Science Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are the main parts of the digestive tract?
A
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Anus
2
Q
What are the functions and food transformations of the mouth?
A
- Masticate food into smaller pieces.
- Tongue rolls food and pushes to back of throat.
- Saliva lubricates food.
- Chemical (from saliva)
- Mechanical (from teeth)
3
Q
What is the function and food transformation of the esophagus?
A
- Pushes food down to stomach through muscle contractions called peristalsis.
- Mechanical (peristalsis)
4
Q
What are the functions and food transformations of the stomach?
A
- Churns food (muscle contractions mixes).
- Gastric juices break food down into simpler molecules.
- Chemical (gastric juices)
- Mechanical (churning food)
5
Q
What are the functions and food transformations of the small intestine?
A
- Absorbs proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into the blood stream through ‘villi’.
- Pushes rest through via peristalsis
- Chemical (digestive juices)
- Mechanical (peristalsis)
6
Q
What are the functions and food transformation of the large intestine?
A
- Absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals.
- Pushes rest through via peristalsis.
- Mechanical (peristalsis)
7
Q
What is the function of the annus?
A
- Exit for waste.
8
Q
What is the role of the digestive tract?
A
- Decomposition of food
- Absorption of nutrients and water
- Elimination of waste
9
Q
What are the main digestive glands?
A
- Salivary glands
- Gastric glands
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Intestinal glands
10
Q
What is the function and secretion of the salivary gland?
A
- Breaks down carbohydrates
- Secretes saliva
11
Q
What is the function and secretion of the gastric gland?
A
- Breaks down proteins into amino acids
- Secretes gastric enzymes
12
Q
What is the function and secretion of the pancreas?
A
- Breaks down carbs, proteins, fats
- Secretes pancreatic juices
13
Q
What is the function and secretion of the liver?
A
- Breaks down fats
- Secretes bile
14
Q
What is the function and secretion of the intestinal glands?
A
- Breaks down fats into smaller molecules
- Secretes intestinal juices
15
Q
What are the functions and sources of carbohydrates?
A
- Contains starches or substances that release sugars during digestion transformed into energy by the body.
Body’s main source of energy.
Starches, whole grains, cereals, fruits and vegetables.
16
Q
What are the functions and sources of fats/lipids?
A
- Provides the body with energy and stores it.
- Insulates the body.
- Cushions vital organs.
Dairy, vegetable oils, fish, nuts, avocado, olive oil, dark chocolate.
17
Q
What are the functions and sources of proteins?
A
- Allows the body to build and repair cells.
- Provides energy when there are not enough fats or carbohydrates.
Meat, beans, eggs, fish, nuts, dairy, soy.
18
Q
What are the functions and sources of vitamins?
A
- Vital for various body functions.
- Helps to regulate metabolism and chemical reactions in the body.
Fruits and vegetables.
19
Q
What are the functions and sources of water?
A
A pure substance makes up 60% of the body.
Important to the chemical reactions.
Helps regulate metabolism.
Helps carry substances to different parts of the body.
20
Q
What are the functions and sources of fibre?
A
- *NOT A NUTRIENT**
- Cleans digestive system.
Seeds, granola (grains), fruits and vegetables.
21
Q
What are the functions and sources of minerals?
A
- Simple chemical elements.
- Make up various tissues like cartilage, teeth, bones, and nerves.
Fruits and vegetables.
22
Q
What are the different food constituents?
A
Nutrients:
- Carbohydrates
- Fats/lipids
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
Not:
- Fibre
23
Q
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
A
Circulation of antibodies outside the blood vessels.
24
Q
What are the two ways of acquiring active immunity?
A
Production of antibodies:
Antibodies are attack substances that trap and kill germs that can lead to disease. Your body makes antibodies by getting the disease or getting the vaccine.
Vaccination:
Vaccines are used to activate the immune system and cause it to make specific antibodies in order to prevent a given disease.
25
What are the main parts of the respiratory system?
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
26
What is the role of the respiratory system?
**Gaseous exchanges between the blood and the surrounding air**
Gas exchange
Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration (to travel through blood & get delivered to the cells)
Carbon dioxide is a waste product to the cellular respiratory (needs to leave body)
Oxygen (O2) entering blood from alveoli and carbon dioxide (CO2) leaves the blood using the PROCESS OF DIFFUSION
(gas travels from an area of high concentration ---> area of low concentration)
27
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
- Air is filtered by cilia (hairs) in nasal cavity
- Air is warmed by blood capillaries (small blood vessels)
- Air is moistened by mucous
28
What is the function of the lungs?
- Site for bronchioles, alveoli and location for gas exchange
29
What are the elements of blood?
- Plasma
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
30
What is the function of plasma?
- Liquid component, mostly of water.
- Transports blood cells (RBC, WBC and platelets), nutrients, antibodies, hormones, urea and carbon dioxide (waste produced during cellular respiration).
31
What is the function of red blood cells?
- No nucleus.
| - Contains hemoglobin (protein that helps transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and gives the blood its red colour.
32
What is the function of white blood cells?
- Have a nucleus
- Numbers of white cells increase only when there’s an infection
- Protects the body
- Some neutralizes pathogens (bacteria, viruses) and others get rid of dead or damaged cells.
33
What is the function of platelets?
- Helps coagulation process (forming scabs)
- Helps an injury heal by piling up in the damaged area of a blood vessel and produce fibrin filaments to help seal the wound.
clot = agglutinate (clumping of particles) = coagulate (blood change to a solid)
34
What are the different blood vessels?
```
Arteries
Blood vessels (thick- to handle the pressure) ex. Aorta
```
Veins
Blood vessels(thin walls, contain small valves)
Valves: to prevent blood from flowing backwards
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels
Gas exchange(diffusion) happens through these vessels.
35
What is pulmonary circulation?
Hearts>>>>Lungs>>>>>Heart
Carries blood that contains carbon dioxide(deoxygenated) to the lungs to get rid of it, and reload it with oxygen (oxygenated)
Blood enters: superior/inferior vena cavas
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs (diffusion of carbon dioxide)
36
What is systemic circulation?
Carries oxygenated blood to cells of the body to supply them with oxygen & nutrients.
Collects waste products: carbon dioxide & water
Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters:
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Body
37
What is the role of the circulatory system?
The circulatory system’s primary function is the transportation and exchange of gases, nutrients and waste products.
38
What are the main parts of the excretory (urinary) system?
- Kidneys
- Blader
- Urethra
- Ureters
39
What are the ureters?
Tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder.
40
What is the bladder?
A sac, which holds urine until it is time to be excreted.
41
What is the urethra?
The tube through which urine travels from the bladder to the outside of the body.
42
What is the role of the excretory system?
- Filtration of the blood
| - Elimination of cellular waste
43
What is the function of the kidneys?
They filter blood.
44
What are the main components of urine?
- Water
- Mineral salts
- Urea
- Uric acid
45
What are the hormones responsible for the formation of spermatozoa?
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Testosterone
46
What is an erection?
When a penis is sexually stimulated, since the arteries in it dilate (widen), this allows more blood to flow and fill the tissue inside. The filled arteries compress the veins so little blood can leave the penis.
47
What is ejaculation?
The release of semen (sperm cells and fluid) from the penis.
48
What is the role of the central nervous system?
The central nervous system’s role is to control almost everything that happens to your body.
Manages complex behaviours, processes sensory information and responds to the information.
49
What is the function of the iris?
- Provides colour and adjusts for the amount of light to fall on the retina.
- Dilates (widens) to allow more light in through the pupil.
- Contracts (narrows) to allow less light in through the pupil.
50
What is the function of the cornea?
- Transparent outer layer which allows light to enter the eye.
- Its curvature bends the light into the eye through the pupil.
51
What is the function of the lens?
- Focuses light directly onto the retina.
52
What is the function of the retina?
- Located at the back of the eye.
- Contains light receptor cells that transform light into nerve impulses that are then transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve.
53
What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
The musculoskeletal system serves multiple functions: support, protection, movement, storage, heat release, and blood cell production.
54
How do joints work?
- A joint is the area where at least 2 bones are linked.
- Joints connect the various parts of the skeleton to each other.
- One of the main functions of joints is to allow for movement (there are a small number of joints where no movement exists e.g. between the plates of the skull).
**Linking bone to bone, mobility**
55
What is the function of meiosis?
During meiosis, a cell divides twice, resulting in 4 daughter cells called gametes. The gametes are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell. Each daughter cell contains half as many chromosomes as the original parent cell.
**Production of gametes (sex cells)**
56
What are the hormones responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle?
- FSH
- LH
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
57
What are the hormone changes that occur during the menstrual cycle?
- Estrogen levels rise (to make the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grow and thicken)
- FSH makes a follicle (sack which contains an egg) mature in the ovary.
- LH thins the follicle so it can open and release the egg (ovulation).
- Progesterone levels rise and help prepare the uterine lining for pregnancy.
58
What are the main stages in the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation (Days 1-7):
The lining of the uterus that had been built up in the previous cycle is shed, so that a new lining can be prepared.
Endometrium develops (Days 8-28):
The lining of the uterus is built up, becoming thicker until it gets a signal to be shed. This thickening becomes much
faster after ovulation.
Ovulation (Day 14):
Ovulation is the event of the ovary releasing its mature egg.
59
What are the divisions of the geological time scale and what events happened in each?
Precambrian Era:
- Formation of Earth
- First life forms appeared
- Bacteria perform photosynthesis, which releases oxygen into the atmosphere
Paleozoic Era:
- Population explosion in the ocean
- 3 mass extinctions
- First animals with spine appear
- First land plants
- Trees and giant ocean life
- Amphibians
- Fist small reptiles
Mesozoic:
- 2 mass extinctions
- First large reptiles (dinosaurs)
- First birds and small mammals
- First flowering plants
Cenozoic:
- Mammals continue to thrive
- First large mammals
- First primates
- Some extinction (large mammals)
60
What is an astronomical unit?
The unit of length corresponding to the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.
An AU is used within a solar system.
61
What is a light year?
A unit of length corresponding to the distance travelled by light in one Earth year.
Used outside a solar system.
62
What is density?
The amount of mass in a given volume.
D= M(g)/V(mL or L)
63
What is linking?
Linking is a function that joins two or more components of a technical object. (Two or more part connected together.)
Ex:
The function of the pin in a door hinge is to link the two hinge parts together.
64
What is guiding?
Guiding is the function of directing and limiting the motion of components. In other words, a part is forced to move in a specific way. (One or more parts that allows for movement in a certain way.)
Ex:
The threads on the top of a water bottle guide the cap to twist on and off (and therefore, it cannot be pushed on or pulled off).
The groove in this door chain plate guides the chain to slide (translational motion).
65
What is sealing?
Sealing is the function of completely closing off a section of the object so that no substance can enter or exit. (Prevents leakage of a liquid, solid or gas out of its container.)
Ex:
Bicycle tires need to be sealed to trap the air inside them. The function of the cap on the tire valve is sealing.
66
What is lubricating?
Lubricating is the function of reducing the friction between two or more moving components. It reduces damage to the parts, and reduces noise. (A substance is used to reduce friction between 2 parts.)
Ex:
A lubricant is often needed in gear trains to prevent the gears from scraping each other and wearing down.
A lubricant, such as oil/grease, can be used to reduce the squeaking noise on a
bicycle chain
67
What is concentration?
C(g/L)= M (g)/V (L)
A percentage means over 100 mL.
Ex: Concentration is 20%
C= 20/100mL
68
What is a synthesis reaction?
The combining of two substances to produce a compound.
Ex:
Photosynthesis
69
What is a decomposition reaction?
The breaking up of a compound into two different substances.
Ex:
Digestion
Burning fuel (combustion)
Cellular respiration
70
What is chemical energy?
It is a form of energy found in the bonds that keep the atoms of a molecule together.
Sources: food and batteries
71
What is mechanical energy?
It is a form of energy related to movement.
72
What is thermal energy?
It is a form of energy caused by the motion of the particles in matter (heat).
73
What is radiant energy?
It is the form of energy contained in light and other electromagnetic waves.
74
What is energy transformation?
When energy is changed from one form to another.
Ex:
Electrical energy from plug to thermal energy of pot on stove.
Chemical energy of ice cream to mechanical energy of riding a bike.
Chemical energy of gas to mechanical energy of car.
75
What is a pure substance?
A substance made up of a single type of atom or molecule.
76
What's a heterogeneous mixture?
When two or more pure substances are mixed together but remain separate. They keep their own properties and do not mix.
Examples in the human body:
- Food and gastric juices in the stomach
- Feces
77
What's a homogeneous mixture?
When two or more pure substances are mixed together but become differentiable. Each substance evenly spreads throughout the other so it is hard to tell what was originally mixed.
Examples in the human body:
- Saliva
- Urine
- Plasma
78
What is pressure?
A force exerted by particles when they collide with a constricting surface.
Pa= Force (N)/Surface area (m)
79
What is a compressible fluid?
A fluid that can be squished into a smaller space (gas).
Examples in the human body:
- Oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
80
What is an incompressible fluid?
A fluid that cannot be squishes into a smaller space (liquid).
Examples in the human body:
- Blood
- Lymph
- Water
- Urine
- Sweat
- Saliva
81
What are the main factors exerted by an incompressible fluid?
- Depth of object in the fluid (Pressure increases as depth increases.)
- Density of the fluid (Pressure increases as the density of the fluid increases.)
82
What are the main factors exerted by a compressible fluid?
The main factor that affects the pressure exerted by a compressible fluid is the number of collisions involving the particles of the fluid with the walls of its container.
The factors that affect the number of collisions involving the particles of the fluid are:
- The number of particles
Pressure increases as the number of particles in the container increases.
- The temperature of the particles
Pressure increases as the temperature of the particles increases.
- The volume of the container
The pressure of a compressible fluid decreases as the volume of the container increases.
83
What is the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional:
When the volume of the container decreases, the number of collisions with the container’s wall increases,
which therefore increases pressure.
84
What is the relation between surface area and force and pressure?
When the force is constant, the pressure will be high if the surface area is low or it will be low if the surface area is large.
When the size of the surface area is the same, the pressure will be high if the force is high or it will be low if the force is low.
85
What is the relation between gas particles and pressure?
The more gas particles there are, the more pressure.
86
What is the frequency of a wave?
The number of cycles (waves) per second (Hz).
87
What's the relation between the frequency of a sound with the pitch of the sound?
The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch of the sound.
88
What's a wavelength?
The distance between two identical points on a wave at a given time.
89
What is the amplitude of a sound wave?
The loudness of the sound.
90
What is reflection?
When light bounces off of a surface.
91
What is the angle of reflection?
It is formed by the reflected ray and the normal. It is equal to the angle of incidence.
92
What are the main things of the circulatory system?
- Heart
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
- Pulmonary circulation
- Systemic circulation
93
What are types of joint movements? and explain.
- Rotation:
Movement around an axis (turning the head)
- Flexion:
Movement that decreases the angle between two body parts (bending the leg at the knee)
- Extension:
Movement that increases the angle between 2 body parts (Straightening the leg at the knee)
94
What are the parts of the eye involved in vision?
- Iris
- Cornea
- Crystalline
- Lens
- Retina
95
What are the types of links used in a technical object?
- Direct
- Indirect
- Removable
- Non-removable
- Rigid
- Elastic
- Complete
- Partial
96
What is the driver?
The component that receives the force required to activate the system.
97
What is the driven?
The component that receives the motions and transfers it to another part.
98
What is the intermediate?
The component that is located between the driver and the driven components.
99
What are types of motion transmission systems?
- Gear Assembly
- Sprocket wheels and chain
- Friction gear systems
- Pulleys and Belt Systems
- Wheel and worm gear systems
100
What is a gear assembly?
- It consists of at least two gears that meet and mesh with each other.
- Gears transmit rotational motion to each other.
- The two gears turn in opposite directions.
- The gears are not always the same size and do not always have the same number of teeth.
- Reversible.
101
What is a sprocket wheels and chain?
- It consists of at least two gears that do not mesh and are connected by a chain.
- Used to transmit a rotational motions between two or more distant parts.
- Sprocket gears rotate in the same direction if they are inside the chain and in the opposite direction if they are outside the chain.
- Reversible
102
What is a friction gear system?
- Similar to gear assemblies except that the friction gears do not have teeth.
- Rotational motion is transmitted by friction between the gears.
- Each connected gear moves in opposite directions.
- Reversible.
103
What is a pulleys and belt system?
- Similar to sprocket wheels and chain system but their gears have no teeth and are referred to as pulleys.
- Transmit rotational motion.
- All gears inside the belt rotate in the same direction and all gears outside the belt rotate in opposite directions of the ones inside.
- Reversible.
104
What is a wheel and worm gear system?
- Consists of a wheel (screw), worm gear (larger circle with teeth).
- Rotational motion is transmitted to one or more worm gears.
- Both the screw and the gear rotate in the same direction.
- Irreversible (driver always screw, driven always gear).
105
When will speed increase in a motion transmission system?
When the driver gear is bigger than the driven gear OR when the driver gear has more teeth than the driven gear.
106
When will speed decrease in a motion transmission system?
When the driver gear is smaller than the driven gear OR when the driver gear has fewer teeth than the driven gear.
107
When will there be no change in speed in a motion transmission system?
When the driver and driven gears have the same diameter OR when the driver and driven gears have the same number of teeth.
108
What are types of motion transformation systems?
- Rack and Pinion Systems
- Screw Gear Systems
- Cam and Follower Systems
- Slider-Crank Mechanisms
109
What is a rack and pinion system?
- Contains at least one gear, called a pinion, and one straight bar, called a rack.
- This system changes rotational motion of a gear into the translational motion.
- Reversible.
110
What is a screw gear system?
- Contains a screw and a nut.
- It transforms the rotational motion of a screw into the translational motion of a jaw.
- Irreversible.
111
What is a cam and follower system?
- It transforms the rotational motion of a cam into a translational motion of a follower.
- Irreversible.
112
What is a slider-crank mechanism?
- It transforms the translational motion of the pistons into the rotational motion of the crank.
- Reversible.
113
What is hardness?
Can resist deformation, denting or being scratched.
114
What is malleability?
Can be flattened or bent without breaking.
115
What is ductility?
Can be pulled into a wire (using tension) without breaking.
116
What is elasticity?
Can return into its original shape after a force is removed.
117
What is corrosion resistance?
Won't rust.
118
What are different assisted-reproductions processes?
- Hormonal Drugs
- Artificial Insemination
- In Vitro Fertilization
- IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection
119
What are hormonal drugs?
It triggers the release of the egg.
120
What is artificial insemination?
Doctors inject the man's sperm directly into the uterus using a catheter, when a woman is ovulating, so the sperm has a much better chance of making it to the egg.
121
What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?
A woman's egg can be fertilized by a sperm in a lab and implanted in the uterus where the pregnancy continues normally.
122
What is IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)?
Scientists can use very specialized small tools to take a few sperm cells and directly inject them into the egg. The fertilized egg (embryo) is implanted into the uterus just like in IVF.
