Science EOYE 2016 Flashcards
1
Q
What is amplitude?
A
The maximum height of a wave measured from the zero line
2
Q
What is the “normal line”?
A
A line perpendicular to the boundary between 2 mediums
3
Q
Define what a wave is
A
A way to transfer energy without transferring matter
4
Q
What is the pitch and volume?
A
The pitch is how high or low a sound is and the volume is how loud or soft a sound is.
5
Q
What are some everyday uses for a concave mirror?
A
A makeup/shaving mirror, car headlights.
6
Q
What are some everyday uses for a convex mirror?
A
They are used in sunglasses, and for shops and buildings to see around the corner.
7
Q
What are transverse waves?
A
Transverse waves are waves that travel up and down (perpendicular) to the direction they’re travelling.
8
Q
What type of waves are transverse waves?
A
Light waves.
9
Q
What are longitudinal waves?
A
Longitudinal waves are waves that travel parallel to the direction of the vibrations.
10
Q
What type of waves are longitudinal waves
A
Sound waves.
11
Q
What is frequency measured in?
A
Hertz (Hz)
12
Q
What is frequency?
A
Frequency is the number of complete waves generated per second.
13
Q
What is the difference between light sources and light reflectors?
A
Light sources (such as the sun, a torch etc) emit light while light reflectors (such as a mirror) reflect the light.
14
Q
How does sound travel through matter?
A
The sound waves travel through matter by vibrating the molecules in the matter.
15
Q
What is the law of reflection
A
The law of reflection states that the angle of incident is equal to the angle of reflection.
16
Q
What does a CONVEX mirror do to the original image.
A
A convex mirror diminishes the image (makes it smaller), and keeps the image virtual and upright.
17
Q
What does a CONCAVE mirror do the the image?
A
If an object sits outside the mirrors focal point then it’s image is always enlarged and inverted.
If an object sits inside the mirrors focal point, the image is always upright and enlarged as well as being virtual.
18
Q
What is refraction?
A
The bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another medium.
19
Q
What are the primary colours of light?
A
Red, blue and green
20
Q
What is wavelength?
A
The length from crest to crest or trough to trough.
21
Q
What is sound?
A
A type of energy you can hear that travels as a transverse wave.
22
Q
Why can sound not travel in a vacuum?
A
This is because there are no particles to pass on the vibration.
23
Q
What is the difference between a dilute, concentrated and saturated solution.
A
A dilute solution is solvent with a little solute dissolved in it. A concentrated solution is solvent with lots of solute dissolved in it, and a saturated solution is a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute.
24
Q
How do you seperate the elements in a compound?
A
You need a chemical reaction to separate the elements in a compound.
25
How do you separate elements from a mixture?
A physical change is needed to seperate elements from a mixture.
26
How do you separate elements from an element?
You cannot separate an element from another element because it's already one element.
27
What is Hydrogen's chemical symbol?
H
28
What is Lithium's chemical symbol?
Li
29
What is Beryllium's chemical symbol?
Be
30
What is Boron's chemical symbol?
B
31
What is Carbon's chemical symbol?
C
32
What is Nitrogen's chemical symbol?
N
33
What is Oxygen's chemical symbol?
O
34
What is Fluorine's chemical symbol?
F
35
What is Neon's chemical symbol?
Ne
36
What is Sodium's chemical symbol?
Na
37
What is Helium's chemical symbol?
He
38
What is Magnesium's chemical symbol?
Mg
39
What is Alimunium's chemical symbol?
Al
40
What is Silicon's chemical symbol?
Si
41
What is Phosphorus's chemical symbol?
P
42
What is Sulfur's chemical symbol?
S
43
What is Chlorine's chemical symbol?
Cl
44
What is Argon's chemical symbol?
Ar
45
What is Pottasium's chemical symbol?
K
46
What is Calcium's chemical symbol?
Ca
47
What is Gold's chemical symbol?
Au
48
What is Silver's chemical symbol?
Ag
49
What is Copper's chemical symbol?
Cu
50
What is Mercury's chemical symbol?
Hg
51
What is Iron's chemical symbol?
Fe
52
Compare and contrast an element and a compound.
An element and a compound are both made up of pure substances. Elements are only made up of one type of atom while compounds are made up of 2 or more different atoms.
53
How do you find the amount of neutrons in an atom?
Neutrons= mass number - atomic number
54
How do you find protons in an atom?
Protons = atomic number (found on the bottom left)
55
How do you find electrons in an atom?
Electrons = atomic number (found in bottom left)
56
What is an atom?
The smallest particle of an element
57
Define insoluble
Does not dissolve
58
Define soluble
Can dissolve
59
What is the mass number?
The number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus
60
What is a mixture?
An impure substance made up of different substances that can be easily separated.
61
Define solute
The substance that dissolves
62
Define solution
The mixture of a solute and solvent
63
Define solvent
The liquid that does the dissolving
64
What is a subatomic particle?
Protons, neutrons and electrons that make up an atom
65
Where is the proton and what charge does it have?
The proton is in the nucleus. It has a positive charge.
66
Where is the neutron and what charge does it have?
The neutron is in the nucleus. It has a neutral charge.
67
Where is the electron and what charge does it have?
The electron orbits around the nucleus. It has a negative charge.
68
How many electrons can fit in the first electron shell?
2
69
How many electrons can fit in the second and third electron shell?
8
70
Why are atoms neutral overall?
The positively charged protons are the same amount as the negatively charged electrons and therefore balance themselves out. P=E
71
What are some examples of a mixture?
Saltwater, juice, sand
72
What are some examples of a compound?
Water, salt, sugar
73
What are some examples of an element?
Gold, silver, helium, oxygen
74
Why are spaces left between the ends of the rails when the railway lines were built?
When railway tracks are laid the engineers leave a small gap between two rails, because all metals expand when heated. If two railway tracks are laid together without any gap between them they will push against each other when they expand in the day time because of the heat of the sun, and pull away from each other as it gets cooler at night. This could cause serious damage to the train track.
(So, the railway engineers always leave a small gap between two rails to compensate for the expansion of the rails during the hot day time and contraction during cold nights.)
75
Why can running hot water over a stuck lid loosen it?
When heat is applied to the lid, it will expand (much faster than the glass jar), which is also called thermal expansion. This loosens the lid from the (slower expanding) jar.
76
Explain how the steam particles change into water droplets on the window
Water that is present as a gas in the air cools down and changes into tiny drops of liquid water on windows. This is water leaving the vapor state in the warm air and condensing into liquid as it is cools.
77
What are some examples of diffusion?
Air freshener, perfume, a teabag placed in hot water. Diffusion happens faster at higher temperatures.
78
Define diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration as a result of their random motion.
79
What is all matter made of?
Particles
80
Define matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
81
How can matter expand and contract?
Matter expands when heated and expands when cool because as the particles become heated they move further apart and become less dense, meaning that there are less particles in a certain amount of space compared to when the particles were cold and the particles were close together- more dense.
82
How do you calculate density?
Density= mass divided by volume (g/ml) (grams/militres)
83
What forces are holding a solids particles together?
Strong forces
84
What forces are holding a liquids particles together?
Weak forces
85
What forces are holding a gases particles together?
Very weak forces.
86
Explain the arrangement and movement of a "gases" particles.
A gases particles are far apart and move quickly around each other.
87
Explain the arrangement and movement of a "liquids" particles.
A liquids particles are close together but not in a fixed pattern and they can move slowly about and slide past each other.
88
Explain the arrangement and movement of a "solids" particles.
A solids particles are packed tightly into a fixed pattern and move only with tiny vibrations.
89
Define gas.
A gas does not have either a definite shape or volume, although like liquid, they can be poured into a container.
90
Define liquid.
A liquid is a substance that takes the shape of the container into which it is poured. The volume of liquid can be measured, and it can't be compressed.
91
Define solid.
A solid is a substance which has a definite volume and shape and cannot be compressed
92
Define "reverse sublimation"
Gas to solid
93
Define "sublimation"
Solid to gas
94
Define "evaporate"
Liquid to gas
95
Define "solid/freeze"
Liquid to solid
96
Define "condense"
Gas to liquid
97
Define "melt"
Solid to liquid
98
Define expansion
Expansion is when particles move apart due to an increase in heat energy and an increase in kinetic energy, and taking up a smaller volume.
99
Define compression
Compression is when particles are being squashed into a smaller amount of space (volume).
100
Define property
Property is how a substance or state behaves e.g volume it takes up, shape it takes
101
What is volume measured in
Volume is measured in cm3 or litres.
102
Define volume
Volume is the space a substance occupies.
103
What are the states of matter?
Solid, liquid and gas.
104
Define 'life process'
A process carried out by living organisms, remembered by MRS C GREN.
105
Define 'respiration'
Chemical process occurring in mitochondria of cells where sugar is reacted with oxygen to make energy for life processes and waste products- water and carbon dioxide.
106
Define 'excretion'
Process where an organism gets rid of waste chemicals that have been made by the body cells e.g sweating salt and water, urea in the urine
107
Define 'nutrition'
Process where an organism gets gets chemical energy in food. Plants do this by photosynthesis; animals do this by eating and digesting food.
108
Define 'cell'
The smallest building block of an organism.
109
Define 'organelle'
Parts of a cell.
110
Define 'mitochondria'
An organelle that carries out respiration.
111
Define 'chloroplast'
An organelle that carries out photosynthesis.
112
Define 'photosynthesis'
The process occurring in the chloroplasts where plants use sugars (chemical energy) from water and carbon dioxide using light energy.
113
Define 'chlorophyll'
The green chemical in chloroplasts that traps light energy for making photosynthesis happen.
114
Define 'starch'
The storage form of sugar in a plant.
115
Define 'ingestion'
The process of taking food into the mouth.
116
Define 'mechanical digestion'
The process of breaking up food into smaller pieces with a larger surface area - done using teeth and organ movement e.g churning of the stomach.
117
Define 'chemical digestion'
The process of using chemicals called enzymes to digest large insoluble nutritions into small soluble ones.
118
Define 'absorption'
The process occurring in the small intestine where digested nutrients are taken into the blood for transport around the body.
119
Define 'egestion'
The process of removing undigested food from the body as faeces.
120
Define 'villi'
Small projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption.
121
Define 'capillaries'
Small blood vessels in the small intestine that absorbs digested nutrients.
122
What does MRS C GREN stand for?
Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity.
Cells.
Growth, Respiration, Excretion, Nutrition.
123
Factors that increase the rate of photosynthesis
- increased light
- increased concentration of carbon dioxide
- increased temperature
124
Describe the purpose of the- wide blade (external adaption)
Captures maximum sunlight
125
Describe the purpose of the- thin leaf (external adaption)
Allows maximum light penetration
126
Describe the purpose of the- vein network (external adaption)
Supports leaf, supplies water from roots, moves sugar to plant
127
Describe the purpose of the- green colour (external adaption)
Chlorophyll is present to trap light energy
128
Describe the purpose of the- pores in leaf (external adaption)
Allows carbon dioxide to move in and out of the leaf
129
Describe the purpose of the- waxy surface (external adaption)
Prevents excessive water loss
130
Describe the purpose of the- strong petiole (external adaption)
Holds leaf up to sunlight
131
Describe the purpose of the- epidermal layer cells (internal adaption)
Protect the leaf and also make the waxy surface, which reduces water loss
132
Describe the purpose of the- palisade layer cells (internal adaption)
Have lots of chlorophyll for trapping sunlight energy which is used to produce sugars in the process of photosynthesis
133
Describe the purpose of the- spongy layer cells (internal adaption)
Contains fewer chloroplasts because light is weaker, cells are well spaced out allowing gases to circulate
134
Describe the purpose of the- veins (internal adaption)
Have xylem tube which brings water from the roots and phloem tube to carry sugars to other parts of plants
135
Describe the purpose of the- guard cells (internal adaption)
Controls the size of the stomata pores which let gases in or out
136
How do you know if a leaf contains starch?
The green centre will turn black, and the outside edge will stay orange/brown. The centre will turn black because it contains chlorophyll so those cells were able to absorb light energy to carry out photosynthesis and convert the sugar to starch. The rest of the leaf had no chlorophyll so it could not make starch and therefore the iodine didn't react.
137
Describe the purpose of the- root
To anchor the plant to the ground
138
Describe the purpose of the- branch
To hold the leaf up to catch sunlight
139
Describe the purpose of the- leaflets
To attach the leaf to a branch
140
Describe the purpose of the- root hairs
To absorb water and nutrients
141
Describe the purpose of the- flower
To attract insects for pollination
142
Describe the purpose of the- leaf
To photosynthesise and make food
143
Describe the purpose of the- seeds
For reproduction of the plant
144
Describe the purpose of the- fruit
To attract animals to carry and disperse seeds
145
Compare and contrast an animal and a plant cell-
Animal and plant cells both have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus. Only a plant cell has cell walls, and chloroplast. An animal cell has small vacuoles while a plant cell has large vacuoles. An animal cell is round and a plant cell is rectangle.
146
Define 'growth'
Increases in size or change in life stages
147
Define 'movement'
Moving the whole part or part of an organism
148
Define 'sensitivity'
Able to detect and respond to environmental changes
149
Define 'reproduction'
Able to produce offspring
150
Define 'organism'
An object which carries out all of the life functions (MRS C GREN)
151
What is the chemical equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
Carbon Dioxide + Water (Sunlight and Chlorophyll) = Glucose + Oxygen
152
Define- adaption
Feature of an organism that enables it to survive in a particular habitat
153
Define- behavioural adaption
Behaviour of an organism that enables it to survive in a particular habitat. E.g, hibernation in winter months.
154
Define- carnivore
Consumer that only eats other animals
155
Define- consumer
An organism in a food chain that eats other plants and/or animals
156
Define- ecology
The branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, also including other organisms.
157
Define- ecosystem
A system involving the interactions between a community of living organisms in a particular area and its non-living environment.
158
Define- endangered
A species is endangered if the population numbers are very low and it is at risk of extinction in the near future.
159
Define- endemic species
A species of organism that is only found in one area of the world.
160
Define- food chain
Diagram to show the flow of energy between organisms in a habitat
161
Define- habitat
The place where an organism lives
162
Define- herbivore
An organism that only consumes plants
163
Define- omnivore
An organism that consumes both animals and plants
164
Define- organism
A living thing
165
Define- physiological adaption
Adaptions such as the change in the organisms biochemistry or internal mechanisms to deal with an environmental problem. For example, before sucking up blood, the female mosquito will inject a special chemical into the host to stop the blood from clotting at the site of the wound.
166
Define- predator
An organism that hunts other animals
167
Define- prey
An organism that is hunted by predators
168
Define- producer
Plants- carry out photosynthesis to start a food chain all by themselves.
169
Define- structural adaptation
Physical part of an organism's body that enables it to survive in its habitat- e.g Polar Bear having wide feet to walk on snow easily
170
Define- trophic level
Level of organisation in a food chain or web. E.g, the producer is Trophic Level 1
171
List the three different types of adaptions
Behavioural, Structural and Physiological
172
Name some endemic, endangered NZ species-
Kiwi, Tuatara, Chesterfield Skink, Maui Dolphin, Kokako,
173
Define- biosphere
Contains all biomes and therefore all living things on Earth.
174
Define- population
A group of organisms of the same species.
175
Define- community
A group containing populations of different species.
176
What do the arrows represent in a food chain?
The arrows in the food chain represent the flow of energy through the ecosystem.
177
Define- diurnal
An animal which is active during the day
178
Define- nocturnal
An animal which is active during the night
179
Define- biomes
A large naturally occurring community of animals and plants occupying a major habitat, (forest or tundra).
180
Define- ecologist
A person who studies how living things interact with each other and their environment.
181
Define- environment
All the living and non-living factors in a defined area.
182
Define- biotic
A living thing that interacts with other parts of its ecosystem.
183
A living thing that interacts with other parts of its ecosystem.
A non-living component of an ecosystem.
184
Define- mutualism
A symbiotic relationship between species in which both species gain something.
185
Define- parasitism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, but the other is harmed.
186
Define- trophic level
An organism's position in a food chain or food web.
187
Define- commensalism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, but the other is not affected.
188
Define- biomass
The total mass of organisms in a given area
189
Explain how the adaptions of a kiwi enable its survival
The kiwi is a nocturnal bird. This behaviour helps to reduce its risk of predation and competition for food during daylight (BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTION).
190
Why is studying ecology important?
The study of ecology is important because it helps us understand our species and how they interact with the environment and other organisms around them.
191
How are endemic and endangered NZ animals being conserved?
-isolating a certain species in an offshore island, to give them time to reproduce and grow in size without pests
192
Give an example of a structural, physiological and behavioural adaption
A structural adaption could be how humans have two eyes. Physiological adaption is how mosquitoes inject a special substance into their victim before feeding, and a behavioural adaption is kiwi hunting at night.
193
Define- Aim
A statement about want you want to test in the experiment
194
What are some safety rules?
1. Always wear safety glasses- to protect your eyes
2. Always tie hair up- to prevent hair catching on fire
3. Always keep bag under desk- to stop from tripping over
195
What does CUTLASS stand for?
```
Crosses
Units
Title
Label
Axis
Smooth/Straight
Size
```
196
How do you light a Bunsen Burner?
1. Close the air hole
2. Light a match/splint
3. Turn on the gas
4. Light the Bunsen Burner, then open the air hole
197
Where should you read the meniscus from?
You should always read the meniscus from the middle of the container
198
What order do you carry out an investigation?
Title, Aim, Hypothesis, Equipment, Method, Results (table), Results (graph), Discussion, Conclusion, Evaluation
199
Define- conclusion
A statement relating the results in an experiment to the Aims of the investigation
200
Define- controlled variable
All other variables which are kept unchanged
201
Define- dependant variable
The variable that is measured to see how it changes (as a result of changing the independent variable)
202
Define- inference
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
203
Define- meniscus
A curved line at the top of a container of liquid
204
Define- average
The sum of all the values divided by the total number of values
205
Define- method
Sequence of steps used to carry out an investigation
206
Define- scientific drawing
2-D drawing to represent scientific equipment
207
What is energy measured in?
Joules (J)
208
What is the Law of Energy Conservation?
Energy cannot be made or destroyed, it can only be transformed.
209
Define- output energy
The energy given out by an object
210
Define- energy
Energy is the ability to do work
211
Define- active energy
Form of energy that causes the movement of either objects, particles, or waves
212
Define- potential energy
Form of stored energy e.g gravitational potential that can be turned into active energy
213
Define- energy transformation
Changes that occur when an object works
214
Define- input energy
The energy used by an object
215
Define- wasted energy
The output energy that is not useful in making the object work
216
Define- energy efficiency
How much of the input energy is transformed to a useful form. Represented as a percentage (%)
217
How do you calculate efficiency?
Efficiency= (useful energy ÷ total energy) x 100
218
How do you calculate GPE (Gravitational Potential Energy)?
```
Ep = m x g x h
(GPE= mass x gravity x height)
```
219
How does the ear work?
1. Sound waves are made and travel by particles vibrating
2. As a particle vibrates it makes the particles next to it vibrate, and this passes along the wave.
3. The pinna focuses the vibrations into the ear canal
4. The vibrations pass through the air in the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate
5. When the eardrum vibrates, the small ear bones move back and forth
6. This movement moves the membrane/end of cochlea
7. The cochlea is filled with liquid so the vibrations then pass into the liquid
8. When the liquid moves, it moves the small hairs in the cochlea, which convert the vibrations into electric signals
9. Electrical signals are sent to the brain by the auditory nerve
10. The brain then translates these signals
