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Psycology Year 12 > Science inquiry > Flashcards

Science inquiry Flashcards

1
Q

What are 8 ethical guidelines?

A
  • Beneficence
  • Informed consent
  • Withdrawal rights
  • Deception
  • Confidentiality
  • Privacy
  • Voluntary participation
  • Debriefing
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2
Q

What is beneficence?

A

Researchers must ensure participants are protected from any physical and psychological harm

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3
Q

What is informed consent?

A
  • Participants must be informed about the nature of the research, its benefits and risks, and what they are expected to do.
  • Participants under 18, or those with intellectual disabilities must gain consent from their guardian
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4
Q

What are withdrawal rights?

A

Participants have the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time and for any reason without worry of consequences

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5
Q

What is deception?

A

Concealing the true purpose of an experiment to avoid participants effecting the outcome. Informed consent cannot be gained if deception occurs

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6
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

Any information collected about participants must be safe guarded & anonymous

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7
Q

What is privacy?

A

The protection of participants from unwanted intrusion into their own lives. eg only asking questions relevant to the study

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8
Q

What is voluntary participation?

A

Participants must agree to be a part of a study without being pressured or coerced into taking part

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9
Q

What is debriefing?

A

If deception does occur, participants must be made aware of the study’s true purpose once the experiment has ended.
Any mistaken ideas or beliefs must be corrected

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10
Q

What are the 3 ethical principles for animals?

A
  • Replacement
  • Reduction
  • Refinement
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11
Q

What is replacement?

A

methods which avoid the use of animals,or use less complex animals

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12
Q

What is reduction?

A

Lowering the number of animals being used in an experiment while maintaining data detail

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13
Q

What is refinement?

A

Changing methods to maximise animal welfare and minimise pain and distress

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14
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Uncontrolled variables that might cause unwanted changes in the DV

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15
Q

What are 3 things extraneous variables can be caused by?

A
  • Participant: mood, anxiety, intelligence, awareness, placebe effect etc.
  • Environment: temperature, allergens, stimulation etc.
  • Researcher: unintentional cues, experimenter effect
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16
Q

What are the 7 types of research designs?

A
  • Experimental
  • Non-experimental
  • Observational
  • Case study
  • Correlational
  • Longitudinal
  • Cross-sectional
17
Q

What are confounding variables?

A
  • Uncontrolled variable that effects the DV to the point where no valid conclusions about the IV can be made
  • The experiment must be completely restructured & restarted.
18
Q

What is experimental research?

A

Research that manipulates variables allowing for cause-effect relationships to be found

19
Q

What is observational research?

A

Observation of participants and phenomena in their most natural settings. Used to see how real-world factors influence behaviour

20
Q

What are case studies?

A

In-depth look into a person or group, occurs in specific situations that are unlikely to occur again

21
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Collection of data from 2 variables with no manipulation of variables

22
Q

What is longitudinal research?

A

Research technique that studies the same group of individuals over an extended period of time

23
Q

What is cross-sectional research?

A

Research technique that compares individuals from different age groups at one time

24
Q

What is a population?

A

Group of interest

25
Q

What are 4 methods to sample participants?

A
  • Convenience sampling
  • Snowballing
  • Random sampling
  • Stratified sampling
26
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

A change in the behaviour/ results of a participant due to them believing they are a part of the experimental group, they believe they are being effected by the IV when they are not.

27
Q

What is a way to avoid the placebo effect? Explain what it is

A
  • Single-blind procedure
    When the participant does not know if they’re part of the experimental or control group
28
Q

What is the experimenter effect?

A

When the results of an experiment are unintentionally influenced by the experimenter

29
Q

What is a solution to the experimenter effect? Explain what it is

A
  • Double-blind procedure
    Neither the participant nor the experimenter know who is in the control or experimental groups
30
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A
  • Cues that might indicate the research objectives to participants.
  • Different to experimenter effect as it is an issue with the methods of the investigation – not experimenter
31
Q

How would you solve demand characteristics? Explain what it is

A
  • Standardisation of procedures and instructions
    By ensuring questions are up to standard when comparing to other, similar studies, questions can be considered more trustworthy, leading to more reliable, valid results
32
Q

What are 4 ways to avoid extraneous and confounding variables?

A
  • Random allocation of participants
  • Single-blind procedures
  • Double-blind procedures
  • Standardisation of procedures and instructions
33
Q

What are focus groups?

A

Participants meeting in a small group with the researcher to discuss topic of research

34
Q

What is a strength of focus groups?

A

Allows for participants to extend their answers, allows for detailed discussion

35
Q

What is a structured interview?

A

A list of questions is decided before the interview and no other questions are asked

36
Q

What is a strength of structured interviews?

A

Answers can be compared between participants and minimises experimenter bias as questions are scripted

37
Q

What is a semi-structured interview?

A

A combination of prepared and unprepared questions are used

38
Q

What is a strength of structured interviews?

A

Allows for comparison of data as well as information or questions the researcher may not have thought of

Psycology Year 12 (10 decks)

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