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Science Sec 3 > Nervous System and Waves > Flashcards

Nervous System and Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What do sensory organs do?

A

They:

  • Receive chemical and physical information from the environment
  • Transmit what they have received to the nervous system
  • Process the information
  • Makes decisions to react appropriately
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2
Q

What does the central nervous system do?

A
  • Manages complex behaviours
  • Processes sensory information
  • Responds to the information
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3
Q

What is the brain?

A

The brain is made up of 2 sides called hemispheres. Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.

The brain is the site of intellectual faculties, it analyzes and makes sense of information (nerve impulses) from the senses and it produces nerve impulses to stimulate muscles.

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4
Q

What are the four main sections of the brain?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
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5
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Planning, decision making (recognizing consequences or differences between good and bad), long term memory.

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6
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Integrates sensory information from various parts of the body (processes touch, sight, knowledge of numbers…)

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7
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Processing vision.

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8
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Processing visual and auditory (sound) information. Understanding language and some memory storage.

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9
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

The spinal cord is a long string of nerves that extends from the brain stem to the lower back. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae.

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10
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Transmits messages from the brain to the motor nerves (nerves responsible for movement). It also transmits information from the sensory nerves (nerves associated to the senses) to the brain.

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11
Q

What is the anatomy of the peripheral nervous system?

A

It includes all nerves in the body. Cranial nerves are connected to the brain, cerebellum and brain stem, and spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord.

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12
Q

What do sensory nerves do?

A

Sensory nerves carry nerve impulses from the sensory organs to the brain or spinal cord.

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13
Q

What do motor nerves do?

A

Motor nerves transmit nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles.

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14
Q

What are neurons?

A

They are cells of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Once stimulated, they transmit electrical impulses (nerve impulses). Neurons are composed of a cell body surrounded by a cell membrane and containing cytoplasm, along with the nucleus in the middle. Dendrites are small branches that receive nerve impulses from a previous neuron or a sensory nerve. The axon sends nerve impulses out of the cell body and is tipped with nerve endings. They are covered with an insulator called the myelin sheath which protects and channels the nerve impulse.

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15
Q

What are neurons composed of?

A

Neurons are composed of a cell body surrounded by a cell membrane and containing cytoplasm, along with the nucleus in the middle.

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16
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Dendrites are small branches that receive nerve impulses from a previous neuron or a sensory nerve.

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17
Q

What is an axon?

A

The axon sends nerve impulses out of the cell body and is tipped with nerve endings. They are covered with an insulator called the myelin sheath which protects and channels the nerve impulse.

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18
Q

What are synapses?

A

Neurons communicate with each other through gaps where information can be passed from neuron to neuron or from neuron to muscle. We call this contact zone a synapse.

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19
Q

What is the path of the nervous system?

I don’t know what it’s really called. On the last page of our notes, the A B C D thing

A
  • A neuron receives a stimulus through its dendrites and reacts by sending out an electrical current (nerve impulse).
  • The nerve impulse travels through the axon until it reaches the nerve endings.
  • Small bags of neurotransmitters open at the surface of the endings and spread their chemical message into the synapse.
  • The dendrite of the next neuron receives this message and produces its own nerve impulse OR The chemicals stimulate a muscle allowing it to contract.
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20
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

It controls voluntary movements
Like, picking up a pen, talking
It is part of the peripheral nervous system

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21
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

It controls involuntary movements
Like, breathing, heart beating, blinking
It is part of the peripheral nervous system

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22
Q

What is a wave?

A

A wave is defined as a deformation that spreads through a vacuum or through a medium containing matter. The wave carries energy from one point to another, without transporting matter.

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23
Q

What is the wavelength?

A

The wavelength represents the distance between 2 identical points (crests) on a wave at a given time, or one complete cycle. (in m)

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24
Q

What is the frequency?

A

It is the number of waves per second. (in Hz)

25
Q

What is the amplitude?

A

It is the maximum height reached by a wave from its equilibrium point (x-axis).

26
Q

What are a couple of relationships between wavelength and energy?

A
  • High energy waves (like x-rays) have a short wavelength.

- Low energy waves (like radio waves) have a long wavelength.

27
Q

What is an electromagnetic spectrum?

A

It is a scale to measure the size of the electromagnetic waves.

28
Q

What are the waves that can be used in health care and what do they do?

A

Infrared rays: are used to treat strained muscles and tissue due to the concentrated heat produced.
UV rays: are used to treat skin conditions.
X-rays: help doctors see bones inside the body
Gamma rays: are used to kill cancer cells and to sterilize medical equipment.

29
Q

What is the eye? What does it do?

A

The eye is the receptor organ for visible light waves. It receives a stimulus (light) and transforms light waves into a nerve impulse. That nerve impulse is carried by the optic nerve and sensory nerves to the area of the brain responsible for visual processing.

30
Q

What is the iris? What does it do?

A

Provides colour and adjusts for amount of light to fall on retina.
Dilates (widens) to allow more light in through pupil.
Contracts (narrows) to allow less light in through the pupil.

31
Q

What is the cornea? What does it do?

A

Transparent outer layer which allows light to enter the eye.
Its curvature bends the light into the eye through the pupil.

32
Q

What is the lens? What does it do?

A

Focuses light directly onto the retina.

33
Q

What is the retina? What does it do?

A

Located in back of the eye.
Contains light receptor cells that transform light into nerve impulses that are then transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve.

34
Q

Function of the eye.

A

Light to Eye to Retina to Optic Nerve to Brain

35
Q

What is reflection?

A

Luminous objects emit light. Other objects are only visible when that object is hit by light rays (light bounces off object and enters the eye).

  • When light bounces off of an object, this is called, reflection.
  • Light rays travel in a straight line.
  • The angle of reflection is formed between the reflected ray and the normal (an invisible line perpendicular the the reflective surface.
  • The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
36
Q

What is refraction?

A

Refraction happens when light rays deviate (bend) when they pass from one material to another material with a different density. These materials need to be translucent (allows light to pass through). Light deviates from its path because it changes speed when it enters a different material.

  • When light travels from one material into another, this is called, refraction.
  • The angle of refraction is formed by the refracted ray and the normal.

Examples:

  • If a person shines a flashlight toward a swimming pool, the light bends toward the normal. The speed of the light slowed down and bent inward.
  • If a person shines a light through a raindrop into the air, the light bends away from the normal. The speed of the light sped up and bent outward.
37
Q

What is a convex lens?

A

A convex lens causes the light rays that travel through it to converge (come together). When light rays travel through a convex lens, the rays always converge to a precise point called the focal point of the lens.

38
Q

What is a concave lens?

A

A concave lens causes the light rays moving through it to diverge (move apart from one another). In order to determine the focal point of a divergent lens, you have to extend the refracted rays backwards, until they meet.

39
Q

How do you find the focal point of a lens?

A

Finding the focal point of a lens is determined experimentally by directing light rays through the lens.

40
Q

What does light travel through?

A

Light travels through transparent and translucent substances.

41
Q

How does the curvature of a lens impact the location of the focal point?

A
  • A more curved (thicker) lens will bend light more, resulting focal point closer to the lens.
  • A less curved (thinner) lens will bend light less, resulting in a focal point further from the lens.
42
Q

Myopia lens thing ??

A

A concave lens added to the eye will move the focal point further back in the eye.

43
Q

Hyperopia lens thing ??

A

A convex lens added to the eye will move the focal point forward in the eye.

44
Q

What is the auditory canal?

A

Canal that funnels outside sounds towards the eardrum.

45
Q

What is the eardrum?

A

Thin membrane that transmits sound waves to the ossicles.

46
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

3 small bones which transfer the vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea.

47
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Snail-like structure which transforms vibrations from ossicles into electrical nerve impulses via sensory receptors, called hair cells, found inside the cochlea.

48
Q

What is the semicircular canal?

A

3 fluid-filled semicircular canals that help maintain balance. The fluids’ movement in each semicircular canal determines the head’s position in space.

49
Q

What is the decibel scale?

A

The decibel (dB) scale is used to measure the level of loudness of sound. The human ear can detect loudness from 0-120 dB. A human will begin to detect pain when exposed to decibel levels higher than 120 dB.

50
Q

Examples of waves in regards to hearing.

A

The pitch of a sound is impacted by the frequency of the sound wave.

  • Low frequency produces a low pitch sound.
  • High frequency produces a high pitch sound.

The loudness of a sound is impacted by the amplitude of the sound wave.

  • Low amplitude produces a low volume.
  • High amplitude produces a high volume.
51
Q

What is the tongue?

A

The tongue is the sensory organ for the sense of taste.

52
Q

What are taste buds?

A

The taste buds are the sensory receptors for taste. Taste buds are found in the grooves on the surface of the tongue. These receptor cells transform the sensed stimulus into nerve impulses. The nerve impulses are then transmitted by the sensory neurons, to the brain.

53
Q

What flavours can a taste bud detect?

A
  • Sweet
  • Salty
  • Sour
  • Bitter
  • Unami
54
Q

How can substances be detected by our taste buds?

A

Substances can be detected by our taste buds only if they are soluble in saliva, if they are concentrated enough and if they come into contact with the taste buds.

55
Q

What is skin?

A

The skin is the sensory organ for the sense of touch.

56
Q

Something about sensory receptor cells in skin

A

Sensory receptor cells found in the skin are activated by a stimuli such as pressure, temperature and pain. These receptor cells transform the sensed stimulus into nerve impulses. The nerve impulses are then transmitted by the sensory neurons, to the brain.

57
Q

What is the nose?

A

The nose is the sensory organ for the sense of smell.

58
Q

What is a nasal cavity?

A

Air passes into the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity contains olfactory receptor cells which transform odours into nerve impulses.

59
Q

What do the olfactory receptor cells do?

A

The olfactory receptor cells transmit nerve impulses to a part of the brain called the olfactory bulb, which sends these impulses to another part of the brain that decodes smell (olfactory cortex).

Science Sec 3 (9 decks)

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