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Science > Science spiral test 2 > Flashcards

Science spiral test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Subatomic Particles and their locations:

A

Protons (Nucleus)
Neutrons (Nucleus)
Electrons (orbitals around the nucleus)

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2
Q

Democritus

A

Model: The Indivisible Particle
Theory: Matter is made up of tiny, indivisible pieces that cannot be broken anymore.

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3
Q

Dalton

A

Model: The Billiard Ball Model
Theory: Atoms are small, indivisible particles.

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4
Q

Thomson

A

Model: Chocolate Chip Model
Theory: Negatively charged electrons are found inside a positive sphere.

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5
Q

Rutherford

A

Model: The Nuclear Model
Theory: Atoms are mostly empty space with a positively charged center.

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6
Q

Bohr

A

Model: Bohr-Rutherford Model
Theory: Electrons surround the nucleus in specific energy levels.

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7
Q

Chadwick

A

Model: The planetary model
Theory: Nucleus contains neutral particles along with the positively charged particles.

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8
Q

Atom vs. Element:

A

Elements are a pure substance and Atoms are the smallest units of elements

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9
Q

Elements vs. Compounds:

A

Elements: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. ( hydrogen, sodium, oxygen, chlorine etc.)

Compounds: A pure substance that contains 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio. ( salt, sugar, water, carbon dioxide etc.)

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10
Q

Group vs Period

A

Group- Column (family)
Period- Horizontal row

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11
Q

5 Metal properties:

A

Solid (except mercury), Shiny, Good Conductor, Malleable and, Ductile

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12
Q

5 Non- Metal properties:

A

Solid, Liquid, Gas, Dull (not shiny), Poor conductors (insulators), Brittle (if solid) and, Not ductile

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13
Q

Why are atoms neutral?

A

Atoms contain the same number of protons and electrons making their overall charge always neutral.

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14
Q

Standard Atomic Notation:

A

7 Li
(mass number on top)
3

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15
Q

Elements in the same group:

A

Valence electrons

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16
Q

Elements in the same row:

A

Orbitals

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17
Q

4 Chemical families and their physical and chemical properties:

A

Alkali (group 1)– 1 valence electron– the most reactive

Alkaline Earth metals (group 2)– 2 valence electrons– slightly less reactive than Alkali metals

Halogens (group 7)– 7 valence electrons– most reactive non-metal

Noble Gases (group 8)– 8 valence electrons– Unreactive and stable

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18
Q

Valence electrons in a group vs row:

A

Same number (group)
Increased by 1 (row)

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19
Q

Orbitals in a group vs row:

A

Increase by 1 (group)
Same number (row)

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20
Q

Static Electricity:

A

The buildup of an electric charge on the surface of an object.

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21
Q

Charging by conduction (contact):

A

Two objects have a DIFFERENT charge

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22
Q

Charging by friction:

A

Two objects are NEUTRAL

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23
Q

Charging by Induction (temporary):

A

Temporary: Holding a charged object close to a neutral object creates an induced charge on the neutral object. (only temporary because it only lasts while the charged object is held close by)

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24
Q

Charging by Induction (permanent):

A

Permanent: An induced charge in neutral objects can be made permanent by grounding the object on the side furthest from the charged object.

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25
Q

What is the difference between a temporary and permanent charge?

A

A temporary induced charge is where a charged object is brought close to (but not touching) a neutral object but a permanent induced charge needs the neutral object to be grounded as well.

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26
Q

What are the 3 laws of electric charges?

A
  1. Objects with the same charge repel each other
  2. Object with opposite charges will attract each other
  3. Charged objects attract neutral objects
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27
Q

How to charge an object using friction?

A

Rubbing one object together with another object will cause the electrons to transfer to another material.

28
Q

Charging spray paint with friction:

A

Spray paint–
The paint coming out is negative due to friction with the paint gun. The car is given a positive charge or kept neutral and the charged paint is attracted to the car because of the law of electric charge.

29
Q

Charging dryer sheets with friction:

A

Dryer Sheets–
Friction between materials causes clothing to become charged and attract. The use of dryer sheets reduces the static cling (friction between clothes) by absorbing the static electricity since they are positively charged.

30
Q

Net charge:

A

Overall charge of the atom

31
Q

Grounding:

A

Connecting an object to the earth’s surface using a conductor

32
Q

Discharging (water vapor):

A

Moisture in the air can act as a pathway for electrons, humid air draws more electrons than dry air

33
Q

Lighting by induction:

A

Friction: water drops in the cloud move past one another, creating friction and the water becomes charged (+ or -). Negative water molecules collect at the bottom of the cloud.

Temporary Charge separation in the ground: The cloud repels the electrons at the earth’s surface, inducing the electrons in the earth to move away from the surface. The earth has a temporary charge separation.

Movement of Electrons from Cloud to Ground: The excess electrons take the path with least resistance to discharge from the cloud to the ground. They jump between water droplets

Permanent induced charge: The cloud discharges electrons to create a spark called lightning and a rumbling sound of thunder.

34
Q

Big bang theory:

A

All of the matter and energy in the universe expanded from a single point

35
Q

What was the first atom to be created in the universe?

A

Hydrogen

36
Q

Nebula:

A

cloud of gas and dust

37
Q

Nuclear fusion:

A

The process that takes place in the core of the sun (merges atoms together)

38
Q

3 possible life paths for stars:

A

Low Mass Nebula, Medium Mass Nebula, and High Mass Nebula.

39
Q

Low Mass Nebula

A

Nebula– Protostar–Red Dwarf–White Dwarf

40
Q

Medium Mass Nebula

A

Nebula–Protostar–Red Giant–Planetary Nebula–White Dwarf–Black Dwarf

41
Q

High Mass Nebula

A

Nebula–Protostar–Red supergiant–Supernova–Neutron star and Black hole

42
Q

Supernova:

A

Stars that eventually died creating a massive explosion called supernova.

43
Q

Reservoirs:

A

an area where carbon is stored for long period of time

44
Q

Biotic Reservoirs:

A

Carbon trapped in the cells of living organisms. (forests, fossil fuels, shells, bones)

45
Q

Abiotic Reservoirs:

A

Carbon stored in the environment. (Lakes, Rivers, the ocean)

46
Q

Carbon Deposits:

A

Ways which carbon can get trapped underground. ( fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) that form when decomposed organisms are compressed over long periods)

47
Q

3 ways humans add carbon to the environment:

A
  1. Burn fossil fuels
  2. Cut down trees (Deforestation)
  3. Pollute the air with car emissions
48
Q

how do the three activities humans do to increase the carbon work?

A

Burning fossil fuels releases carbon in that reservoir adding more carbon into the atmosphere.

Cutting down trees (Deforestation) means less CO2 removed from the atmosphere for Photosynthesis. Any carbon trapped in these trees is then released into the atmosphere.

Polluting the air with car emissions air pollution from cars adds more carbon into the atmosphere and this can actually result in acid rain forming.

49
Q

Decomposers (carbon):

A

return carbon trapped in the bodies of organisms back to the atmosphere in the form of CO2.

50
Q

2 complementary processes’ balancing the carbon cycle:

A

Carbon is recycled in the carbon cycle through several processes but mostly through photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

51
Q

Why is algal bloom bad for plants:

A

Blocks the sun, preventing them from undergoing photosynthesis.

52
Q

Eutrophication:

A

Excess nitrogen entering run-off in nearby lakes and ponds

53
Q

Algal Bloom:

A

Layer of algae that grows on the surface of water.

54
Q

Human activities disrupting the nitrogen cycle:

A

Fertilizers–Excess Nitrogen in Run-Off–Eutrophication–Algal Bloom

55
Q

What do humans add to fertilizers to help plants grow and why is too much of this thing bad?

A

They add nitrogen to their fertilizers and excess fertilizer can damage aquatic ecosystems.

56
Q

Which bean boosts nitrogen content in soil?

A

Legumes

57
Q

Crop Rotation–

A

Some farmers rotate between their regular crops and legume plants

58
Q

Three sisters–

A

Corn (provide a lattice for beans to grow on), Beans (provide nitrogen to the soil for corn and squash), and Squash (provides moisture to the soil for beans and corn)

59
Q

Why is bacteria the most important part of the nitrogen cycle?

A

Bacterias are necessary for “fixing” the nitrogen so it can be used by plants. (bacteria changes n2 to just n)

60
Q

Human influence impact the nitrogen cycle:

A

Humans use too much nitrogen in fertilizers– excess nitrogen goes into a lake/pond (eutrophication)– Algae increase in number (algal bloom)– block sunlight from reaching plants in water– No photosynthesis– Plants dead

61
Q

Life cycle of a star

A

Nebula, Nuclear fusion, Star, Supernova, Neutron star

62
Q

Conductors:

A

Electrons are able to move freely through the object

63
Q

Insulators:

A

Electrons are not able to move freely through the object

64
Q

Static electricity is _________

A

stationary (not moving)

65
Q

If the charged object during permanent induction is negative what will the final charge on the neutral object be?

A

Positive

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