Scientific transformation and the beginnings of osteopathic medicine

Question 1

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 1

First to conceive the cell as the center of pathological functions.

Question 2

Die Cellularpatholgie

Answer 2

Written by Rudolf Virchow. Ended the idea of humoral physiology.

Question 3

Ignaz Semmelweiss

Answer 3

Marter of clinical bacteriology. Talked about childbed fever (puerperal sepsis) and how is was carried from pt to pt by the OB, and counseled washing hands. First to recognize this.

Question 4

Allegemeinen Krankenhaus

Answer 4

Hospital in Vienna in Hungary where Ignaz Semmelweiss worked. Had two OB wards, one by midwives, another by physicians.

Question 5

Joseph Lister

Answer 5

First surgeon to prevent post surgical fever. He followed Pasteur’s idea (knew his research) on infectious processes, by emitting a mist of phenol into the surgical room (1st antiseptic surgery). Also packed wounds with phenol. Lead to the ‘century of surgery”

Question 6

Louis Pasteur

Answer 6

Espoused the Germ theory of disease, and proved microorganisms responsible for disease (meat in an airtight jar). Also proved rabies and anthrax.

Question 7

Robert Koch

Answer 7

Family doctor (not researcher). Made bacteriology a real science - discovered mycobacterium TB, and vibrio cholerae. His methods “Koch’s postulates” led to the identification of MANY organisms.

Question 8

Myobacterium TB

Answer 8

Discovered by Koch

Question 9

Vibrio cholerae

Answer 9

discovered by Koch

Question 10

Crawford Long

Answer 10

Was a Dr that did first public anesthesia, but did not publicize it.

Question 11

Horace Wells

Answer 11

Dentist-first to use nitrous oxide anesthesia. (failed while trying to do demonstration).

Question 12

William Morton

Answer 12

Dr. who thought he did first ether anesthesia, but was actually preceded by Crawford Long. Tried to patent ether, but nope.

Question 13

James Simpson

Answer 13

Developed chloroform anesthesia for labor

Question 14

Theodor Billroth

Answer 14

Refined Listerian antisepsis. Developed new abdominal surgeries, and many other surgical techniques. Checked fevers of patient (like Boerhaave)

Question 15

William Halsted

Answer 15

Student of Billroth, that used lister’s antisepsis, and firs to use rubber gloves (accident). Also developed radical mastectomy.

Question 16

Karl Roentgen

Answer 16

Discovered x-rays. Used it medically for the first time a few months later.

Question 17

Marie and Pierre Curie

Answer 17

Discovered polonium and radium. She later discovered radium, which began to be used in CA treatment 6 years later.

Question 18

Johannes Muller

Answer 18

First to advocate the separation of anatomy and physiology. Wrote Handbuch der physiologie des Menschen. Most important contribution were the students he inspired.

Question 19

Willem Einthoven

Answer 19

Refined the use of an ECG, but did not invent it. Made a string galvonometer to study heart. Showed some pathological rhythms. (HUGE machine however, and not incorporated into medicine until 1920s)

Question 20

A.T. Still’s birthday

Answer 20

1828, born in VA

Question 21

Abram Still

Answer 21

Father of A.T. Still. Practiced a form of medicine from Methodist history, since he was often the only educated person

Question 22

Sons of thunder

Answer 22

Methodists of the sort that A.T. still’s father was. VERY strict Christians that advocated no EtOH, clean living, etc. STRICT abolitionist.

Question 23

Heroic medicine

Answer 23

Purging bowels, bleeding etc. Based on Galen’s ideas.

Question 24

Eclevticism

Answer 24

School of healing that evolved from Thomsonian herbalists. Emerged in the 1800s as an alternative to MD medicine.

Question 25

Homeopathy

Answer 25

Treating like with like in very small doses, (Paracelsus). Bigger in the 1800s as an alternative to MD medicine, led by Sam Hahnemann.

Question 26

Bonesetting

Answer 26

Emerged in the 1800s as an alternative to MD medicine. Ancient skill passed through Taylor family in England. They manipulated joints, corrected fratures, dislocations, and painful joints.

Question 27

Thomsonians

Answer 27

Led by Saml. Thomson. Campaigned against state licensing, and responsible for repeal or blunting of state licensing laws. Later became eclectics, who preached that you should only use botanicals to cure.

Question 28

Sylvester Graham

Answer 28

Founded Graham’s laws. Live by nature; take no medicine, exercise, fresh air, regular bathing etc.

-Very similar to hippocratic, and lived very close to Still.

Question 29

Hydropathy

Answer 29

Used cold water baths for treatment

Question 30

Mesmerism

Answer 30

Started by Franz Mesmer, who was a con artist. Told them he could heal through magnets.

• Total fraud.
• Followers changed to hypnosis to get rid of the image.
• Still knew these concepts well.

Question 31

Spiritualism

Answer 31

Became part of A.T. Still’s thought. Involves communicating with the dead, and learning more about the universe.

Question 32

Andrew Jackson Davis

Answer 32

Leader of the spiritualists who wrote the “great Harmonia” healing with the hands, and free flow of the spirit fluid, and harmony of the body.

Question 33

Phrenology

Answer 33

• Devised by Franz Joseph Gall.

- Found bumps on the skull, and associated them with character analysis.

Question 34

June 1874

Answer 34

A.T. Still wrote “I flung to the breeze the banner of osteopathy”.

Question 35

Changes in surgery in the later 1800s

Answer 35

New found antisepsis technique, and anesthesia allowed for more than just ortho surgeries.

Question 36

James Still

Answer 36

AT Still’s brother who went to med school. Wrote to the other Still brother Edward when AT went back to Missouri from Kansas (where James was), to tell him AT was crazy.
-Father to summerfield Still, founder of DMU.

Question 37

Franz Gall

Answer 37

Developed phrenology. His ideas were incorporated into neurologist, but all crap.

Question 38

Bonesetters

Answer 38

An ancient, generally disreputable non-drs. who treated joint/bone issues.
-Passed down through Taylor family in England.

Question 39

Herbert Spencer

Answer 39

British philosopher who coined the term Evolution, and wrote a book on it.

• Still possibly influenced by his ideas, which were:
• Cause and effect in disease.
• structure and function are interrelated
• holistic working of the organisms.

Question 40

Influences on Still’s thinking

Answer 40

Bonesetters, mesmerism, possibly by Herbert Spencer’s evolutionary ideas, graham idea on no medicine, spiritualism.

Question 41

Victor Broussais

Answer 41

Originator of physiologic medicine in France around the same time as still

Question 42

Jean Charcot

Answer 42

Neurologist in France that demonstrated what happened when nerves were compressed.