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Science Sec 3 > Heart and Circulation and Blood > Flashcards

Heart and Circulation and Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the circulatory system made of?

A

The circulatory system is made of the heart, all the body’s blood vessels, and the blood.

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2
Q

What does the movement of blood throughout the body depend on?

A

The heart.

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3
Q

What is the heart?

A

The heart is a muscle that acts like a pump and pushes blood by contracting over 60 times a minute. The heart is about the size of a fist and is located between the two lungs and protected by the rib cage.

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4
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

The heart is located between the two lungs.

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5
Q

What is the heart protected by?

A

The heart in protected by the rib cage.

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6
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels, which are thick, elastic (to handle a lot of pressure).
Example: Aorta

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7
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels with thin walls but contain small valves. These valves prevent blood from flowing backwards.

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8
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Smallest blood vessels only made up of one row of cells. Gas exchange (diffusion) occurs through these vessels.

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9
Q

What are three blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
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10
Q

Which blood vessels contains small valves?

A

Veins.

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11
Q

What prevents blood from flowing backwards?

A

Small valves in veins.

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12
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Capillaries.

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13
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

This type of circulation carries blood that contains carbon dioxide (deoxygenated blood) to the lungs to get rid of it and reload with oxygen (oxygenated blood).

Heart to lungs to heart

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14
Q

What is the path of pulmonary circulation?

A 
Blood enters: superior/inferior vena cavas 
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs (diffusion of carbon dioxide)
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15
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood to the cells of the body to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. It also collects their waste products: carbon dioxide and water.

Body to heart to body

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16
Q

What is the path of systemic circulation?

A 
Oxygenated blood from the lungs enter:
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta 
Body
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17
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood that contains carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide on red blood cells). It is dark red.

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18
Q

What is oxygenated blood?

A

Blood that contains oxygen (oxygen on red blood cells). It is bright red.

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19
Q

What colour is deoxygenated blood?

A

Dark red.

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20
Q

What colour is oxygenated blood?

A

Bright red.

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21
Q

How much blood does the human body contain?

A

The human body contains about 5 L of blood.

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22
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • Plasma (55%)
  • Red blood cells (45%)
  • White blood cells (less than 1%)
  • Platelets (less than 1%)
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23
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is the liquid component of the blood and it is made up mostly of water. Plasma transports blood cells (RBC, WBC, and platelets), nutrients, antibodies, hormones and waste produced during cellular respiration (urea and carbon dioxide).

24
Q

What is plasma mostly made of?

A

Water.

25
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Plasma transports blood cells (RBC, WBC, and platelets), nutrients, antibodies, hormones and waste produced during cellular respiration (urea and carbon dioxide).

26
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. They do not have a nucleus. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein which helps to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and gives the blood its red colour.

27
Q

Where are red blood cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow.

28
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

A protein which helps to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and gives the blood its red colour.

29
Q

What are platelets?

A

Platelets are really pieces of blood cells. Platelets help in the coagulation (agglutination) process (forming scabs), healing an injury by piling up in the damaged area of a blood vessel and produce fibrin filaments to help seal the wound.

30
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

White blood cells are the only blood cells that have a nucleus. They have a rounded shape and are bigger than red blood cells. There are fewer white blood cells than red blood cells but their numbers increase when there is an infection. White cells protect the body; some neutralize pathogens (bacteria, viruses) and others get rid of dead or damaged cells.

They are the soldiers that protect your body. The weapons they use are called antibodies.

31
Q

What are the only blood cells that have a nucleus?

A

White blood cells.

32
Q

Which is bigger: red or white blood cells?

A

White blood cells.

33
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

White cells protect the body; some neutralize pathogens (bacteria, viruses) and others get rid of dead or damaged cells.

34
Q

What are vaccines?

A

Vaccines are used to activate the immune system and cause it to make specific antibodies in order to prevent a given disease. (Add a pathogen, body makes antibodies to fight it … so next time a real pathogen comes along, the body will be ready to attack.)

35
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

They add a weak or dead version of a disease germ into the body so the immune system can learn to fight it off.

36
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Antibodies are attack substances (weapons) that trap and kill germs that can lead to disease.

37
Q

How do our bodies make antibodies?

A
  • By getting the disease

- By getting the vaccine

38
Q

What are the eight types of blood in the ABO classification system?

A

A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-

39
Q

When is your blood type established?

A

Your blood type is established before you are born by genes inherited from your parents. You receive one gene from your mom and one gene from your dad; these two genes combine to establish your blood type.

40
Q

What antigens and antibodies are present in red blood cell type A?

A

Anti-B antibodies

A antigens

41
Q

What antigens and antibodies are present in red blood cell type B?

A

Anti-A antibodies

B antigens

42
Q

What antigens and antibodies are present in red blood cell type AB?

A

No antibodies

A and B antigens

43
Q

What antigens and antibodies are present in red blood cell type O?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

No antigens

44
Q

Which blood type is a universal donor?

A

People with blood type O- are called universal donors.

45
Q

Which blood type is a universal receiver?

A

People with blood type AB+ are called universal recipients.

46
Q

What is the Rhesus (Rh) factor?

A

It’s another type of antigen present (or not) on the surface of red blood cells, along with the A and B antigens.
A person who possesses the Rh factor has positive blood.
People with negative blood do not have the Rh factor, they have antibodies against it.

47
Q

What is the major risk during a blood transfusion?

A

The major risk during a blood transfusion is combining an antigen with the antibodies that will attack it, causing agglutination.

48
Q

What is lymph?

A

Lymph is a fluid that is made up mostly of water and that circulates in the lymphatic vessels.

49
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

The lymphatic system carries lymph through a network of vessels, organs, and lymph nodes. It plays an important role in defending the body because it carries antibodies and white blood cells (which help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials). The lymphatic system also transports fats.

50
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymphatic vessels are similar to blood vessels and are located near them but they carry lymph, not blood. The heart does not pump lymph; it circulates because of the contraction of muscles on lymphatic vessels.

51
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Lymph nodes (ganglions) are spread out along the lymphatic vessels. They are small bumps that can be felt in the neck, armpits and groin. During an infection, lymph nodes swell and harden. Lymph nodes and organs are filled with white blood cells that filter lymph and collect bacteria and viruses. Lymph nodes are like police stations which collect all the bacteria and viruses.

52
Q

What organs does the lymphatic system include?

A
  • Thymus
  • (Bone) marrow
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
53
Q

Where is the thymus situated?

A

Above the heart.

54
Q

Where is the bone marrow situated?

A

In the centre of long bones.

55
Q

Where is the spleen situated?

A

To the left of the stomach, below the diaphragm.

56
Q

Where are the tonsils situated?

A

On the side of the pharynx.

Science Sec 3 (9 decks)

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