Science inquiry Flashcards
What are 8 ethical guidelines?
- Beneficence
- Informed consent
- Withdrawal rights
- Deception
- Confidentiality
- Privacy
- Voluntary participation
- Debriefing
What is beneficence?
Researchers must ensure participants are protected from any physical and psychological harm
What is informed consent?
- Participants must be informed about the nature of the research, its benefits and risks, and what they are expected to do.
- Participants under 18, or those with intellectual disabilities must gain consent from their guardian
What are withdrawal rights?
Participants have the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time and for any reason without worry of consequences
What is deception?
Concealing the true purpose of an experiment to avoid participants effecting the outcome. Informed consent cannot be gained if deception occurs
What is confidentiality?
Any information collected about participants must be safe guarded & anonymous
What is privacy?
The protection of participants from unwanted intrusion into their own lives. eg only asking questions relevant to the study
What is voluntary participation?
Participants must agree to be a part of a study without being pressured or coerced into taking part
What is debriefing?
If deception does occur, participants must be made aware of the study’s true purpose once the experiment has ended.
Any mistaken ideas or beliefs must be corrected
What are the 3 ethical principles for animals?
- Replacement
- Reduction
- Refinement
What is replacement?
methods which avoid the use of animals,or use less complex animals
What is reduction?
Lowering the number of animals being used in an experiment while maintaining data detail
What is refinement?
Changing methods to maximise animal welfare and minimise pain and distress
What are extraneous variables?
Uncontrolled variables that might cause unwanted changes in the DV
What are 3 things extraneous variables can be caused by?
- Participant: mood, anxiety, intelligence, awareness, placebe effect etc.
- Environment: temperature, allergens, stimulation etc.
- Researcher: unintentional cues, experimenter effect
What are the 7 types of research designs?
- Experimental
- Non-experimental
- Observational
- Case study
- Correlational
- Longitudinal
- Cross-sectional
What are confounding variables?
- Uncontrolled variable that effects the DV to the point where no valid conclusions about the IV can be made
- The experiment must be completely restructured & restarted.
What is experimental research?
Research that manipulates variables allowing for cause-effect relationships to be found
What is observational research?
Observation of participants and phenomena in their most natural settings. Used to see how real-world factors influence behaviour
What are case studies?
In-depth look into a person or group, occurs in specific situations that are unlikely to occur again
What is correlational research?
Collection of data from 2 variables with no manipulation of variables
What is longitudinal research?
Research technique that studies the same group of individuals over an extended period of time
What is cross-sectional research?
Research technique that compares individuals from different age groups at one time
What is a population?
Group of interest