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Beliefs > Science Religion & Ideology > Flashcards

Science Religion & Ideology Flashcards

1
Q

Science

A

An open belief system which constantly opens itself up for criticism & testing & constantly seeks to discover new knowledge
Is value free, objective, unbiased & rigorous = based in empirical evidence facts tested by experiments rather than being based on faith

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2
Q

Objective

A

unbiased, value free based evidence X emotion / personal belief

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3
Q

Cumulative

A

builds on work of even things proved wrong = useful - know what doesn’t work

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4
Q

Empirical

A

based on obsv evidence

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5
Q

Testable

A

can be tested against others = falsifiable

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6
Q

Science as an Open belief System

A

opens self to crit, tests & seeks new know - based in emp evi - facts = tested by experts X faith = value free
Popper - built on falsification - will replace theories

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7
Q

Merton - CUDOS

A

Communism - sci know should = shared w/ community X = secret
Universalism - all scis should be regarded equal - work challenged X them
Disinterestedness - should be commited to truth & pub findings honestly - no fraud / subj bias
Organised Scepticism - all know should be challenged & scrutiny encour

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8
Q

Science as Closed Belief System

A

not as obj as may think = resistant to challenge - depen on funding can be conducted to assist sales eg oil funded research ? climate change

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9
Q

Kuhn - Paradigms

A

= CBS - runs on P’s - shape way discipline = defined & understood & research carried out = accepted by majority & hard to change

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10
Q

Postmodernism & Science as a Metanarrative

A

Lyotard - sci falsely claims to find truth about how world works as progress to better soc - sci = m discourse of thinking used to dominate ppl - technoscience - serves cap interests

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11
Q

Substantive Definition of Religion

A

Tylor (1903) ‘ belief in spiritual beings’
Max Weber (1905) seeing it as a belief in a super natural power that = unable to be scientifically explained - whether belief can be considered relig depends on substance of what is believed - requires belief in God/s
Criticised for ignoring relig pracs - things ppl do to show belief

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12
Q

Problems w/ Substantive Definitions

A

How do we decide which belief should / not be seen as relig eg should belief in magic = relig
Provides v broad understanding of relig

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13
Q

Functional Definitions

A

State what relig actually does
D’s def has an element of func talks about commun
Relig needs to be defined by contrib to society as it is considered a product of Soc bc of this these definitions are sometimes assoc w/ func pov

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14
Q

Durkheim (1915)

A

‘A unified system of beliefs & pracs relative to sacred things & that is to say things set apart & forbidden - beliefs & pracs which unite into one single moral community called a church all those who adhere to them’
Focuses on relig as group activity
Talks about the way certain symbols are given sacred power & regarded in awe & assoc w/ rituals eg cross

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15
Q

Yinger (1970)

A

‘Relig = system of beliefs & pracs by means of which a group of ppl struggles w/ the ultimate problems of human life’
A belief / org could provide certain fun’s eg encourage social cohesion & col conscience - w/o nec inclu supernatural eg could football be considered a relig?

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16
Q

Advantages of Functional Definitions

A

= inclusive allow wide range of beliefs & pracs eg encour social cohesion
Don’t specify belief in gods/ supernatural = no bias against non western relig eg Buddhism

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17
Q

Problems w/ Functional Definitions

A

= too broad belief systems that = specifically anti relig could = inclu eg interests in football music lives of celebs - Scharf (1970)
Assume relig plays useful role in Soc & contribs to social stability can = consid as a relig w/o evidence

18
Q

Social Constructionist Definitions

A

Some socios believe relig = social construct that = created by man not supernatural beings eg interpretivists believe relig = defined by each individual while Marxists believe = created by bour to repress prol - serves cap

19
Q

Aldridge

A

according to some govs scientology = X relig = banned & not given legal status - but for believers is religion

20
Q

Evaluation of Social Constructionist Definitions

A

ethnocentric - focus on western religs - doesn’t consid belief systems w/ sim funcs but no god

21
Q

Problems w/ defining Religion

A

No def all socios agree on
Means measuring relig = dif therefore hard to measure whether secularisation has occurred / not

22
Q

Ideology

A

a system of ideals & ideas esp 1 forming the basis of Econ / pol theory & policy

23
Q

Characteristics of Ideology

A

must have power over cognition
must be capable of guiding ones eval
must provide guidance towards actions
must be logically coherent

24
Q

Examples of Ideology

A

socialism
communism
democracy
totalitarianism

25
Q

Marxist Interp of Ideology

A

system of falsehoods used by RC as means of staying in power
justify cap prins & prevent pro rev
neg view of ideologies
prevents rev - prol dont understand exploitive nature of cap - makes them think it is fair & that wealthy have worked hard for their wealth

26
Q

Evaluating Marxist View of Ideology

A

M could have played same role in SU & other Com countries
some neo marxists suggest idea that we dont know own mind = pat & disempower - many fems take same view women are brainwashed by patriarchy - suggestion that I leads to false consciousness = convenient explanation for not being able to persuade of argument strength
suggestion is trad M that = 1 ideo neo - marxism = dom ideo & = other comp sets of ideas can be developed to op bour

27
Q

Radical Feminists & Ideology

A

common view = patriarchal ideology maintains Dom view of men in soc
according to rad fems 1 way can be achieved is convincing women that patriarchy = natural normal & desirable = sim to false consciousness

28
Q

Karl Popper

A

can’t study ideologies scientifically = unfalsifiable if express contentedness how could this be scientifically shown as false consciousness

29
Q

Theological Stage

Comte’s Stages of Human Development

Science as an Ideology

A

phenomena = exper as arising from actions of spirits & Gods & supernatural- seasons = peresphone time greek mythology

30
Q

Metaphysical Stage

Comte’s Stages of Human Development

Science as an Ideology

A

supernatural element = dimin & phenom explained through nature - seasons = cycle of life

31
Q

Positive Stage

Comte’s Stages of Human Development

Science as an Ideology

A

replaced by rational explanations - based on evidence derived from obv & exper logic & rational thought - Weber - disenchantment - loss of magical & mystical element of the world

32
Q

Popper - Falsification & Science

A

theories can come from anywhere & it is wrong to say theories can be proved true - can only be proved wrong

33
Q

Kuhn - Scientific Revolutions

A

sci know shifted in num of revs - new P’s to replace old P’s

34
Q

Is science unscientific?

A

Lynch - science = less obj than scis claim - studied interacts between lab rats & scis = m impacted by existing theories than thought when anomalies occured said down to mistake not new evidence

35
Q

Postmodernism & Science

A

lyotard - sci = another metanar
claims MonT = another ideo - Ms & Fems argue sci know used to strengthen cap & patri

36
Q

Gomm (1982)

Evaluation - Science as an Ideology

A

theories scis produce = part of soc context & try to prove X falsify ideas

37
Q

Similarities between Ideology & Religion

A

both give sense to life - salvation in next world for relig happiness & human fulfilment for ideologies
both claim to hold the truth
some claim religion = sub group of ideologies

38
Q

Differences between Ideology & Religion

A

religion = concerned w/ divine - ideos w/ world
religion emph faith & worship - appeal inwardness & aim = redemption / purification of human spirit - ideology speaks to group, nation / class

39
Q

Differences between Science & Ideology

A

Reflects dif Soc conditions behind prod of 2 types of knowledge
Prod of sci knowledge = regulated by scientific rules eg logic of experimental method & empirical refs & animated by depressive attitude ( I am responsible for matters w/in confines of rules set by research com)
Propositions of ideology = anti empirical & shy away from counter examples are confusions & underpinned by a potentially maniacal & omnipotent attitude

40
Q

Religion

A

Closed belief system that claims the monopoly on the truth & accepts no criticism / opportunity for development
Based on doctrine & to challenge that = sacrilege / blasphemy

41
Q

Differences between Science & Religion

A

Science = open belief system comp to religion
Relig based in faith science based on direct observation
Whilst relig requires belief often in supernatural - science requires falsification

Beliefs (10 decks)

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