Science Final Exam Flashcards
What are the main parts of the digestive tract?
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Anus
What are the functions and food transformations of the mouth?
- Masticate food into smaller pieces.
- Tongue rolls food and pushes to back of throat.
- Saliva lubricates food.
- Chemical (from saliva)
- Mechanical (from teeth)
What is the function and food transformation of the esophagus?
- Pushes food down to stomach through muscle contractions called peristalsis.
- Mechanical (peristalsis)
What are the functions and food transformations of the stomach?
- Churns food (muscle contractions mixes).
- Gastric juices break food down into simpler molecules.
- Chemical (gastric juices)
- Mechanical (churning food)
What are the functions and food transformations of the small intestine?
- Absorbs proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into the blood stream through ‘villi’.
- Pushes rest through via peristalsis
- Chemical (digestive juices)
- Mechanical (peristalsis)
What are the functions and food transformation of the large intestine?
- Absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals.
- Pushes rest through via peristalsis.
- Mechanical (peristalsis)
What is the function of the annus?
- Exit for waste.
What is the role of the digestive tract?
- Decomposition of food
- Absorption of nutrients and water
- Elimination of waste
What are the main digestive glands?
- Salivary glands
- Gastric glands
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Intestinal glands
What is the function and secretion of the salivary gland?
- Breaks down carbohydrates
- Secretes saliva
What is the function and secretion of the gastric gland?
- Breaks down proteins into amino acids
- Secretes gastric enzymes
What is the function and secretion of the pancreas?
- Breaks down carbs, proteins, fats
- Secretes pancreatic juices
What is the function and secretion of the liver?
- Breaks down fats
- Secretes bile
What is the function and secretion of the intestinal glands?
- Breaks down fats into smaller molecules
- Secretes intestinal juices
What are the functions and sources of carbohydrates?
- Contains starches or substances that release sugars during digestion transformed into energy by the body.
Body’s main source of energy.
Starches, whole grains, cereals, fruits and vegetables.
What are the functions and sources of fats/lipids?
- Provides the body with energy and stores it.
- Insulates the body.
- Cushions vital organs.
Dairy, vegetable oils, fish, nuts, avocado, olive oil, dark chocolate.
What are the functions and sources of proteins?
- Allows the body to build and repair cells.
- Provides energy when there are not enough fats or carbohydrates.
Meat, beans, eggs, fish, nuts, dairy, soy.
What are the functions and sources of vitamins?
- Vital for various body functions.
- Helps to regulate metabolism and chemical reactions in the body.
Fruits and vegetables.
What are the functions and sources of water?
A pure substance makes up 60% of the body.
Important to the chemical reactions.
Helps regulate metabolism.
Helps carry substances to different parts of the body.
What are the functions and sources of fibre?
- *NOT A NUTRIENT**
- Cleans digestive system.
Seeds, granola (grains), fruits and vegetables.
What are the functions and sources of minerals?
- Simple chemical elements.
- Make up various tissues like cartilage, teeth, bones, and nerves.
Fruits and vegetables.
What are the different food constituents?
Nutrients:
- Carbohydrates
- Fats/lipids
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
Not:
- Fibre
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
Circulation of antibodies outside the blood vessels.
What are the two ways of acquiring active immunity?
Production of antibodies:
Antibodies are attack substances that trap and kill germs that can lead to disease. Your body makes antibodies by getting the disease or getting the vaccine.
Vaccination:
Vaccines are used to activate the immune system and cause it to make specific antibodies in order to prevent a given disease.
What are the main parts of the respiratory system?
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
What is the role of the respiratory system?
Gaseous exchanges between the blood and the surrounding air
Gas exchange
Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration (to travel through blood & get delivered to the cells)
Carbon dioxide is a waste product to the cellular respiratory (needs to leave body)
Oxygen (O2) entering blood from alveoli and carbon dioxide (CO2) leaves the blood using the PROCESS OF DIFFUSION
(gas travels from an area of high concentration —> area of low concentration)
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
- Air is filtered by cilia (hairs) in nasal cavity
- Air is warmed by blood capillaries (small blood vessels)
- Air is moistened by mucous
What is the function of the lungs?
- Site for bronchioles, alveoli and location for gas exchange
What are the elements of blood?
- Plasma
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
What is the function of plasma?
- Liquid component, mostly of water.
- Transports blood cells (RBC, WBC and platelets), nutrients, antibodies, hormones, urea and carbon dioxide (waste produced during cellular respiration).
What is the function of red blood cells?
- No nucleus.
- Contains hemoglobin (protein that helps transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and gives the blood its red colour.
What is the function of white blood cells?
- Have a nucleus
- Numbers of white cells increase only when there’s an infection
- Protects the body
- Some neutralizes pathogens (bacteria, viruses) and others get rid of dead or damaged cells.
What is the function of platelets?
- Helps coagulation process (forming scabs)
- Helps an injury heal by piling up in the damaged area of a blood vessel and produce fibrin filaments to help seal the wound.
clot = agglutinate (clumping of particles) = coagulate (blood change to a solid)
What are the different blood vessels?
Arteries Blood vessels (thick- to handle the pressure) ex. Aorta
Veins
Blood vessels(thin walls, contain small valves)
Valves: to prevent blood from flowing backwards
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels
Gas exchange(diffusion) happens through these vessels.
What is pulmonary circulation?
Hearts»»Lungs»»>Heart
Carries blood that contains carbon dioxide(deoxygenated) to the lungs to get rid of it, and reload it with oxygen (oxygenated)
Blood enters: superior/inferior vena cavas
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs (diffusion of carbon dioxide)
What is systemic circulation?
Carries oxygenated blood to cells of the body to supply them with oxygen & nutrients.
Collects waste products: carbon dioxide & water
Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters:
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Body
What is the role of the circulatory system?
The circulatory system’s primary function is the transportation and exchange of gases, nutrients and waste products.
What are the main parts of the excretory (urinary) system?
- Kidneys
- Blader
- Urethra
- Ureters
What are the ureters?
Tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder.
What is the bladder?
A sac, which holds urine until it is time to be excreted.
What is the urethra?
The tube through which urine travels from the bladder to the outside of the body.
What is the role of the excretory system?
- Filtration of the blood
- Elimination of cellular waste
What is the function of the kidneys?
They filter blood.
What are the main components of urine?
- Water
- Mineral salts
- Urea
- Uric acid
What are the hormones responsible for the formation of spermatozoa?
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Testosterone
What is an erection?
When a penis is sexually stimulated, since the arteries in it dilate (widen), this allows more blood to flow and fill the tissue inside. The filled arteries compress the veins so little blood can leave the penis.
What is ejaculation?
The release of semen (sperm cells and fluid) from the penis.
What is the role of the central nervous system?
The central nervous system’s role is to control almost everything that happens to your body.
Manages complex behaviours, processes sensory information and responds to the information.