SCIENCE BODY SYSTEMS YEAR 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Water(H20)
A
- 45% to 70% of our total body weight
- Kidneys need it for filtration(filters toxins, blood and bowels).
- Essential for transportation
- Nutrients
- Add fluoride to water for our teeth
2
Q
Oxygen(02)
A
- Breathing
- Cell respiration
- Muscles= heart,brain
- No oxygen= cell death
3
Q
Food/Nutrients
A
- Growth and repair
- Energy= decrease in brain function, increase in confusion, decrease in energy that leads to fatigue.
- Blood= 02 and nutrient transport.
4
Q
Waste
A
Waste is when you are no longer able to obtain nutrients from food/water/supplements.
Water can be removed by urine,fecal matter and sweat.
5
Q
Sleep
A
- Repair,regrow,grow
6
Q
Homeostasis
A
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
7
Q
Skeletal
A
- Provides support, movement and protection
- Bone ligament attaches bone to bone
- Tendons= Attach muscle to bone and our joints
8
Q
Muscular
A
-Responsible for movement inside and out the body.
- Skeletal Muscle= attached to the bone
- Smooth Muscle= Involuntary muscle found inside the stomach, intestine
- Cardiac muscle= Muscle of the heart
9
Q
Respiratory
A
- Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood.
- Lungs are a major organ
10
Q
Digestive
A
breaks down food into nutirents and absorbs them into the bloodstream and eliminate waste.
11
Q
Circulatory
A
Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
12
Q
Integumentary
A
Protects the body, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss.
13
Q
Excretory
A
- Removes waste substance from the body
- Filtering waste from blood to produce urine that we release
- Regulates the body’s blood composition and water balance
14
Q
What is the Nervous System?
A
Responsible for controlling our thoughts and actions, including protecting us from all sorts of dangers.
15
Q
What are the steps the Nervous System protects us by?
A
- Recognising a change to the environment
- Sending a message about it
- Processing the information
- Telling our body what to do in response.
16
Q
What is the CNS
A
The cns consists of the Brain which is the control center and the spinal cord which connects the CNS and PNS
17
Q
What is the PNS
A
Consists of nerves that carry signals around the body
18
Q
What are receptors
A
Receptors are structures found on neurons that detect stimuli
19
Q
What is a Stimulus
A
An event that causes a reaction
20
Q
Thermoreceptor
A
Detects changes in temperature
21
Q
Nociceptors
A
Detect painful Stimuli
22
Q
Baroreceptors
A
Detect changes in pressure
23
Q
Chemoreceptors
A
Detect changes in chemical concentration
24
Q
Photoreceptors
A
Detect changes in light
25
What is an example of Receptor detecting stimuli
Touching something hot is the STIMULUS and the RECEPTORS in your skin detect the heat, sending a signal to your brain that causes you to pull away.
26
What happens after receptors recognise a stimuli
After receptors recognise a stimuli they send a signal message to the CNS, allowing for a body response
27
How are nervous system messages transmitted?
Nervous system messages are transmitted as electrical signals through the body by specialised structures called nerves
28
What is a Sensory Nerve?
Sensory nerves pass sensory information from receptors onto the CNS, which decides if a response is needed
29
What is a Motor Nerve?
Motor nerves carry info from the CNS to the body to enable movement in the desired organ(effector)
30
What is the order of of signalling messages
1. Receptor
2. Sensory nerve
3. CNS
4. Motor Nerves
5. Effector
6. Response
*really smart cats make excellent rebels
31
What are nerves?
Nerves are the basis for the nervous system
32
What are Nerves made up of?
Nerves are made up of specialised cells called NEURONS that align end to end to transmit electrical signals between the PNS and CNS
33
What are neurons?
Neurons are like messengers with long bodies(axons) that help transmit electrical signals QUICKLY
34
Do neurons have receptors
Yes and they are like tiny sensors
35
Do Neurons and Receptors allow for fast transmission
Yes
36
What is in the middle of two neurons
A tiny gap called a synapse
36
Can electrical signals jump directly across the synapse
No
37
What are some factors of the frontal lobe
- motor control and complex cognitive process
- Decision-making
- Problem-solving
-Reasoning
- Impulse control(choosing good and bad)
38
What is the role of neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the synapse to pass the signal from one neuron to the next.
39
What is the Parietal Lobe
-Fine motor control
- Orientation to space and objects
40
Occipital Lobe
- Manages long term memory
- Processing visual info
41
What is the Cerebellum
- Balance and voluntary motor skills
42
What is the brain stem
- Automatic functions
- connection between the brain and body via spinal cord
43
Temporal Lobe
- Short term memory
- Visual on one side and auditory on the other.
- processing information
44
What is a voluntary action
Conscious decisions that need thought from the brain that you know you are completing.
45
Are voluntary actions often in response to external stimuli
YES
46
What are some examples of voluntary actions
-Making funny facial expressions
- Stretching before doing a sport
47
What are involuntary actions
Occur unconsciously and without thought which can make them super quick
48
Examples of Involuntary actions
-Breathing and blood pumping
-Reflex actions
49
What are reflexes
A type of involuntary action that have an immediate response to a new stimulus. They are controlled by the spinal cord and have minimal brain input.
50
Examples of Reflexes
- Dim light- Dilating pupils
- Tap on Knee- Knee jerks up
51
Electrical eels
Have specialised cells and receptors that can discharge/sense electrical simuli
52
Giraffe and whales
Longest neurons to travel through their large bodies
53
Naked Mole rats
Evolved to have less pain receptors for tunneling
54
Octopuses
Most of their neurons are in their tentacles not their brain for sensitivity
55
What is the endocrine system
Collection of glands responsible for sending and receiving hormones
56
Endocrine Glands
Produce specific signalling molecules called HORMONES that cause changes all over the body
57
The pancreas controls blood glucose levels through the hormones.....
Insulin and glucagon
58
Adrenal glands control stress response(like during a scary movie) through the hormones
adrenaline and cortisol
59
What are Glands
Group of cells that produce chemical substance
60
What are hormones
Signalling molecules that influence the activity of target cells. They are released by endocrine gland cells after a stimulus is detected
61
What happens to hormones after they are released
Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells which are all over the body
62
What happens once a hormone meets a target cell
It triggers an increase or decrease of the target cell's activity
63
How can Parathyroid glands send messages to our intestines in order to help our bone
1. Stimulus detected= Low calcium levels
2. Hormone release= Parathyroid hormone
3. Response= Absorb more calcium for strong bones
64
Does every hormone have a matching type of receptor on its target cells
Yes
65
What does the process of hormone binding ensure
That a hormone binds to its intended location,so signals are delivered to the correct cells efficiently.
66
What happens after a hormone match is found
Hormones bind to the receptor and triggers a response in the target cell.
67
What happens if they don't have matching receptos
there is no response in cell
68
Protein based hormones
Some hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface
69
Fat based hormones
Some hormones pass through the cell surface and bind to receptors within cells
70
Hormone examples
Melatonin from Pineal Gland
Target areas of the brain,leading to response that regulate sleep
Sex hormones(estrogen and testosterone) from ovaries and testes
Targets bones,brain which leads to mood changes and growth
71
What are the steps of nerves and hormones working together
1. Senses detect a stimulus which looks like a threat
2. Nerves alert the brain which tells glands in the endocrine system to release stress hormones, via blood meaning.
3. Rapid breathing is triggered
- Heart rate increases to deliver more blood to muscles
- Digestion shuts down
4. Increased blood flow/muscle activity prepare the body for confrontation
72
What is the immune system
Body's defence against sickness. It can recognise if things are inside the body are Harmful or can be harmful
73
Potentially harmful organisms
Make us sick, so the system recognises these invaders and initiates a immune response
74
Can microbes help us
yes for example healthy bacteria living in our digestive system, however others can be harmful like salmonella a group of bacteria known for food poisoning
75
What are the mirco-organisms group
Monera
Fungi
virus
76
What happens when a microbe pathogen invades a host
They can trigger a response from the immune system
77
What do pathogens want to do?
They want to survive and reproduce, so they spread between cells in the host growing in number
78
If microbes are contagious can they infect other hosts
YES
79
Is the host usually killed
No its not killed by the infection as the microbes rely on the host for energy
80
What is a pathogen?
Organism that can cause disease
81
What is a host?
Larger organism that has smaller organisms inside
82
What is the first line of defence
Physical and chemical barriers (skin,hair) stop most pathogens from entering the body
83
What is the second line of defence
generalised immune cells
84
What is the third line of defence
Specialised immune cells,antibodies
85
What are the symptoms of infection
Vomit diarrhea= Flushes substances out of digestive system
Fever= Increases temp to slow pathogen replication
Coughing,sneezing,runny nose= Flushes substances out of airways
86
What is the role of the integumentary system
The integumentary system is made up of hair,skin,nails,glands that serve as a protective barrier against the external environment, helps regulate body temperature and facilitates sensation
87
What happens if a persons integumentary system is damaged
There would be an increased risk of infection,fluid loss,impaired body temperature regulation.
88
Why is it important for humans to have a skeletal system when other organisms like jellyfish do not
The skeletal system is important to humans because it supports the body, protects organs and enables movement. Jellyfish don't need bones as their soft bodies are supported by water pressure.
89
Which two systems control the signalling and messaging in the human body
Endocrine and Nervous system
90
Which system protects the other body systems and stops external objects from entering the body
Immune system
91
Complete this sentence
The muscular system allows the muscles to contract and expand to allow for
Movement
92
Which system plays a role in all 4 basix requirements
The circulatory system
93
Which gases are exchanged in the respiratory system
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
94
How are the respiratory and circulatory system related
The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs and gets rid of carbon dioxide. The circulatory system moves oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and carries oxygen back to the lungs to be exhaled.
95
The role of a receptor
Detects stimuli then sends a message to the CNS
96
What is meant by an effector
A muscle or gland that carries out a response to a stimulus as directed by the nervous system
97
What are the 6 lobes of the brain
Occipital, Temporal, Cerebellum, Frontal, Brain stem, Parietal
98
Name three organs that release hormones
Pancreas, Ovary, Testicle
99
Which body system do hormones travel through?
The circulatory system
100
How are hormones able to only active specific target cells
As only those cells posses the necessary receptors that can bind to and recognise the specific hormone.
101
What are the target organs of human growth hormone
Liver, Muscle, Bone
102
What are the functions of the human growth hormone
Govers our height, bone length and muscle growth
103
Which two endocrine glands produce oxytocin
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
104
Your waling down the street and a dog growls at you. Explain how your endocrine/nervous system work together
When the dog growls at you, your nervous system detects the threat and sends a signal to the brain, triggering the hypothalamus to activate the fight or flight response. This causes your adrenal glands to release adrenaline and cortisol, which increases your heart rate, blood pressure and energy levels.
105
What are the 7 parts of the immune system
1. White blood cells 2. Bone marrow 3. Thymus 4. Spleen 5. Lymph nodes 6. Lymphatic vessels 7. Mucous Membrane
106
Give three examples of the bodies first line of defence
The skin, hair,nails
107
How do white blood cells work during the second line of defence
White blood cells specifically phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens while other white blood cells for example lymphocytes produce antibodies to destroy infection.
108
Explain how antibodies are used in the third line of defence
Produced by B cells, Antibodies target specific antigens like bacteria, viruses or toxins. These antibodies help neutralise the pathogens for destruction by other immune cells
109
List one example of a bacterial, fungal, viral caused by a protist
Bacterial- Tuberculosis
Fungal- Athlete's foot
Viral- Influenza
Protist- Malaria
110
What is the difference between prevention and treatment
Prevention refers to actions taken to stop a disease or condition from occurring in the first place. Treatment involves actions to manage or cure an existing disease or condition
Prevention example= Getting vaccinated to prevent the flue
Treatment example= Taking antibiotics to treat strep throat
111
State the micro-organisms targeted in antibiotics, antivirals,antifungals and antiprotozoals
Antibiotics target bacteria
Antivirals target viruses
Antifungals target fungi
Antiprotozoals target protozoa
