Science Test: Biotechnology

Question 1

How many cells are there in the human body?

Answer 1

10 trillion.

Question 2

What is a zygote?

Answer 2

A male and female’s reproductive cells that came together to make a new cell (the zygote). A zygote is the union of the sperm cell and the egg cell.

Question 3

What is a stem cell?

Answer 3

Stem cells are cells that do not have a specific function.

Question 4

What is DNA?

Answer 4

DNA is the genetic code of life. It contains the genetic code, which tells cells what type of cells they need to become. Genes are small sections of this genetic code that tell you what trait the organism will have (eye color). DNA makes up chromosomes.

Question 5

What structure is DNA?

Answer 5

A double helix structure.

Question 6

What is differentiation?

Answer 6

It’s the process of the genetic code telling the stem cells to change into cells with specific functions, like skin cells, muscle cells, heart cells, etc…

Question 7

What are chromosomes?

Answer 7

Chromosomes are DNA packed up into coils.

Question 8

How many pairs of chromosomes do all cells in the body, except the sex cells, have?

Answer 8

23 pairs (46 total). 22 pairs are identical for males and females and the 23rd pair for each human is the sex cell. Males have X-Y chromosomes and females have X-X chromosomes.

Question 9

What do cells have in common?

Answer 9

3 organelles:
Nucleus (the center)
Cell membrane (like a wall)
Cytoplasm (the gooey space in the middle)

Question 10

What is the function of a nucleus?

Answer 10

It’s the control center of the cell. It has all of DNA and controls what the cell does.

Question 11

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 11

It’s the cell’s security guard. It controls what molecules enter and leave the cell. It protects the cell from the outside environment.

Question 12

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 12

Without this jelly like fluid, cells would be deflated (it gives their shape). It allows molecules to be moves around and processed in the cell.

Question 13

What is a tissue?

Answer 13

Cells that perform the same function grouped together make up tissue.

Question 14

What is muscle tissue composed of?

Answer 14

It’s composed of elongated muscle cells. These cells can contract, which gives you the ability to contract muscles in order to work.

Question 15

What is nerve tissue made up of?

Answer 15

Neurons.

Question 16

What is nerve tissue’s function?

Answer 16

Nerve tissue receives signals like pain, heat, cold and tells your brain that something is wrong. Nerve tissue send signals from your brain to your body.

Question 17

What is epithelial tissue?

Answer 17

It’s the layer of tissue on the surface of your body (skin). It’s also the layer of tissue on the surface of organs (around your heart, or the lining of your stomach).

Question 18

What is connective tissue?

Answer 18

It supports and protects other tissues. It connects other tissues together. It’s the most abundant type of tissue in the body.

Question 19

What is an organ?

Answer 19

Tissues that perform the same function grouped together make up organs.

Question 20

What are systems?

Answer 20

Organs that are connected and work together create systems in your body (circulatory, digestive, nervous, etc).

Question 21

What is a cell culture?

Answer 21

A cell culture is a method scientists use to grow cells outside of the body in a lab setting.

Question 22

How are cells grown outside of the body?

Answer 22

In the test tube, flask or petri dish, we add nutrients to help cells grow. Cells are grown outside of the body by adding nutrients.

Question 23

What are the nutrients used to help cells grow outside of the body?

Answer 23

Water
Energy source (glucose, sugar)
Minerals (salt)

Question 24

What happens after the nutrients are used up?

Answer 24

The cells must be put into a new flask/test tube/petri dish with fresh nutrients.

Question 25

What are some factors cells need to grow properly?

Answer 25

Scientists need to adjust the temperature, pH levels, and humidity to allow the cells to grow properly.
Keeping a sterile environment is important since the presence of bacteria could kill the cells.

Question 26

What is pasteurization?

When does pasteurization occur?

Answer 26

Heating food or liquid in order to kill bacteria.
Pasteurization occurs when a food/liquid is heated for a certain amount of time and then quickly cooled. It must remain cold to prevent further bacteria from growing.

Question 27

What is mitosis?

Answer 27

Mitosis is a nuclear division (happens in the nucleus) which produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells (each daughter cell has 46 chromosomes) that are identical to the parent cell, during a series of phases.

Question 28

What does mitosis do?

Answer 28

Mitosis helps to grow new tissues and repair existing tissues.

Question 29

Where does mitosis occur?

Answer 29

In every cell in your body except the sex cells (gametes).

Question 30

What is meiosis?

Answer 30

Meiosis is a type of cellular division used in sexual reproduction. 2 rounds of division lead to 4 genetically different (distinct) daughter cells with different genetic coding. The daughter cells are different from the parent cell.
Purpose: to produce reproductive cells.

Question 31

What is the end result of meiosis?

Answer 31

The end result is 4 sex cells each with a complete but single set of 23 chromosomes (each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes) which leads to genetic diversity and differences.

Question 32

What are genetically modified organisms?

Answer 32

GMOs are organisms whose DNA has been intentionally altered from what they were originally.

Question 33

What is a hybrid?

Answer 33

It’s a type of GMO that was created by mating two different species that would never meet.
Breeding two different species together to get a new species.

Question 34

What is Transgenic?

Answer 34

It’s a type of GMO where scientists insert specific genes of one organism into the DNA of the other.
One organism gains a trait it never had.

Question 35

What are the 5 types of assisted reproduction?

Answer 35

Hormonal Drugs
Artificial Insemination
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Pre-Implatation Genetic Detection (PGD)

Question 36

What are hormonal drugs?

Answer 36

Hormonal drugs can trigger the release of the egg.

Question 37

What is artificial insemination?

Answer 37

When a woman is in ovulation (her egg has been released), doctors can inject the man’s sperm directly into the uterus using a catheter so the sperm has a much better chance of making it to the egg.

Question 38

What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

Answer 38

A woman’s egg can be fertilized by a sperm in a lab and implanted in the uterus where the pregnancy continues normally.

Question 39

What is IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)?

Answer 39

Scientists can use very specialized small tools to take a few sperm cells and directly inject them into the egg. The fertilized egg (embryo) is implanted into the uterus just like in IVF.

Question 40

What is Pre-Implatation Genetic Detection (PGD)?

Answer 40

When you’re using IVF or ICSI, you are implanting an embryo into the woman. Before doing that, you can check the genes of the baby to see if the baby is likely to have certain genetic diseases or abnormalities. You can then implant the “best” embryo that has the least chance of problems.