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Science Year 9 > Science EOYE 2016 > Flashcards

Science EOYE 2016 Flashcards

1
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The maximum height of a wave measured from the zero line

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2
Q

What is the “normal line”?

A

A line perpendicular to the boundary between 2 mediums

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3
Q

Define what a wave is

A

A way to transfer energy without transferring matter

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4
Q

What is the pitch and volume?

A

The pitch is how high or low a sound is and the volume is how loud or soft a sound is.

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5
Q

What are some everyday uses for a concave mirror?

A

A makeup/shaving mirror, car headlights.

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6
Q

What are some everyday uses for a convex mirror?

A

They are used in sunglasses, and for shops and buildings to see around the corner.

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7
Q

What are transverse waves?

A

Transverse waves are waves that travel up and down (perpendicular) to the direction they’re travelling.

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8
Q

What type of waves are transverse waves?

A

Light waves.

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9
Q

What are longitudinal waves?

A

Longitudinal waves are waves that travel parallel to the direction of the vibrations.

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10
Q

What type of waves are longitudinal waves

A

Sound waves.

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11
Q

What is frequency measured in?

A

Hertz (Hz)

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12
Q

What is frequency?

A

Frequency is the number of complete waves generated per second.

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13
Q

What is the difference between light sources and light reflectors?

A

Light sources (such as the sun, a torch etc) emit light while light reflectors (such as a mirror) reflect the light.

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14
Q

How does sound travel through matter?

A

The sound waves travel through matter by vibrating the molecules in the matter.

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15
Q

What is the law of reflection

A

The law of reflection states that the angle of incident is equal to the angle of reflection.

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16
Q

What does a CONVEX mirror do to the original image.

A

A convex mirror diminishes the image (makes it smaller), and keeps the image virtual and upright.

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17
Q

What does a CONCAVE mirror do the the image?

A

If an object sits outside the mirrors focal point then it’s image is always enlarged and inverted.
If an object sits inside the mirrors focal point, the image is always upright and enlarged as well as being virtual.

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18
Q

What is refraction?

A

The bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another medium.

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19
Q

What are the primary colours of light?

A

Red, blue and green

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20
Q

What is wavelength?

A

The length from crest to crest or trough to trough.

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21
Q

What is sound?

A

A type of energy you can hear that travels as a transverse wave.

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22
Q

Why can sound not travel in a vacuum?

A

This is because there are no particles to pass on the vibration.

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23
Q

What is the difference between a dilute, concentrated and saturated solution.

A

A dilute solution is solvent with a little solute dissolved in it. A concentrated solution is solvent with lots of solute dissolved in it, and a saturated solution is a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute.

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24
Q

How do you seperate the elements in a compound?

A

You need a chemical reaction to separate the elements in a compound.

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25
Q

How do you separate elements from a mixture?

A

A physical change is needed to seperate elements from a mixture.

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26
Q

How do you separate elements from an element?

A

You cannot separate an element from another element because it’s already one element.

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27
Q

What is Hydrogen’s chemical symbol?

A

H

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28
Q

What is Lithium’s chemical symbol?

A

Li

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29
Q

What is Beryllium’s chemical symbol?

A

Be

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30
Q

What is Boron’s chemical symbol?

A

B

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31
Q

What is Carbon’s chemical symbol?

A

C

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32
Q

What is Nitrogen’s chemical symbol?

A

N

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33
Q

What is Oxygen’s chemical symbol?

A

O

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34
Q

What is Fluorine’s chemical symbol?

A

F

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35
Q

What is Neon’s chemical symbol?

A

Ne

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36
Q

What is Sodium’s chemical symbol?

A

Na

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37
Q

What is Helium’s chemical symbol?

A

He

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38
Q

What is Magnesium’s chemical symbol?

A

Mg

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39
Q

What is Alimunium’s chemical symbol?

A

Al

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40
Q

What is Silicon’s chemical symbol?

A

Si

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41
Q

What is Phosphorus’s chemical symbol?

A

P

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42
Q

What is Sulfur’s chemical symbol?

A

S

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43
Q

What is Chlorine’s chemical symbol?

A

Cl

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44
Q

What is Argon’s chemical symbol?

A

Ar

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45
Q

What is Pottasium’s chemical symbol?

A

K

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46
Q

What is Calcium’s chemical symbol?

A

Ca

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47
Q

What is Gold’s chemical symbol?

A

Au

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48
Q

What is Silver’s chemical symbol?

A

Ag

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49
Q

What is Copper’s chemical symbol?

A

Cu

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50
Q

What is Mercury’s chemical symbol?

A

Hg

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51
Q

What is Iron’s chemical symbol?

A

Fe

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52
Q

Compare and contrast an element and a compound.

A

An element and a compound are both made up of pure substances. Elements are only made up of one type of atom while compounds are made up of 2 or more different atoms.

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53
Q

How do you find the amount of neutrons in an atom?

A

Neutrons= mass number - atomic number

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54
Q

How do you find protons in an atom?

A

Protons = atomic number (found on the bottom left)

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55
Q

How do you find electrons in an atom?

A

Electrons = atomic number (found in bottom left)

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56
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest particle of an element

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57
Q

Define insoluble

A

Does not dissolve

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58
Q

Define soluble

A

Can dissolve

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59
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus

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60
Q

What is a mixture?

A

An impure substance made up of different substances that can be easily separated.

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61
Q

Define solute

A

The substance that dissolves

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62
Q

Define solution

A

The mixture of a solute and solvent

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63
Q

Define solvent

A

The liquid that does the dissolving

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64
Q

What is a subatomic particle?

A

Protons, neutrons and electrons that make up an atom

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65
Q

Where is the proton and what charge does it have?

A

The proton is in the nucleus. It has a positive charge.

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66
Q

Where is the neutron and what charge does it have?

A

The neutron is in the nucleus. It has a neutral charge.

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67
Q

Where is the electron and what charge does it have?

A

The electron orbits around the nucleus. It has a negative charge.

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68
Q

How many electrons can fit in the first electron shell?

A

2

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69
Q

How many electrons can fit in the second and third electron shell?

A

8

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70
Q

Why are atoms neutral overall?

A

The positively charged protons are the same amount as the negatively charged electrons and therefore balance themselves out. P=E

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71
Q

What are some examples of a mixture?

A

Saltwater, juice, sand

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72
Q

What are some examples of a compound?

A

Water, salt, sugar

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73
Q

What are some examples of an element?

A

Gold, silver, helium, oxygen

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74
Q

Why are spaces left between the ends of the rails when the railway lines were built?

A

When railway tracks are laid the engineers leave a small gap between two rails, because all metals expand when heated. If two railway tracks are laid together without any gap between them they will push against each other when they expand in the day time because of the heat of the sun, and pull away from each other as it gets cooler at night. This could cause serious damage to the train track.
(So, the railway engineers always leave a small gap between two rails to compensate for the expansion of the rails during the hot day time and contraction during cold nights.)

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75
Q

Why can running hot water over a stuck lid loosen it?

A

When heat is applied to the lid, it will expand (much faster than the glass jar), which is also called thermal expansion. This loosens the lid from the (slower expanding) jar.

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76
Q

Explain how the steam particles change into water droplets on the window

A

Water that is present as a gas in the air cools down and changes into tiny drops of liquid water on windows. This is water leaving the vapor state in the warm air and condensing into liquid as it is cools.

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77
Q

What are some examples of diffusion?

A

Air freshener, perfume, a teabag placed in hot water. Diffusion happens faster at higher temperatures.

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78
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration as a result of their random motion.

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79
Q

What is all matter made of?

A

Particles

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80
Q

Define matter

A

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

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81
Q

How can matter expand and contract?

A

Matter expands when heated and expands when cool because as the particles become heated they move further apart and become less dense, meaning that there are less particles in a certain amount of space compared to when the particles were cold and the particles were close together- more dense.

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82
Q

How do you calculate density?

A

Density= mass divided by volume (g/ml) (grams/militres)

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83
Q

What forces are holding a solids particles together?

A

Strong forces

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84
Q

What forces are holding a liquids particles together?

A

Weak forces

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85
Q

What forces are holding a gases particles together?

A

Very weak forces.

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86
Q

Explain the arrangement and movement of a “gases” particles.

A

A gases particles are far apart and move quickly around each other.

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87
Q

Explain the arrangement and movement of a “liquids” particles.

A

A liquids particles are close together but not in a fixed pattern and they can move slowly about and slide past each other.

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88
Q

Explain the arrangement and movement of a “solids” particles.

A

A solids particles are packed tightly into a fixed pattern and move only with tiny vibrations.

89
Q

Define gas.

A

A gas does not have either a definite shape or volume, although like liquid, they can be poured into a container.

90
Q

Define liquid.

A

A liquid is a substance that takes the shape of the container into which it is poured. The volume of liquid can be measured, and it can’t be compressed.

91
Q

Define solid.

A

A solid is a substance which has a definite volume and shape and cannot be compressed

92
Q

Define “reverse sublimation”

A

Gas to solid

93
Q

Define “sublimation”

A

Solid to gas

94
Q

Define “evaporate”

A

Liquid to gas

95
Q

Define “solid/freeze”

A

Liquid to solid

96
Q

Define “condense”

A

Gas to liquid

97
Q

Define “melt”

A

Solid to liquid

98
Q

Define expansion

A

Expansion is when particles move apart due to an increase in heat energy and an increase in kinetic energy, and taking up a smaller volume.

99
Q

Define compression

A

Compression is when particles are being squashed into a smaller amount of space (volume).

100
Q

Define property

A

Property is how a substance or state behaves e.g volume it takes up, shape it takes

101
Q

What is volume measured in

A

Volume is measured in cm3 or litres.

102
Q

Define volume

A

Volume is the space a substance occupies.

103
Q

What are the states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid and gas.

104
Q

Define ‘life process’

A

A process carried out by living organisms, remembered by MRS C GREN.

105
Q

Define ‘respiration’

A

Chemical process occurring in mitochondria of cells where sugar is reacted with oxygen to make energy for life processes and waste products- water and carbon dioxide.

106
Q

Define ‘excretion’

A

Process where an organism gets rid of waste chemicals that have been made by the body cells e.g sweating salt and water, urea in the urine

107
Q

Define ‘nutrition’

A

Process where an organism gets gets chemical energy in food. Plants do this by photosynthesis; animals do this by eating and digesting food.

108
Q

Define ‘cell’

A

The smallest building block of an organism.

109
Q

Define ‘organelle’

A

Parts of a cell.

110
Q

Define ‘mitochondria’

A

An organelle that carries out respiration.

111
Q

Define ‘chloroplast’

A

An organelle that carries out photosynthesis.

112
Q

Define ‘photosynthesis’

A

The process occurring in the chloroplasts where plants use sugars (chemical energy) from water and carbon dioxide using light energy.

113
Q

Define ‘chlorophyll’

A

The green chemical in chloroplasts that traps light energy for making photosynthesis happen.

114
Q

Define ‘starch’

A

The storage form of sugar in a plant.

115
Q

Define ‘ingestion’

A

The process of taking food into the mouth.

116
Q

Define ‘mechanical digestion’

A

The process of breaking up food into smaller pieces with a larger surface area - done using teeth and organ movement e.g churning of the stomach.

117
Q

Define ‘chemical digestion’

A

The process of using chemicals called enzymes to digest large insoluble nutritions into small soluble ones.

118
Q

Define ‘absorption’

A

The process occurring in the small intestine where digested nutrients are taken into the blood for transport around the body.

119
Q

Define ‘egestion’

A

The process of removing undigested food from the body as faeces.

120
Q

Define ‘villi’

A

Small projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption.

121
Q

Define ‘capillaries’

A

Small blood vessels in the small intestine that absorbs digested nutrients.

122
Q

What does MRS C GREN stand for?

A

Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity.
Cells.
Growth, Respiration, Excretion, Nutrition.

123
Q

Factors that increase the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • increased light
  • increased concentration of carbon dioxide
  • increased temperature
124
Q

Describe the purpose of the- wide blade (external adaption)

A

Captures maximum sunlight

125
Q

Describe the purpose of the- thin leaf (external adaption)

A

Allows maximum light penetration

126
Q

Describe the purpose of the- vein network (external adaption)

A

Supports leaf, supplies water from roots, moves sugar to plant

127
Q

Describe the purpose of the- green colour (external adaption)

A

Chlorophyll is present to trap light energy

128
Q

Describe the purpose of the- pores in leaf (external adaption)

A

Allows carbon dioxide to move in and out of the leaf

129
Q

Describe the purpose of the- waxy surface (external adaption)

A

Prevents excessive water loss

130
Q

Describe the purpose of the- strong petiole (external adaption)

A

Holds leaf up to sunlight

131
Q

Describe the purpose of the- epidermal layer cells (internal adaption)

A

Protect the leaf and also make the waxy surface, which reduces water loss

132
Q

Describe the purpose of the- palisade layer cells (internal adaption)

A

Have lots of chlorophyll for trapping sunlight energy which is used to produce sugars in the process of photosynthesis

133
Q

Describe the purpose of the- spongy layer cells (internal adaption)

A

Contains fewer chloroplasts because light is weaker, cells are well spaced out allowing gases to circulate

134
Q

Describe the purpose of the- veins (internal adaption)

A

Have xylem tube which brings water from the roots and phloem tube to carry sugars to other parts of plants

135
Q

Describe the purpose of the- guard cells (internal adaption)

A

Controls the size of the stomata pores which let gases in or out

136
Q

How do you know if a leaf contains starch?

A

The green centre will turn black, and the outside edge will stay orange/brown. The centre will turn black because it contains chlorophyll so those cells were able to absorb light energy to carry out photosynthesis and convert the sugar to starch. The rest of the leaf had no chlorophyll so it could not make starch and therefore the iodine didn’t react.

137
Q

Describe the purpose of the- root

A

To anchor the plant to the ground

138
Q

Describe the purpose of the- branch

A

To hold the leaf up to catch sunlight

139
Q

Describe the purpose of the- leaflets

A

To attach the leaf to a branch

140
Q

Describe the purpose of the- root hairs

A

To absorb water and nutrients

141
Q

Describe the purpose of the- flower

A

To attract insects for pollination

142
Q

Describe the purpose of the- leaf

A

To photosynthesise and make food

143
Q

Describe the purpose of the- seeds

A

For reproduction of the plant

144
Q

Describe the purpose of the- fruit

A

To attract animals to carry and disperse seeds

145
Q

Compare and contrast an animal and a plant cell-

A

Animal and plant cells both have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus. Only a plant cell has cell walls, and chloroplast. An animal cell has small vacuoles while a plant cell has large vacuoles. An animal cell is round and a plant cell is rectangle.

146
Q

Define ‘growth’

A

Increases in size or change in life stages

147
Q

Define ‘movement’

A

Moving the whole part or part of an organism

148
Q

Define ‘sensitivity’

A

Able to detect and respond to environmental changes

149
Q

Define ‘reproduction’

A

Able to produce offspring

150
Q

Define ‘organism’

A

An object which carries out all of the life functions (MRS C GREN)

151
Q

What is the chemical equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water (Sunlight and Chlorophyll) = Glucose + Oxygen

152
Q

Define- adaption

A

Feature of an organism that enables it to survive in a particular habitat

153
Q

Define- behavioural adaption

A

Behaviour of an organism that enables it to survive in a particular habitat. E.g, hibernation in winter months.

154
Q

Define- carnivore

A

Consumer that only eats other animals

155
Q

Define- consumer

A

An organism in a food chain that eats other plants and/or animals

156
Q

Define- ecology

A

The branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, also including other organisms.

157
Q

Define- ecosystem

A

A system involving the interactions between a community of living organisms in a particular area and its non-living environment.

158
Q

Define- endangered

A

A species is endangered if the population numbers are very low and it is at risk of extinction in the near future.

159
Q

Define- endemic species

A

A species of organism that is only found in one area of the world.

160
Q

Define- food chain

A

Diagram to show the flow of energy between organisms in a habitat

161
Q

Define- habitat

A

The place where an organism lives

162
Q

Define- herbivore

A

An organism that only consumes plants

163
Q

Define- omnivore

A

An organism that consumes both animals and plants

164
Q

Define- organism

A

A living thing

165
Q

Define- physiological adaption

A

Adaptions such as the change in the organisms biochemistry or internal mechanisms to deal with an environmental problem. For example, before sucking up blood, the female mosquito will inject a special chemical into the host to stop the blood from clotting at the site of the wound.

166
Q

Define- predator

A

An organism that hunts other animals

167
Q

Define- prey

A

An organism that is hunted by predators

168
Q

Define- producer

A

Plants- carry out photosynthesis to start a food chain all by themselves.

169
Q

Define- structural adaptation

A

Physical part of an organism’s body that enables it to survive in its habitat- e.g Polar Bear having wide feet to walk on snow easily

170
Q

Define- trophic level

A

Level of organisation in a food chain or web. E.g, the producer is Trophic Level 1

171
Q

List the three different types of adaptions

A

Behavioural, Structural and Physiological

172
Q

Name some endemic, endangered NZ species-

A

Kiwi, Tuatara, Chesterfield Skink, Maui Dolphin, Kokako,

173
Q

Define- biosphere

A

Contains all biomes and therefore all living things on Earth.

174
Q

Define- population

A

A group of organisms of the same species.

175
Q

Define- community

A

A group containing populations of different species.

176
Q

What do the arrows represent in a food chain?

A

The arrows in the food chain represent the flow of energy through the ecosystem.

177
Q

Define- diurnal

A

An animal which is active during the day

178
Q

Define- nocturnal

A

An animal which is active during the night

179
Q

Define- biomes

A

A large naturally occurring community of animals and plants occupying a major habitat, (forest or tundra).

180
Q

Define- ecologist

A

A person who studies how living things interact with each other and their environment.

181
Q

Define- environment

A

All the living and non-living factors in a defined area.

182
Q

Define- biotic

A

A living thing that interacts with other parts of its ecosystem.

183
Q

A living thing that interacts with other parts of its ecosystem.

A

A non-living component of an ecosystem.

184
Q

Define- mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship between species in which both species gain something.

185
Q

Define- parasitism

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, but the other is harmed.

186
Q

Define- trophic level

A

An organism’s position in a food chain or food web.

187
Q

Define- commensalism

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, but the other is not affected.

188
Q

Define- biomass

A

The total mass of organisms in a given area

189
Q

Explain how the adaptions of a kiwi enable its survival

A

The kiwi is a nocturnal bird. This behaviour helps to reduce its risk of predation and competition for food during daylight (BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTION).

190
Q

Why is studying ecology important?

A

The study of ecology is important because it helps us understand our species and how they interact with the environment and other organisms around them.

191
Q

How are endemic and endangered NZ animals being conserved?

A

-isolating a certain species in an offshore island, to give them time to reproduce and grow in size without pests

192
Q

Give an example of a structural, physiological and behavioural adaption

A

A structural adaption could be how humans have two eyes. Physiological adaption is how mosquitoes inject a special substance into their victim before feeding, and a behavioural adaption is kiwi hunting at night.

193
Q

Define- Aim

A

A statement about want you want to test in the experiment

194
Q

What are some safety rules?

A
  1. Always wear safety glasses- to protect your eyes
  2. Always tie hair up- to prevent hair catching on fire
  3. Always keep bag under desk- to stop from tripping over
195
Q

What does CUTLASS stand for?

A 
Crosses
Units
Title
Label 
Axis
Smooth/Straight
Size
196
Q

How do you light a Bunsen Burner?

A
  1. Close the air hole
  2. Light a match/splint
  3. Turn on the gas
  4. Light the Bunsen Burner, then open the air hole
197
Q

Where should you read the meniscus from?

A

You should always read the meniscus from the middle of the container

198
Q

What order do you carry out an investigation?

A

Title, Aim, Hypothesis, Equipment, Method, Results (table), Results (graph), Discussion, Conclusion, Evaluation

199
Q

Define- conclusion

A

A statement relating the results in an experiment to the Aims of the investigation

200
Q

Define- controlled variable

A

All other variables which are kept unchanged

201
Q

Define- dependant variable

A

The variable that is measured to see how it changes (as a result of changing the independent variable)

202
Q

Define- inference

A

A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

203
Q

Define- meniscus

A

A curved line at the top of a container of liquid

204
Q

Define- average

A

The sum of all the values divided by the total number of values

205
Q

Define- method

A

Sequence of steps used to carry out an investigation

206
Q

Define- scientific drawing

A

2-D drawing to represent scientific equipment

207
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Joules (J)

208
Q

What is the Law of Energy Conservation?

A

Energy cannot be made or destroyed, it can only be transformed.

209
Q

Define- output energy

A

The energy given out by an object

210
Q

Define- energy

A

Energy is the ability to do work

211
Q

Define- active energy

A

Form of energy that causes the movement of either objects, particles, or waves

212
Q

Define- potential energy

A

Form of stored energy e.g gravitational potential that can be turned into active energy

213
Q

Define- energy transformation

A

Changes that occur when an object works

214
Q

Define- input energy

A

The energy used by an object

215
Q

Define- wasted energy

A

The output energy that is not useful in making the object work

216
Q

Define- energy efficiency

A

How much of the input energy is transformed to a useful form. Represented as a percentage (%)

217
Q

How do you calculate efficiency?

A

Efficiency= (useful energy ÷ total energy) x 100

218
Q

How do you calculate GPE (Gravitational Potential Energy)?

A 
Ep = m x g x h
(GPE= mass x gravity x height)
219
Q

How does the ear work?

A
  1. Sound waves are made and travel by particles vibrating
  2. As a particle vibrates it makes the particles next to it vibrate, and this passes along the wave.
  3. The pinna focuses the vibrations into the ear canal
  4. The vibrations pass through the air in the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate
  5. When the eardrum vibrates, the small ear bones move back and forth
  6. This movement moves the membrane/end of cochlea
  7. The cochlea is filled with liquid so the vibrations then pass into the liquid
  8. When the liquid moves, it moves the small hairs in the cochlea, which convert the vibrations into electric signals
  9. Electrical signals are sent to the brain by the auditory nerve
  10. The brain then translates these signals

Science Year 9 (7 decks)

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