Science exam Flashcards
1
Q
2 factors of an ecosystem:
A
Biotic Factors → living organisms
Abiotic Factors → non-living
2
Q
Mutualism
A
both species benefit from the relationship and none are harmed. example: bees and flowers
3
Q
Parasitism
A
the parasite benefits and the host is
harmed. example: mosquitoes and human
4
Q
Commensalism
A
one benefits and the other
neither benefits nor is harmed. example: Remora and sharks
5
Q
Predation:
A
Predator-prey relationships where one organism hunts another
6
Q
Intraspecific Competition:
A
competition between individuals of the same species. example: two lions fighting over a mate
7
Q
Interspecific Competition:
A
competition between individuals of different species. example: owls and hawks both eating mice
8
Q
What are the 4 spheres:
A
Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Lithosphere, Atmosphere
9
Q
Hydrosphere:
A
All the water on, above, and below the Earth’s surface. ( lakes, groundwater, clouds, icebergs, etc.)
10
Q
Biosphere:
A
The parts of the planet where all life exists and their physical environment. (land, water, air, etc.)
11
Q
Lithosphere:
A
The rocky outer shell of the Earth. (rocks, minerals, mountains, earth’s crust and mantle, etc.)
12
Q
Atmosphere:
A
Blanket that helps moderate temperature, preventing excessive heating (day) or cooling (night).
13
Q
What percent of energy is passed along the food chain?
A
Any particular organism in a food chain will only pass on 10% of its energy to the organism that consumes it.
14
Q
Photosynthesis word equation and reactants and products :
A
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy → Sugar + Oxygen
15
Q
Cellular respiration word equation and reactants and products:
A
Sugar + Oxygen → Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
16
Q
Complementary process’:
A
Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis are complementary processes because the products of one reaction are the reactants of the other reaction.
17
Q
Food Chain:
A
a single sequence of feeding from one organism to another
18
Q
Trophic levels:
A
describe the position of an organism on a food chain
19
Q
Which level are decomposers found in?
A
Decomposers consume organisms at every level.
20
Q
Primary producers vs Primary consumers:
A
Primary producers: autotrophs
Primary consumers: herbivores
21
Q
Niche:
A
the role an organism plays in their environment
Ex: beavers feed on trees, build dams, and are a food
source for wolves
22
Q
Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore , Grazer, Predator, Scavenger, Decomposer
A
Eats plants, Eats animals, Eats plants and Animals, Eats living organisms without killing them, Eats animals (prey), Eats already dead animals, Eats broken down dead organisms and their waste
23
Q
3 ways humans have added more carbon to the atmosphere:
A
i. Burn fossil fuels
Releases the carbon in that reservoir, adding more carbon into the atmosphere.
ii. Cut down trees (deforestation)
Means less CO2 removed from the atmosphere for photosynthesis. Any carbon trapped in trees is released into the atmosphere.
iii. Pollute the air with emissions from cars
Air pollution from cars add more carbon into the
atmosphere and this can actually result in acid rain
forming.
24
Q
Eutrophication:
A
Excess nitrogen entering run- off in nearby lakes and ponds
25
Algal bloom:
A layer of algae that grows on the surface of water
26
Why are algal blooms bad for the environment?
Algal blooms block the sunlight from aquatic plants, not allowing them to photosynthesize.
27
The Three Sisters:
Corn - provide a lattice for beans to grow on
Beans - provide nitrogen to the soil for corn and squash
Squash - provides moisture to the soil for beans and corn
28
Greenhouse effect:
is how these gasses trap the sun’s energy to keep the planet warm.
29
Greenhouse gasses:
Water vapor (h20)
Carbon dioxide (co2)
Methane (ch4)
Nitrous oxide (n2o)
Ozone (o3)
30
3 Impacts of Climate change:
1. Increase in frequency and intensity of natural disasters
Rising temperatures = warmer seas = more water vapor in the atmosphere = more hurricanes, typhoons and torrential rain and
more droughts.
2. Declining crop yields
If the temperature and amount of available water is outside of a plant’s tolerance range, the plant will not be able to survive.
3. Declining biodiversity
On land, animals and plants have had to move to higher elevations thus competing with organisms that already exist there. In the ocean, there has been an increased risk of loss of marine and coastal ecosystems.
31
WHMIS:
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
32
HHPS:
Hazardous Household Product Safety
33
Physical Properties:
Characteristic or feature of a substance.
34
Qualitative:
Color
State
Clarity
Odour
Taste
Texture
Luster (Shiny)
Malleability (ability to be hammered into a sheet)
Flexibility
Deductibility (Stretched into a wire)
35
Quantitative:
Melting point
Boiling point
Solubility
Hardness (resistance of a solid being scratched)
Electrical conductivity
Viscosity (flow)
Density
Adhesion (attraction between different substances)
Cohesion (attraction between same substances)
36
Chemical Properties:
Combustibility
Reactivity with Water
Toxicity
Stability
37
Physical Change:
Change of Shape/ Form
Change of State
Dissolving
38
Chemical Change:
New Color appears
Heat/ Light is produced or absorbed
Bubbles of gas
Solid precipitate
Difficult to reverse
39
Solid
S- very small
A- very strong
M- very slow
E- very low
40
Liquid
S- small
A- strong
M- slow
E- low
41
Gas
S- big
A- weak
M- fast
E- high
42
Melting
Solid- Liquid
S- Increase
A- Decrease
M- Increase
E- Increase
43
Evapouration
Liquid to gas
S- Increase
A- Decrease
M- Increase
E- Increase
44
Condensation
Gas to liquid
S- Decrease
A- Increase
M- Decrease
E- Decrease
45
Freezing
Liquid to solid
S- Decrease
A- Increase
M- Decrease
E- Decrease
46
What is the particle theory of matter?
The way matter is structured and behaves
47
Pure Substance:
Matter that contains 1 type of particle
48
Element vs Compound
Element: cannot be broken down into a simpler substance
Compound: contains 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio
49
Mixture:
Matter that contains 2 or more different types
of particles
50
Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous mixture:
Homogeneous: Only one layer/phase. (difference substances are not visible) eg. salt water
Heterogeneous: More than one layer/ phase (different substances are visible) eg. rocks and water
51
Standard Atomic Notation:
Element symbol with atomic mass on top and atomic number on the bottom.
52
Democritus
The Indivisible Particle
Matter is made up of tiny, indivisible pieces that cannot be broken anymore.
53
Dalton
The Billiard Ball Model
Atoms are small, indivisible particles.
54
Thomson
Chocolate Chip Model
Negatively charged electrons are found inside a positive sphere.
55
Rutherford
The Nuclear Model
Atoms are mostly empty space with a positively charged center.
56
Bohr
Rutherford- Bohr Model
Electrons surround the nucleus in specific energy levels.
57
Chadwick
The planetary model
Nucleus contains neutral particles along with the positively charged particles.
58
Period:
A horizontal row
59
Group:
A vertical column (family)
60
4 chemical families:
Alkali (group 1), 1 valence electron, the most reactive
Alkaline Earth metals (group 2), 2 valence electrons, slightly less reactive than Alkali
Halogens (group 7), 7 valence electrons, most reactive non-metal
Noble Gases (group 8), 8 valence electrons, Unreactive and stable
61
Valence electrons define and group vs row:
define: electrons in the outermost shell
group: same number (group)
row: increased by 1 (row)
62
Orbitals define and group vs row:
define: energy levels outside the nucleus
group: increase by 1 (group)
row: same number (row)
63
Reactivity of metals vs nonmetals in periods:
Reactivity of metals increases from right to left. Reactivity of nonmetals increases from left to right.
64
Reactivity of metals vs nonmetals in groups:
Reactivity of metals increases from the top to the bottom. Reactivity of nonmetals increases from the bottom to the top.
65
What are the 3 laws of electric charges?
Objects with the same charge repel each other
Objects with opposite charges will attract each other
Charged objects attract neutral objects
66
Charging by conduction (contact):
When two objects come in contact with each other, they start with different charges and end with the same charge.
67
Charging by friction:
Rubbing two objects together, they start with neutral charges and end with opposite charges.
68
Charging by Induction:
Holding a charged object close to but not touching a neutral charge.
69
Temporary vs Permenant induced charge:
Temporary: Holding a charged object close to a neutral object creates an induced charge on the neutral object. (only temporary because it only lasts while the charged object is held close by)
Permanent: An induced charge in neutral objects can be made permanent by grounding the object on the side furthest from the charged object.
70
Grounding:
Connecting an object to the earth’s surface using a conductor
71
Discharging (water vapor):
Moisture in the air can act as a pathway for electrons, humid air draws more electrons than dry air
72
Lighting by induction:
Friction: water drops in the cloud move past one another, creating friction and the water becomes charged (+ or -). Negative water molecules collect at the bottom of the cloud.
Temporary Charge separation in the ground: The cloud repels the electrons at the earth’s surface, inducing the electrons in the earth to move away from the surface. The earth has a temporary charge separation.
Movement of Electrons from Cloud to Ground: The excess electrons take the path with least resistance to discharge from the cloud to the ground. They jump between water droplets
Permanent induced charge: The cloud discharges electrons to create a spark called lightning and a rumbling sound of thunder.
73
Series Circuit vs Parallel:
A Series Circuit is where charges have only 1 path to follow.
A Parallel Circuit is where charges have more than 1 path to follow
74
What happens when a load goes out in a parallel vs series circuit?
Series– All loads in the circuit will go out
Parallel circuits– All loads in the circuit will stay the same brightness
75
What is the same in a series vs parallel circuit:
Series– current
Parallel– voltage
76
If you add a metal coin to a circuit will it work opposed to a rubber eraser?
Metal– yes Eraser– no
77
Conductors vs Insulator:
Conductors allow electrons to move freely whereas in Insulators electrons don’t move freely.
78
4 factors that influence resistance:
Type of material → the poorer the conductor, the greater the resistance
Cross-sectional area → the thinner the wire, the greater the resistance
Wire length → the longer the wire, the greater the resistance
Temperature → the higher the temperature, the greater the resistance
79
Big bang theory:
All of the matter and energy in the universe expanded from a single point
80
The scale of the universe:
Atoms → Stars → Galaxy → Universe
81
Types of galaxies:
Barred Spiral Galaxy (our galaxy), Elliptical Galaxy, Irregular Galaxy
82
Planets in order:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (my very educated mother just served us nachos)
83
Inner vs outer solar system:
Inner solar system: These are rocky/terrestrial planets. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Outer solar system: These are gas giant planets. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
84
Rotation:
an object’s spinning about its own axis.
85
Axis:
an imaginary line that the object rotates around.
86
Revolution:
an object circling around another object
87
Low Mass Nebela
Nebula– Protostar–Red Dwarf–White Dwarf
88
Medium Mass Nebela
Nebula–Protostar–Red Giant–Planetary Nebula–White Dwarf–Black Dwarf
89
High Mass Nebela
Nebula–Protostar–Red supergiant–Supernova–Neutron star and Black hole
90
What separates the inner and outer planets?
Between mars and jupiter is an asteroid belt which is a region of rocky debris that forms a ring around the sun.
91
What causes day and night?
Rotation
92
What changes the amount of sunlight?
Revolution
93
3 Subatomic Particles and their locations:
Protons (Nucleus)
Neutrons (Nucleus)
Electrons (orbitals around the nucleus)
94
5 Metal properties:
Solid (except mercury), Shiny, Good Conductor, Malleable and, Ductile
95
5 Non- Metal properties:
Solid, Liquid, Gas, Dull (not shiny), Poor conductors (insulators), Brittle (if solid) and, Not ductile
96
Why are atoms neutral?
Atoms contain the same number of protons and electrons making their overall charge always neutral.
97
Static Electricity:
The buildup of an electric charge on the surface of an object.
98
Charging spray paint and dryer sheets with friction:
Spray paint–
The paint coming out is negative due to friction with the paint gun. The car is given a positive charge or kept neutral and the charged paint is attracted to the car because of the law of electric charge.
Dryer Sheets–
Friction between materials causes clothing to become charged and attract. The use of dryer sheets reduces the static cling (friction between clothes) by absorbing the static electricity since they are positively charged.
99
What was the first atom to be created in the universe?
Hydrogen
100
Nebula:
cloud of gas and dust
101
Nuclear fusion:
The process that takes place in the core of the sun (merges atoms together)
102
Supernova:
Stars that eventually died creating a massive explosion called supernova.
103
Reservoirs:
an area where carbon is stored for long period of time
104
Biotic vs Abiotic Reservoirs:
Biotic: Carbon trapped in the cells of living organisms. (forests, fossil fuels, shells, bones)
Abiotic Reservoirs: Carbon stored in the environment. (Lakes, Rivers, the ocean)
105
Carbon Deposits:
ways which carbon can get trapped underground. ( fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) that form when decomposed organisms are compressed over long periods)
106
Crop Rotation:
Some farmers rotate between their regular crops and legume plants
107
Why is bacteria the most important part of the nitrogen cycle?
Bacterias are necessary for “fixing” the nitrogen so it can be used by plants.
108
Renewable vs Non renewable energy (pros and cons)
Geothermal:
pro– renewable
con– pollution, limited placed to get a generator
Solar:
pro– solar cells are small, very useful
con– not efficient for bigger appliances, very expensive
Wind:
pro– doesn't produce greenhouse gasses, and farming and grazing can continue
con– there’s not always wind, and it harms birds
Tidal (Hydro):
pro– not very expensive, more predictable
con– environmental impact of marine life, and can’t be used in every area
Biomass (if properly managed):
Pro–unlimited amount of animal and plant waste, cheap, and reduces garbage in landfills
con– Air pollution, loss of forests, and less farmland for crops
Hydroelectricity:
pro– Inexpensive, small scale hydroelectricity can be made in community rivers
con– Environmental impact: flooding, expensive
Fossil Fuels (Natural gas, propane, coal, and petroleum):
pro– The technology is already in place, and it can keep up with the changes in energy demands
Con– Burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gasses, and mining coal is hazardous and bad for the environment
Nuclear:
pro– Nuclear power is inexpensive, produces a lot of energy from a little bit of fuel
con– Nuclear waste is poisonous and radioactive, nuclear plants are costly.
109
What does an Energuide tell you?
The energy consumption of the appliance.
110
Path:
a complete trip to and from the cell(s) with no back or repeat step
111
How are Ammeters connected?
Series
112
How are Voltmeters connected?
Parallel
113
If the Ammeter/Voltmeter shows a negative number what does that mean?
The wires were incorrectly connected and needed to be switched.
114
What safety device can be used when the current exceeds a safe limit?
A fuse will heat up and melt (breaking the circuit)
115
Resistor:
a device that reduces the current in a circuit
116
Isotope:
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
117
Tolerance Range:
a set of abiotic conditions in which a specific species can best survive.
118
Optimal Range:
the best range of abiotic factors that allow the population to thrive.
119
Green carbon:
the naturally occurring carbon that exists in our atmosphere and as part as our carbon cycle
120
Fossil carbon:
The added carbon that comes from humans burning fossil fuels and adds to the increasing levels of carbon in the atmosphere
121
Chemical properties:
The ability of a substance to react and form a new substance.
122
Sustainable ecosystem:
One that is able to thrive and support itself without outside influence or assistance.
123
Species:
A group of similar organisms that can reproduce and create fertile offspring.
124
Population:
All organisms of the same species living in the same area.
125
Community:
Populations of different species living in the same area and interacting with one another.
126
Biome:
A complex community of plants and animals living in a large area having a similar ecosystem
