Science Test 2/20 2023 Flashcards
Order of main events on the history of earth.
Formation of Earth, Bacteria, Oxygen, Eukaryotes, Multicellular life (Plants, Invertebrates, Vertebrates), Fish, Coal Forming Forests, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, and humans.
What is a fossil?
Fossils are preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in sediments like sand and mud, under ancient seas, lakes and rivers.
How are fossils formed?
Body decomposes.
Sediments buried and turns into sedimentary rock through pressure
Groundwater dissolves bones, creating mold
Remains replaced by minerals, creating cast. Remains turn into stone. (permineralization)
Remains are pushed up to the surface and Erosion wears away at the ground
List some useful adaptations for animal survival in relation to their environment.
The Darwin Finch: the finches had different shaped beaks depending on their environment. Large beaks for large seeds and Small beaks for small seeds.
Penguins: The penguins made their forearms shorter and blubber under their skin to be better at swimming and stronger to the cold.
Define evolution
Evolution is the process in which one species changes into other species over time.
describe the theory of natural selection
The theory of natural selection is when one species has a mutation and that trait can help that species to survive, then only that species will be alive.
Describe the example of the Peppered Moth.
There were speckled, white moths on lichen covered trees, but there was an environmental change due to pollution from coal burning factories. Lichen on the trees died and the pale moths could not blend into the trees and were eaten by birds, Darker colored moths were able to blend in and survive and reproduce. Finally, the population became darker coloured.
What is mutation
Mutation is evolution by random chance
How is it(MUTATION) related to evolution?
Mutation can lead to evolution if the mutation is good.
Give an example of a mass extinction, the organisms affected, and describe possible causes.
250 MYA, 95% of the species on earth went extinct, and this was caused by intense volcanism and toxic gasses, which led to lack of oxygen. The organisms affected were 84% of marine genera and 70% of land species like plants, insects, and vertebrate animals.
List the main adaptations of the main vertebrate groups
(mammal, Fish, Bird, Amphibian, Reptiles)
Mammals- fur/ hair to keep them warm, high body temperature, lungs/gas exchange system.
Fish- Strong tail to change direction, swim bladder to move up and down, gills, slippery scales.
Birds- Feathers keep birds warm, light to make it possible to fly, long feathers and wings to keep balance.
Amphibians- Skin that prevents loss of water, replaces gills with lungs, grows legs and arms over time.
Reptiles- Scaly skin to prevent loss of water, kidneys to produce less urine, camouflage.
What are the main categories of evidence supporting the theory of evolution? Provide the name of each category and a specific example.
1.Similar Physical Features (eukaryotes= mitochondria, nucleus, cell membrane)
2.DNA comparisons (saru ningen to niteru)
3.Fossil Record (how past species are related to recent species)
4.Biogeography (how the organisms are distributed across the globe, far away = less similar)
5.Direct Observation (Small scale evolution in organisms with short life cycles.)
