Effect of Globalisation on Religion

Question 1

Globalisation

Answer 1

how soc has become m interconnected across the world econ cul & pol

Question 2

Particularism

Beyer (1994)

Key impact of Globalisation

Answer 2

relif inc used as avenue for anti glob
1 feature of glob = cul homogenisation - relig as op of that = how ppl = cul dif from one another contrib to inc fund = feature of pol conflict

Question 3

Universalism

Beyer (1994)

Key impact of Globalisation

Answer 3

small fund groups may emph difs but maj relig focus on what unites - emph shared v’s & common concerns - inter faith dialog thro global coms helped to diffuse conflict between relig

Question 4

Marginalisation

Beyer (1994)

Key Impact of Globalisation

Answer 4

relig = inc marg in contemp soc playing less part in public life may = eurocentric view caused by soc change X glob

Question 5

Huntington (1993) Clash of Civilisations

Answer 5

relig can cause conflict = rad force for change
ppl see selves belonging to civs linked to relig - relig ideas = inc NB in mod world
civs = W, confucian Japanese, Islamic etc
when come into contact = conflict

Question 6

Use of Communication Technology

Answer 6

can use mod tech to recruit new mems spread word & keep contact w/ mems = ironic for anti mod anti global relig orgs = way relig less linked to nat than was

Question 7

International Religions

Answer 7

relig iden much less attached to nat iden - m of main world relig = internat in chara & while some countries still have clear state relig = less feature of W iden

Question 8

Nanda (2008)

Answer 8

argues Hinduism = closely rela to Indian Nat 93% of Indians considered cul sup to others and inc indian nat & hinuism seen as same = civil relig worship of hindu gods = worship of india - Bellah

Question 9

Pentecostalism

Answer 9

C,J & I = local b4 glob socios suggest glob led to spread of some religs
Martin (2002) growth of pentecostalism thro developing world - features eg less hier appeal to ppl in poorer areas

Question 10

Religious Fundamentalism

Answer 10

reaction to glob
texts taken literally & rpovide strict set of rules should live by - clash with norm in contemp soc = highly pol

Question 11

Fundamentalism, Social Change & Conflict

Answer 11

inc conservative but proposes sig soc change - want to change contemp lib pluralistic soc into conservative trad soc - NCR
conflict w/ other religs & followers of same religion who X agree

Question 12

Caplan Hunter & Davie

Features of Fundamentalist groups

Answer 12

interp infalliable sacred texts literally - sense of certainty
reject religion pluralism - their’s = only one
find personal exper of god - strengthens faith
op sec & mod for trad - promo conserv beliefs

Question 13

Causes of Fundamentalism

Answer 13

Almond & Giddens
Almond Appleby & Sivan - sec & mod, low levels of edu & inc levels of inequality, displacement of ppl by war, econ probs, chance events - bad harvest, western imperialism, effective Lship

Question 14

Globalisation Vs Fundamentalism

Giddens (1999)

Answer 14

fund = new concept growing bc reacting against glob PM direction - sees common trend towards lib & freedom of choice as undermin relig & want to re estab trad relig

Question 15

Fundamentalism Vs Cosmapolitanism

Answer 15

cos = way of thinking that embraces mod = toll of diversity = threat to many relig - prefer trad closed views reg & order

Question 16

Fundamentalism as Response to PM

Answer 16

Bauman (1992) diversity choice & freedom inc uncer & risk so fund tries to restore
Castell (1998) - 2 responses to PM - project idens - forward looking - embrace prog & change & resistant idens feel threat so turn to fund

Question 17

Types of Fundamentalism

Answer 17

Bruce
Western - usually develops bc of changes w/in own socs eg NCR
3rd world - tends to = respon to outsider culs forcing changes eg Islamic Rev in Iran

Question 18

Beckford (2003)

Answer 18

Ignore hybrid communs where cos & fund = X polar ops
Use of media tech = fixated on glob effects fund & ignore effects on gen relig
Giddens X disting between dif types of fund - extremism not just reaction to global but also m localised probs

Question 19

Evaluation

Answer 19

Some socios point out fund + X new = m noticeable bc of glob & in contrast to sec lib beliefs in w Eur
Some countries have wit desec where fund movements have replaced m sec norms (Afghanistan) = other places which have seen largely fund relig in place for many yrs - what = now fund Christ now = norm
Armstrong (2000) rejects idea fund movements = X throwback to medieval relig - was mysterious, elitist & m contemp fund movements = populist use tech & meths of mod sec sic

Question 20

Fundamentalism as reaction to Secularisation

Answer 20

if in fund = reac to glob then also to sec - almost inevi local parochial & trad reaction to glob as local & partic culs = eroded & replaced w/ glob universal ones - pol develops eg inc nat = pred response
another response is embracing sec cul - pop stars & tech - can = m powerful