Science: Matter Flashcards
What is the scientific study of matter and the physical and chemical changes of matter?
Chemistry
Which type of chemistry deals with matter that is living or was alive, with carbon present?
Organic chemistry
What type of chemistry studies matter that is not alive, has never been alive, and does not contain carbon
Inorganic Chemistry
What is matter?
Anything that occupies space and has weight
Color, odor, weight (density), melting or boiling point, hardness, softness, and glossiness are all properties of what?
matter
What are the 3 basic forms of matter?
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Which form of matter has definite weight, volume, and shape?
a solid
What form of matter has definite weight and volume but no definite shape?
a liquid
What form of matter has definite weight but indefinite volume and shape?
a gas
Matter can be changed from one form to another in what 2 ways?
physical or chemical change
What is a physical change of matter?
Change in the physical characteristics of a substance without creating a new substance. EX: water to ice
What is a chemical change of matter?
Change in substance that creates a new substance with chemical characteristics different from those of the original. EX: iron changing to rust, baking a cake, or hair color change by missing hair color and hydrogen peroxide
What are basic substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances?
Elements
How many known elements are there?
- Those above the 92nd are synthetic
Because they form the basis of hair, nails, and skin, 5 elements are important for the salon professional to know. What are they?
carbon- solid
oxygen- gas
hydrogen- gas
nitrogen- gas
sulfur- solid
What is the smallest complete unit of an element?
atom
Atoms are composed of what 3 main parts?
protons- positive electrical charge
neutrons- no electrical charge
electrons- negative electrical charge
What are the atomic numbers for carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur
Carbon: 6
Oxygen: 8
Hydrogen: 1
Nitrogen: 7
Sulfur: 16
Chemical behavior of atoms depends mostly on the number of electrons in the ____________?
outer shell
Stable atoms: not missing electrons in outer shell OR missing electrons in the outer shell?
not missing electrons in the outer shell
Unstable atoms: not missing electrons in outer shell OR missing electrons in the outer shell?
missing electrons in the outer shell
The atomic number indicates how many _________ are in a single atom of a particular element.
protons
When two or more atoms are joined together by a chemical bond, it creates what?
molecules
Different atoms joined together as molecules become the smallest parts of what?
a compound
Pure substances are made of one type of _______ or __________.
atom or molecule
Mixtures contain two or more substances that are ____________ ____________.
physically combined
What are compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen?
amino acids
Hair is a form of protein called?
keratin
The amino acids that create protein are linked together end to end by a ___________ bond, also known as an _________ bond.
peptide bond, end bond
Hair is the linking together of __________ groups.
protein
What are the 4 side bonds?
- hydrogen bond
- salt bond
- disulfide bond
- van der Waals forces
Which type of bond works on the principle that unlike charges attract? It can easily be broken by heat or water. Accounts for 35% of hair’s strength due to millions of the bonds in hair’s structure.
Hydrogen Bond
Which type of bond is a result of the attraction of unlike charges; the negative charge in one amino acid grouping attracts the positive charge in another? Accounts for 35% of hair’s resistance to change.
Salt bond
What type of bond results when sulfur-type side chains join with other sulfur-type side chains? It is the most important bond to salon professionals. Broken or reformed by chemical services, producing a chemical change with lasting results.
Disulfide Bond
Which bond is based on the theory that atomic groups prefer an environment with other groups that have similar structures? It is not important for cosmetology services.
van der Waals force
Basic substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances are called?
elements
Neutrons have which type of electrical charge? None, chemical, positive, or negative?
none
Atoms that are the same form?
mixture, element, emulsion, or compound
element
Atoms that are different form?
mixture, element, emulsion, compound
compound
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen form the basis of?
mixtures, elements, compounds, or amino acids
Amino Acids
What makes up the primary composition of hair?
keratin, protons, electrons, or trace minerals?
keratin
Which bond is the backbone of all protein molecules?
salt, keratin, peptide, or hydrogen?
peptide
Putting a sodium hydroxide relaxer under a hair dryer….
A. Will link together protein groups
B. Could turn into van der Waals forces
C. will increase the hair’s amino acid content
D. Could break the critical peptide bonds and destroy the protein
D. Could break the critical peptide bonds and destroy the protein
When amino acids combine to form the protein of the hair they …..
a. they form a new amino acid group
b.they take on a spiraling configuration
c.the hair’s amino acid content will decrease
d.the hair’s amino acid content will increase
b.they take on a spiraling configuration
What is the side bond that is of the greatest concern to the salon professional?
Disulfide Bond
Which of the following statements describes how human hair is formed?
a. salt bonds connect to amino acids
b. hydrogen bonds create a chemical change
c. amino acids cause a simple physical change
d. bonding of protein chains to other protein chains
d. bonding of protein chains to other protein chains
