Scientific Literature

Question 1

Scientific vs. nonscientific sources

Answer 1

Scientific: for science community, structured, formal, peer-reviewed, citations, cautious

Non-scientific: general audience, informal format, simple terminology, not peer-reviewed, definite answers

Question 2

Keyword search/ Boolean operators

Answer 2

Use keyboards to describe phenomenon/ synonyms
And
Or
Not
( X OR Y) AND (X OR Y)
“ XY” gives you XY and not X and Y

Question 3

Electronic databases

Answer 3

Google scholar
PubMed
ScienceDirect
Web of science
PsychInfo

Question 4

Steps of literature search

Answer 4

1. Screening results
2. Secondary sources

Question 5

Systematic and narrative reviews

Answer 5

Systematic:
Transparency, high level of evidence, not influenced by researchers, quality of studies
-> meta analyses:
-special case of systematic
Quantitative not just qualitative

Narrative:
Informal and poorly described, biases, keywords not identified, simply provides background on topic

Question 6

Research reports

Answer 6

Integral part of research process,
Journal: ca 5000 words, thesis longer
Different types require different reviewing
Basic statistics are necessary
Reports very systematic but don’t give every detail of research

Question 7

Research reports structure

Answer 7

Title, abstract, Introduction, method, results, discussion, references, appendixes

Short but simple sentences
Paragraphs
Subheadings
Avoid personal pronouns
Past tense
Less than 10? Write one two instead of 1 2
No quotations

Question 8

Title, abstract, introduction

Answer 8

Attracts attention, 12-20 words, no clickbait

Major aspects, 150-250 words, approx. 5 keywords

Importance of research topic
Empirical data
unresolved issue
Definitions
Review of previous research
Research aim
Hypothesis

Question 9

Citation journal article

Answer 9

Author, A. A., & Author B. B. (Year). Title. Name of periodical, volume(issue), page-page. Link

Question 10

Citation book

Answer 10

Author A. A., & Author B. B. (Copyright year). Title (edition). Publisher. DOI or URL

Question 11

Chapter in edited book

Answer 11

Author, A. A., Author B. B. (Copyright year). Title of chapter l. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (edition., page-page). Publisher. DOI or URL

Question 12

Fishing

Answer 12

Inventing hypothesis after gathering data

Falsifies the data

Question 13

Data fabrication

Answer 13

Withholding raw data and claiming an effect is wrong
Open science to check vand verify data
Conflict of interest