Paychological Scales And Tests

Question 1

Types of variables

Answer 1

Categorical: not numerical
Quantitative: numerical

Question 2

Steven’s measurement theory

Answer 2

Hierarchy of measurements
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

3 properties
1. Relative order (increase or decrease)
2. Equal interval (same unit step)
3. Zero point (absence of measurement)

Question 3

Nominal variables

Answer 3

Measurement aim: categorizing cases in terms of more than 2 categories

Multinominal variables: 3 or more

Labeled like in SPSS

Question 4

Ordinal variables

Answer 4

Measurement aim: giving value to each category
- dichotomous quantitative variables (eg level of income)
- participants arranged in order
-don’t follow one another in equal steps

Question 5

Interval variable

Answer 5

Measurement aim: asseigning real value/numbers to each value in the same unit step
Eg: temperature
- no zero point (0°C is not the lowest point)

Question 6

Ratio variable

Answer 6

Measurement aim: all measurement properties apply:
- can be arranged in order
- constant unit step difference
- contains zero point

Question 7

Overview for variables

Answer 7

• Nominal: no relative order, no equal interval, no zero point
• ordinal; relative order, no equal interval, no zero point
• interval: relative order, equal interval, no zero point
• ratio: relative order, equal interval, zero point

Question 8

Psychological measures

Answer 8

Difficulty of finding psych examples for interval and ratio as as interval and ratio

Question 9

Quasi interval scale

Answer 9

Appears to be interval, but its scale isn’t necessarily equal

Question 10

Psychological tests and scales

Answer 10

Attempt to quantify psych characteristics
- psychometry: technology of test creation for quantification
- standardization

Restrictions in availability
- costs
- training or qualification needed for test

Question 11

Unidimensional scales

Answer 11

Correlation of scale items with each other are determined by the result of a single underlying dimension

Question 12

Multidimensional scale

Answer 12

Correlation based on result of two or more underlying dimensions

Question 13

Open questions

Answer 13

Participants can answer freely -> qualitative data

Question 14

Closed question

Answer 14

Predefined questions can be answered-> quantitative data

Can be frustrating to answer when the predefined answer isn’t correct
Can be misinterpreted

Question 15

Thurstone scale

Answer 15

Central idea: each statement of scale, if a person agrees, it’s given a score to strengthen that statement

Question 16

Process of scaling

Answer 16

1. Specifying specific psych construct
2. Producing questions
3. Asking judges to determine how the questions are (not their attitude)
4. Taking judges mean
5. Constructing final scale
6. Scale administered for responders

Question 17

Limitations of thurstone scale

Answer 17

• judges can never be neutral
• LARGE number of judges

Question 18

Linkert-type scale

Answer 18

• most frequently applied scaling
• set of statements with fixed responses (never, slightly, idk, sometimes, always)
• quantification through assigning numeric value

Question 19

Issues with likert-type scale

Answer 19

• forcing responders to predertimed answers
• middle response option
• interpretation of score

Question 20

Bipolar scale

Answer 20

YES OR NO

Question 21

Semantic differential scale

Answer 21

• measuring attitudes
• two extremes and then you have to give your attitude

Question 22

Visual analoge scale

Answer 22

Mark positions in a line between two bipolar statements
- absence of categories

Question 23

Problem with bipolar scales

Answer 23

• response bias
• problem of interpretation of middle score of the scale

Question 24

General issues and limits of testing

Answer 24

• response set or response bias
• loss of attention
• need mix of negative and positive questions
• responders interpretation
• social desirability-> going for a nicer answer to look good