Science (Nutrients) Flashcards
1
Q
6 basic food ingredients
- What 4 basic food ingredients are macronutrients?
- The other 2 basic food ingredients are micronutrients, what are they?
A
- Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water
2. Vitamins, minerals
2
Q
- Macromolecules are _______ biological molecules.
2. What are they made up of?
A
- Large
2. Polymers and monomers
3
Q
What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
A
A polymer is a unit composed of many monomers, and a monomer is a single molecule
4
Q
- What do carbohydrates provide?
2. What do carbohydrates contain?
A
- Most of the body’s energy
2. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
5
Q
- If there is only one sugar molecule it is known as a ________.
- If there are two it is a ____________.
- When there are a whole bunch, it is a __________.
A
- Monosaccharide
- Disaccharide
- Polysaccharide
6
Q
- What does monosaccharide mean?
- It is absorbed directly…and converted into…
- Glucose is made from _________.
- Fructose is found in _______.
A
- One sugar
- Into the bloodstream…glucose
- Plants
- Fruit
7
Q
- What is a disaccharide?
- What must first happen before it can be used as energy?
- What is the structure of maltose?
- What is the most common disaccharide and what is its structure?
A
- 2 monosaccharides bonded together
- Must be converted into monosaccharides before they can be used as energy
- Glucose + glucose
- Sucrose = fructose + glucose
8
Q
What are the two important polysaccharides from plants?
A
Starch and cellulose
9
Q
- Where is starch stored?
2. What is it broken down into?
A
- Plants
2. Glucose
10
Q
- Where is cellulose stored?
- Cellulose is _________.
- What does it provide?
- Another form of cellulose is called _____ and can be found in the shells of…
A
- In plants
- Indigestible
- Fiber
- Chitin and can be found in the shells of crustaceans and shellfis
11
Q
- What is the function of proteins?
- What is a polypeptide?
- What is a protein made up of?
A
- Helps the body to grow and repair tissues
- A bunch of amino acids stuck together
- A bunch of polypeptides
12
Q
- What do dietary proteins supply and what are they used as?
- The body uses about _________ to build proteins in the body.
- The body makes about _____ (non-essential amino acids). Remaining __ must be provided by diet (_______ amino acids)
A
- Amino acids which are used to produce enzymes and structural proteins
- 21 amino acids
- 12 amino acids…9…essential
13
Q
When are proteins a source of energy?
A
Only when carbohydrates and fats are severely restricted
14
Q
- What do lipids serve as?
2. What does it protect and provide?
A
- Source of energy
2. Protects organs and provides insulation
15
Q
What is the structure of a lipid?
A
Triglycerides (type of lipid) contains one glycerol molecule and 3 long fatty acids
16
Q
- What can triglycerides be classified as?
- What is a “straight” fatty acid?
- What is a “kinked” fatty acid?
A
- Saturated and unsaturated fats
- Saturated fat
- Unsaturated fat
17
Q
- A saturated fat can tightly pack itself onto one another and result in a ____ at room temperature.
- A diet rich in saturated fats is believed to cause ____.
- An unsaturated fat is kinked and cannot pack itself onto another molecule resulting in it being a ____ at room temperature.
A
- Solid
- Heart disease
- Liquid
18
Q
- How are trans fats made?
2. What do trans fats do?
A
- By adding hydrogen and a high amount of pressure to vegetable oil
- Fat is created and it clogs arteries and eats up good cholesterol
19
Q
What are the two categories that vitamins fit into?
A
Water soluble or fat soluble
20
Q
- What are the two groups minerals fit into?
- What’s the difference between those two groups?
- What are mineral salts necessary for?
- What are the two mineral salts often lost through sweating during exercise and can be replaced by drinking/eating?
A
- Trace minerals and major minerals
- Trace minerals = needed in small quantity. Major minerals = required in greater quantity
- Functions as nerve function and muscle contraction
- Sodium and potassium
21
Q
- What is scurvy?
- What is vitamin C required for?
- What is vitamin C?
- What does scurvy lead to?
A
- Deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin C
- Required for correct collagen synthesis in humans
- Ascorbic acid is vitamin C
- Formation of liver spots on skin, spongy gums, bleeding from all mucous membranes
22
Q
Rickets
- What is vitamin D required for?
- What is caused by the absence of vitamin D?
A
- Proper calcium absorption from the gut
- Dietary calcium is not properly absorbed, resulting in hypocalcemia, leading to skeletal and dental deformities and neuromuscular symptoms
23
Q
Water accounts for over ____ your body weight and makes up over ____ of the fluid part of the body.
A
Half, 90%
24
Q
What are water’s 4 main functions?
A
- Homeostasis
- Helps carry nutrients to body tissues
- Helps carry waste products from tissues
- Participates in chemical reaction
