scope of application: subject matetr Brussel I regulation Flashcards
overriding principle of brussel I = mutual Trust :
Gasser + Turner
allerseerst pas op !! artikel 66 bepaald dat recast enkel gelidig is op proceeding vanaf 10 jan 2015!! anders nog gwne brussel I
theme van mutual trust runs through IPR extending from the Brussel I into the insolvency regulation (Eurofood)
the CJEU applies the jurisdiction Regulations employing the following main principles
1) sarting point of regulation is that the drafters aim to FACILITATE recognition and enforcement by agreeing common rules for adjudication and jurisdiction
2) this adjudication by coourts in one MS is not to be second-guessed by courts of other states– neit in twijfel trekken
3) rules are in principle subject to autonomous European interpretation
combinatie van die drie leift naar legal certainty!
wil LEGAL CERTAINTY and PREDICTABILITY
common law landen vaak niet happy met hoe het Hof oordeelt: zeggen dat to be interpreted taking into account the needs for international trade en dat doet het hof vaak niet!
the distinction between common law of conflicts and civil law/Brussel I = rix LJ noted in Konkola Copper Mines
the regulations also approaches the risk of inconsistent deciqions with the same dislike , however the techniques of the english common law and of the regulation are diffrent
the common law ultimately relies on an excercise of discretion to reach what in each case seems to the court to be the rights result
the convention and regulation state rules designed to avoid inconsistent decisions but if tose rules fail in a particular case to avoid that danger there can be NO fall back on DISCETIONARY powers = Gasser
scope of aplication: subject matter
1) existence of international element
2) civil & commercial matters
3) (exclusions)
existence of international element
OWUSU
Lindner
Maletic
refer in preambule to JENARD REPORT : stresses application on INTERNATIONAL jurisdiction – not define concept want international element hangt af van particular facts bv Ok over personen allesn gedomicileerd in 1 staat is niet voor de conventie – artikel 2 verwijst trg naar nationale rechter
arrest OWUSU: international nature of relationship need not necessariliy derive for the purpose of article 2 from the involvement, either because of the subject matter of the proceedings or the respective domiciles of the parties
maar gwn domicle van 1 in een MS en het feit dat gebeurt in een andere state is genoeg! owusu
flexible interpretation of internationel element is confirmed in LINDNER:
place of defendant in unknown maar net omdat dit vragen opwerpt naar welke jurisdisctie? is convention van toep recital 3– accordance for legal certainty
case Lidner= foreign national and domicile unknown
derde case= maletic! = hof accepteert snel een internationaal element CJEU!
plaintiffs were domiciled in austria, had booked and paid a package holiday to egypt. on a website registred in germany with tui = registred in vienna = austria maar miscommunicatie en zitten nu zonder hotel
zeggen is puur domestic aangezien het een geschil betreft tss de familie en TUI is beide van austria! volgens nationaal rehct zou dan ook court van austria bevoegd zijn op grond van domicile van defenddant.
maar court zegt nee er is een grensoverschirjdend element aangezien via site zijn gegegaan registred in germany! dus oordelen op grond van aritkel 17- consumer OK zien dat in casu gaat over tee verschillende OK’s waarbij 1 duidelijk leidt tot applicatie van convention en 1 puur domestic blijft!
does the purely domestic contract become international by association?? YES! referred to OWUSU held that the mere domicile within the EU of just one of the parties is enough to TRIGGER application of regulation
hof oordeelt is internationaal plus 2de ok dat puur domsetic was moest ook inetrnationaal gezien worden aangeizn onafscheidelijk!
conclusion= low threshold for an international element
civil and kommercial matters (voorwaarde 2) voor apllication on regulation brussel I : subject matter
verschil civil-commercial and publixc=
Sonntag
aertssen
article 1 issue moeilijke kwlificatie tss enerzijds civil en commercial en publiek/adm als uitzondering! is moeilijk te onderscheiden = iets makkelijker in civil landen – moeilijke disctinction zien we bv in Sonntag= zeggen criminal judgment valt binnen publiek recht aangezien the supervision of pupils by herr sontag in his capacity of civil servant (ambtenaar) valt binnen aadm recht
court zegt ookal criminele procedure en wil compensatie bekopmen is in principe civiel recht MAAR als de auteur die schade heeft evroorzaakt hoort binne publiek recht is outside scope sonntag referred to as precendent for Aertssen
aertssen: nv of belgium was fraude en in belgie en frankrijk is een criminele procedure met hieraan een civiele aangekoppeld
ookal is het een criminal procedure zoals in sonntag de legal aim van alles was compensatie woog zwaarder door = civil matter
civil and commercial define
eurocontrol, gemeente steenbergen, lechouritou, sapir, flylal, Fahnenbrock als niet valt binnen civil and commercial is het ook gedaan dan is verordening neit van toepassing en moet men kijken naar residual private international law
civil/commercial: Mahamdia
case law on civil and commercial applies equally to foreign states conducting activities in EU! bv Mahamdia = a former driver working for the algerian embassy in germany had employment agreemnt with the embassy designated algerian courts as exclusive jurisdiction ruled that embassy often acts iure Gestionis and not iure imperii
iure gestionis rechtshandelingen die de overheid in hoedanigheid van een privaat persoon stelt ( dus als subject van IPR
eurocontrol
eurocontrol sought enforcement in germany of an order by belgian courts
eurocontrol is an public body - use of its services by airlines is obligatory and exclusive
germany is nog minder common van de distinction between civil and public ! dus moeten beoordelen op grond van independant interpretations guided by the objectives and scheme of the convention+ ius commune/national legal systems
moeten buiten toep verklaard worden als publiek tss
1) relatie tss twee partijen to the action or
2) subject matter of the action
maar eurocontrol niet buiten toepassing aangezien de oevrheidsinstantie niet krachtens zijn overheidsbevoegdheid handelt.
cicil/commercial: Ruffer
action for the recovery of costs involved in the removal of a wreck in a public waterway – recovery was carried out by relevant state in fulfilment under inetrnational law! entrusted to a particular public authority= outside the convention
civil/commercial: gemeente steenbergen
gemeente steenbergen had paid subsistence grants to the former spouse of mr. steenbergen was scheiding zaak en meneer weigert onderhoudsgeld te betalen waardoor het op het hoofd van de gemeente komt
haalde de eurocontrol formula aan: exclusion of certain judicial decisions from the scope of the brussels convention, woning eitehr the legal relationship between the parties to the action or its subject matter
court vroeg zich nog af of mss toch accepteren onder conventie maar dan uitsluiten onder de social security– court applied a strict interpretation! with reference to Jenard and Schlosser reports: the exception only relates to litigation arising out of relations between the authorities on the one hand and eployers/employees the other!!
after steenbergen FRAHUIL added that specific legal obligation wich lies at the foundation of the claim determines applicability
lechouritou
belangrijk voor unifome application that civil and commercial matters is interpreted as a independent concept, by referring to objectives and scheme of the brussels convention ans to general principles which stem from the corpus of national legal system
exclusion van certain categories door (euroontrol formula)= legal relationship between parties or subject matter maar nt altijd publiek als acte gestionis en niet acte iure imperii
civil/commercial sapir
was duitsalnd tege aantal defendant in duitsland en daarbuiten vraag van compensation voor overpaid in error following an adm. proceeding to provide compensation in respect of the loss of property dureing persecutions under nazi regime
moest allereerst een anchor defendant zoejen (was grore groep) zeiden op basis van nature van proceeding is public gezien adm procedures en nvolvment van publieke OH
maar court zei anders de ehte natuur van de vorderign was civiel van aard aangezien het ging over onrechtvaardigde verrijking.. en de OH niet gehandeld heeft in zijn acte imperrii
flylal
flylal sought compensation for the damage resultinf from teh abuse by air baltic and second from anti competitive agreement between the co defendants zeiden is publiek wnat valt binnen publiek recht doodat gaat over airport charges set by state rules
CJEU held that provision of airport facilities in return for payment of a fee contitutes an economic activity
dat de OH aandelen heeft inde luchthaven maakt niet uit!
Fahnenbrock –direct and immediate effect
issue of qualification of an action by german holders of greek bonds against greek state for involuntary schave they took on those bonds
partij oordeelde dat de tsskomst van de overheid was idd DIRECT and not a distance from the contract dus OH maar Oh court zag anders was nie tDIRECT and IMMEDIZTE effect van de OH op het Ok dus wel binnen toep geb
prof vidn DIRECT and IMMEDIATE test not convincing
summary cvil and commercial matters application
the eurocontrol formula die zo naar voor spingt is nog altijd happily van toep! : issues kunnen worden uitgesloten door ofwel 1)relatie tss parties 2) subject matter van de issue
zijn altenatieve condities nit cumulatief!
potentially new alternative test of direct and immediate effect formula in Fahnenbrock – maar prof denkt komt niet ten goede van legal certainty
acte clair doctrine
national courts need not to refer to the CJEU when inetrpretation of EU law is sufficiently clear either by virtue of that law itself or following CJEU interpretation in case law
bv British airways
exclusions
article 1(2) status of legal capacity; rights property
bankrupcy, insovensy
social security (van steenbergen)
arbitration
maintenance obligations
willq and succession
maintenance regulation &succession regulation
wills and succession exception case law
sabbagh v khoury
vader had stroke sabbagh claimed that defendants had variously conspired against both him and her misappropriate assets – claimant zei buiten toep geb want gaat over wills en succesison
court benadrukt elke uitz is restictief uit te leggen
report JENARD= matters falling outside the scope of the convention do so only if they constitute the principle subject matter of the proceedings. they are thus NOT excluded when they come before the court as a SUBSIDIARY matter either in the main proceedings or in the preliminary proceedings!
moet MAIN voorwerp zijn
zegt dat in de case van sabbagh v khoury dat men niet kon oordelen buiten toep geb omdat succession want main reason was consipracy to defraud- wat ging over uiteindelijk weersalg op haar goederen! – succesive regulation kan wel subsidiar ingeroepen worden om verder te gaan maar VK niet gebonden door dit! succession regulation
insolvency exception
insolvency is directly linked with business. so important relevance that seperate regime was preferable. = insolvency regulation 1346/2000 – an action is related to bankruptcy only if it derives DIRECTLY from the bankruptcy and CLOSELY linked to proceedings for realising assets or judicial supervision = GOURDAIN – the scope of application of insolvency regulation must NOT be broadly interpreted = GERMAN GRAPHICS
it is the closeness of the LINK between a court action and the insolvency proceedings that is the decisive (beslissend) for the purpose of deciding wheter the insolvency exclusion is applicable = Germna graphics – CJEU pusht niet voor een autonomous interpretation
german graphics– gourdain
action brought by seller based on reservation of title against purchaser who is insolvent was found NOT covered by exception! by contrast in GOURDAIN the court applied the exception to a court action to a piercing corporate veil this technique van piercing corporate veil was found to be solely based on french bankruptcy law and thus outside scope
F-tex
procedure at stake was actio pauliana om zo the insolvent eprson to revoke any acts carrided out fraudulently — procedure based on concepts of alienatio, fraude en knowledge of fraud – actio pauliana constitutes an exception to the principle of privity of contract and is effectivily an exception to the rule that a person who is not a party of the OK may not beneifit from the suffer its legal consequences.
in insolvency context the ffects of the actio pauliana apply to the whole of the assets and therefore benefit all creditors
CJEU zei that the right acquired, once it became owned by the assignee, no longer retained a DIRECT link with the debtor’s insolvency! therefore was not covered! by the insolvency exception maar pas op SEAGON the actio pauliana excersiced by the liquidator is covered by insolvency regulation not brussel I!!
OFAB
exact delineation (afbakening) of the insolvency exception keeps on exercising. contractual claims for payment against a swedish company – CJEU zegt insolvency exception did not apply want interpreted NARROWLY– hier was company niet insolvent maar subject to a company reconstruction order! – court zegt dat die acties do not concern teh EXCLUSIVE PREROGATIVE of the LIQUIDATOR to be excercised in teh intrest of the general body of creditors. but of rights which an individual creditor is free to exrcise in its own intrests
is insolvency!! voorwaarde (OFAB)
do not concern teh EXCLUSIVE PREROGATIVE of the LIQUIDATOR to be excercised in teh intrest of the general body of creditors
verschil rechterlijke reorganisatie but of rights which an individual creditor is free to exrcise in its own intrests
nickel &goeldner
CJEU benadrukt deference (eerbied) to national law