science - cell test Flashcards
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What is passive transport?
Passive transport is the transport of molecules down the concentration gradient in an attempt for concentrations to become equal. (Example: a drop of food coloring in water will spread by diffusion which is an example of passive transport)
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the random movement of molecules in a solution and will not stop until it is all evenly distributed around. (Places of high concentration to low concentration), also known as being in a state of equilibrium.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a solution with low concentration (hypotonic) to a solution of high concentration (hypertonic) through a semipermeable membrane to equalize the concentration of both solutions (isotonic).
What is the difference between hypotonic and hypertonic?
Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solute than another solution, which means water will flow into it to balance it out. Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solute than another solution, which means water will flow out of it to balance it out.
What is facilitated diffusion?
It is the use of specialized proteins to assist with diffusion. For example, large molecules like glucose cannot diffuse through a semipermeable membrane, and will use channels instead to be transported.
What are the similarities and differences between osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion?
Osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion are all forms of passive transport. They all do not require energy because they are moving from high concentration areas to low concentration areas, moving down the concentration gradient.
Differences:
While simple diffusion and osmosis do not require transport proteins, facilitated proteins do.
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a high to lower concentration, while osmosis is the diffusion of WATER across a semipermeable membrane.
What do carrier proteins do?
Carrier proteins use ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient if the solution outside the cell is hypotonic. The proteins are specialized to carry molecules from the hypotonic solution into the cell.
For example, in the intestines, cells actively transport glucose from the food you eat into the bloodstream. When glucose is in lower concentration outside the cell, energy is used to bring it inside where it is needed for energy. In short, active transport is used when a solution outside the cell is hypotonic.
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
Phospholipid bilayer is essentially two layers of fat that makes up the membrane.
What is the ______ head?
Hydrophilic (Attracted to water) head, made of an alcohol and phosphate group.
What is the _____ tail?
Hydrophobic (repels water) tails, two per head
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular Respiration is the process by which chemical bonds of sugar are converted into energy (ATP) to be used in life processes. ALL living organisms use cellular respiration, the only difference being how the organism acquires it, whether it be a consumer or producer. Cellular respiration is a combustion reaction which ends in carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
The BALANCED equation for cellular respiration is as follows:
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O ( +ATP)
Example: Plants use cellular respiration when there is no sunlight for them to be able to utilize photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms (typically plants and a few bacteria and protists ) use chemicals and energy from sunlight to produce sugar and oxygen. It is essentially the equation for cellular respiration switched. Written down by formula, it goes as following:
ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
Written down with name, it goes as following:
Light energy + Carbon dioxide + water -> Glucose + Oxygen
Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Similarities:
- both involve the production of chemical energy for life
Differences:
- In photosynthesis, it is used to store energy while in cellular respiration it releases energy
What is the circulatory system? (In depth)
The system, known as the circulatory system or the cardiovascular system, delivers oxygen, hormones and nutrients to the cells and organs that make up the body, these things that they receive are crucial to the thriving and functionality of the cell/organ. The cardiovascular system is one of the main ways our body is able to handle pressure, stress and physical exertion. The cardiovascular system also circulates oxygen and carbon dioxide whether it’s in or out of the body. This organ system helps prevent and/or fight against diseases. The heart pumps blood through arteries, and veins bring blood towards the heart.
What is the respiratory system? (In depth)
The respiratory system is a system that includes the organs that allow us to breathe. The main function of your respiratory system is to pull in oxygen for your body’s cells and get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product. You do this by breathing in and out and through gas exchange between the small air sacs of your lungs (alveoli) and the blood vessels running close by.
How does the respiratory system use cells, diffusion, and allow for cellular respiration to occur?
When cellular respiration is aerobic (relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen), it uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide as a waste product. Respiration by the respiratory system supplies the oxygen needed by cells for aerobic cellular respiration and removes the carbon dioxide produced by cells during cellular respiration.
How does the circulatory system use cells, diffusion, and allow for cellular respiration to occur?
The circulatory system transports substances between the exchange surface and cells. It delivers oxygen and glucose to the tissues for respiration, which is the release of energy to cells.
How do the respiratory system and circulatory system work together?
The body cells need a continuous supply of oxygen for the metabolic processes that are necessary to maintain life. The respiratory system works with the circulatory system to provide this oxygen and to remove the waste products of metabolism. It also helps to regulate pH of the blood.
Make connections between the processes, living things, and cells/structures
The purpose of cellular respiration is simple: it provides cells with the energy they need to function. If living things could not get the energy they need out of food, it would be absolutely worthless. All living things would eventually die, no matter the quality and amount of food.
