
Weight loss, positional therapy, and oral appliances (especially if the chin is really far back.)
What is the ultimate solution to treat OSA?
Tracheostomy
Actual test question. It says “ultimate”, not “best” solution.
What is a brain disorder that often causes central sleep apnea? (This disorder is often seen on the test.)
Parkinson’s disease
What is central sleep apnea?
A 90% cessation of airflow at the nose and mouth and cessation of chest movement lasting 10 seconds or longer.
What conditions can cause central sleep apnea?
Brain & spinal problems, severe obesity, CHF, sleeping at high altitudes.
What’s the treatment for central sleep apnea? (No drugs)
O2, BiPAP, ASV, or VPAP.
What is the drug treatment for central sleep apnea? (Drugs only)
Acetazolamide (Diamox) and Dimethylxanthine (Theophylline)
D-10
What is mixed apnea?
A combination of obstructive and central sleep apnea (D-11)
What is a Respiratory Effort Related Arousal?
Abruptly faster rate
30% Decrease in flow
10 sec in duration
Nothing prominent in respiratory channels to score
What are the characteristics of a hypopnea?
Shallow breathing
Occurs while asleep or while awake
Classified as a sleep disorder
What causes a hypopnea?
Age, smoking, obesity, nasal septum defect, using sleeping pills, and alcohol
