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SCIENCE REPRODUCTION Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

WHAT IS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A

Asexual reproduction is where an organism creates an offspring with identical DNA to itself without a partner.

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2
Q

ONE PARENT

A

Organisms produce offspring without fertilisation

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3
Q

WHAT IS BINARY FISSION AND GIVE EXAMPLE

A

Binary fission is when a parent cell divides itself into 2 equal, identical cells with the same DNA. Example= Bacteria

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4
Q

UNIFORM-OFFSPRING

A

Because the offspring inherit all their DNA from one parent they are genetically identical to each other and to their parent

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5
Q

WHAT IS BUDDING GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A

Budding is when new individuals develop as outgrowths or buds from the parents body. Eg= yeast

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5
Q

WHAT IS SPORES GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A

Each spore is mobile and when released from the parents organism it develops into a new organism exactly like the parent. Eg= fungi

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6
Q

WHAT IS VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION GIVE EXAMPLE

A

Vegetative propagation is the non-sexual parts of the plant that are used to grown new individuals of the same type. Eg) Potatoes

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7
Q

WHAT IS PARTHENOGENESIS GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A

Occurs when unfertilized eggs develop into offspring. Eg= bees

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7
Q

WHAT IS FRAGMENTATION AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A

Fragmentation is when the parent organism can be divided into many pieces and each piece will develop into a complete individual. Eg= Starfish

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7
Q

ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  1. Less time and energy
  2. Easy dispersal
  3. More off spring
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7
Q

DISADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  1. Mutations in DNA
  2. No variation
  3. Disease
  4. Environmental Conditions
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8
Q

WHAT IS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A

Sexual reproduction is when the genetic materials from the male and female cells combine during fertilisation to produce and offspring which is genetically different to its parents. The cells that combine are called gametes(sex cells)

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8
Q

WHAT ARE THE MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES

A

Female: egg also known as ova/ovum
Male: sperm

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9
Q

WHAT IS FERTILIZATION

A

An egg cell and sperm cell join together to form a new cell called a zygote. Sperm must meet the egg in the fallopian tube for fertilization

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9
Q

WHAT IS A ZYGOTE

A

A fertilised egg

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9
Q

WHAT IS INTERNAL FERTILISATION

A

Occurs when the male sperm fuses with the female eggs inside the female body. Found in mammals,birds,reptiles

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10
Q

WHAT IS EXTERNAL FERTILISATION

A

Occurs when the male sperm and female eggs unite outside the females body. Occurs in fish

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11
Q

WHAT ARE HERMAPHRODITES

A

They are organisms that have both male and female reproductive systems, they may self-fertilize or mate with someone,fertilizing each other and both producing offspring. Occurs in fish
Self-fertilisation is common in animals with limited mobility.
Snails and tapeworms are hermaphrodites meaning they can produce both sperm and egg cells.

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11
Q

ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  1. Variation
  2. Able to cope when changes occur
  3. Difference allows a greater chance of survival for the species
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12
Q

DISADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  1. Time and energy
  2. Organisms have to grow until they are old enough to produce sex cells
  3. Fertilisation cannot take place during pregnancy.
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12
Q

WHERE ARE MALE GAMETES FOUND IN FLOWERING PLANTS

A

Pollen grains and produced in the anthers of the flower

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12
Q

WHERE ARE THE FEMALE GAMETES FOUND IN FLOWERING PLANTS

A

ovules and produced in the ovary of the flower

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13
Q

WHAT ARE SEPALS

A

Sepals= protect the unopened flower bud

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13
Q

WHAT ARE PETALS

A

Petals= May be bright coloured and scented to attract insects

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14
Q

WHAT IS THE STAMEN

A

Stamen= male parts of the flower consisting of the anther held up on the filament

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15
Q

WHAT IS THE ANTHER

A

Anther= produces male gametes(in pollen grains.
The anther and filament are the male parts of a flower

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE FILAMENT

A

Filament= Thread-like part of a stamen that supports the anther of a flower(male part with anther)

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE CARPEL

A

Carpel= Female parts of a flower consisting of the stigma,style and ovary

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17
Q

WHAT IS THE STIGMA

A

Stigma= The top of the female part of a flower which collects pollen grains.

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17
Q

WHAT IS THE STYLE

A

Long stalk that connects the stigma and ovary and also where the male gamete travels to reach the ovary.

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18
Q

WHAT IS THE OVARY

A

Ovary= The bottom of the female part of the flower that produces the female gametes(in ovules)

19
Q

WHAT IS POLLINATION AND WHAT HAPPENS AFTER

A

The transfer of pollen grains containing male sex cells from an anther to a stigma on a flower.
After pollination,fertilisation occurs in the ovary when the male nucleus of a pollen grain fuses with the female nucleus of an ovule to produce a zygote.

20
Q

POLLEN PROCESS

A
  1. Pollen grains land on the sticky stigma
  2. A pollen tube grows down the style,followed by a male sperm
  3. The male sperm fuses with the female ovules
  4. The fertilised ovules develop into a seed
21
Q

WHAT IS NEEDED FOR POLLINATION TO OCCUR

A

Flowers need assistance from other organisms called pollinators or from the environment.

22
Q

WHAT IS CROSS-POLLINATION

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a different plant of the same species. Transferred by wind,water,animals

22
Q

WHAT IS SELF-POLLINATION

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. Transferred by the release of pollen directly onto the stigma.

23
Q

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF CROSS-POLLINATION

A

Advantage = More variety in species
Disadvantages = Relies on the existence of pollinators that will travel from plant to plant.

24
Q

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF SELF - POLLINATION

A

Advantage = Can spread to many areas as pollinators aren’t required
Disadvantage = No variety, only uniform offspring

25
Q

WHAT IS WATER POLLINATION

A

Pollen floats on water surface until it contacts flowers

26
Q

WHAT IS WIND POLLINATION

A

Pollen is transported by wind from one plant to another

27
Q

WHAT ARE GONADS AND WHAT ARE THE FEMALE AND MALE ONES

A

Gonads refer to the reproductive organs where gametes are produced.
Male gonads= testicles(testis)
Female gonads= ovaries(ovary)

28
Q

MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES

A

The male gametes are sperm cells that are produced continuously for their adult life. Female gametes are eggs that are present at birth but immature,during puberty the menstrual cycle supports the growth and maturation of an ovum and its release.

29
Q

WHEN DO MALES REACH SEXUAL MATURITY AND WHAT HAPPENS

A

They reach it when they have their first ejaculation. their voice lowers,penis enlarges and body hair develops.

30
Q

WHAT ARE THE TESTES

A

The testes are oval organs that sit in the scrotum, sperm is produced in the testes and the testes produce a hormone called testosterone.

31
Q

WHAT IS TESTOSTERONE

A

Testosterone is a hormone that helps build muscle, regulate mood, and control features

32
Q

WHAT IS THE EPIDIDYMIS

A

A long coiled tube that rests on each testicle. It carries and stores sperm cells that are created in testes and helps bring sperm cells to maturity.

33
Q

WHAT IS THE SPERM DUCT(vas deferens)

A

A long muscular tube that travels from the epididymis to the urethra. It transports mature sperm to the urethra in prep for ejaculation.

34
Q

WHAT IS EJACULATION(semen)

A

Release of sperm cells,seminal fluid and prostate fluid.

35
Q

WHAT IS SEMINAL FLUID

A

It contains chemicals like sugars that provide energy for the sperm

36
Q

WHAT IS PROSTATE FLUID

A

Fluid is added to sperm by the prostate gland which allows sperm to swim more freely.

37
Q

WHAT IS THE URTHERA

A

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body, in males the urethra releases ejaculate(semen) from the penis.

38
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE PENIS IS ERECT

A

The flow of urine is blocked from the urethra,allowing semen to be ejaculated.

39
Q

PENIS FUNCTION

A

Pass urine out the body and become erect in order to release semen

39
Q

Sperm cells

A

Produced in large numbers to increase the chance of fertilisation. They have DNA stored in the nucleus,tail and mitochondria

39
Q

SEMINAL VESICLES

A

Glands that produce the fluids that turn into semen

40
Q

SEXUAL MATURITY

A

The capability of an organism to reproduce.

41
Q

WHEN DO FEMALES REACH SEXUAL MATURITY

A

When they begin their first period

42
Q

PUBERTY

A

Refers to the time during which physical change occurs leading to sexual maturity

43
Q

WHAT HAPPENS TO GIRLS DURING PUBERTY

A

Boobs develop,hips widen. The first external sign is the growth of breast

44
Q

OVARIES

A

The eggs(ova) are produced in the ovaries, the ovaries release one ovum( single egg) a month

44
Q

FOLICLE

A

Where the egg forms and then bursts

45
Q

FALLOPIAN TUBES

A

Are tubes which the egg passes through on its way to the uterus. They are the site for fertilisation.

46
Q

UTERUS

A

Thick-walled muscular organ, it has a lining called the endometrium that can change and become rich in blood vessels.

46
Q

IMPLANTATION

A

When an egg is fertilised it enters the uterus burrows into the endometrium.

47
Q

ENDOMETRIUM

A

Inner lining of the uterus, each month it thickens and renews itself for pregnancy it it doesn’t occur it sheds.

48
Q

CERVIX

A

Has the job to contract tightly to hold the uterus closed, this protects the baby in the womb

49
Q

BLASTOCYST

A

An embryo that is beginning to differentiate 5 or 6 days after fertilisation.

50
Q

CONCEPTION

A

When the egg and sperm unite to form a zygote

51
Q

ZYGOTE

A

Fertilised egg

52
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

A

28 days long and is controlled by hormones that travel in the bloodstream.

53
Q

PHASE,HORMONE AND DESCRIPTION

A

PHASE HORMONE DESCRIPTION
Menstrual Estrogen Blood and tissue
lining the uterus
break down and
shed from the
body causing
bleeding.

Follicular Follicle stimulating Causes the
hormone egg to
mature

Ovulation Luteal The mature
follicle to burst and
release an egg from
the ovum.

Luteal Progesterone Thickening of
the
lining(endometrium)

54
Q

GESTATION PERIOD

A

Period during the development of the foetus in the uterus.

55
Q

FOETUS

A

Takes 38 weeks to develop from fertilisation to birth, first 8 weeks are called the embryonic period.
Ovulation>Fertilisation>Implantation
>Growth>birth

56
Q

AMNIOTIC FLUID

A

Acts as a shock absorber,protecting the embryo from bumps and helps keep the embryos temperature constant.

57
Q

PLACENTA

A

Allows oxygen and nutrients to pass from the mother to developing foetus. The blood supplies of the mother and embryo do not mix together.

58
Q

STAGES OF BIRTH

A

1 Abdominal pain-uterus contracting and relaxing
2 Abdominal pain becomes stronger and closer together
3 Dilation occurs-cervix widen and relaxes
4 Babys head starts to pass through the cervix
5 Baby is born
6 The umbilical cord is cut and tied
7 Placenta detaches
8 After birth> placenta is expelled from the mother

1,2,3 = stage 1 4,5= stage 2 6,7,8= stage 3

Science (4 decks)

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