SCIENCE BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards
Most complex to least complex level of organisation
organ system-organ-tissue-cell
TISSUES
different types of tissues work together to create an organ
WHAT IS AN EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelial- Made of cells that form surfaces over other organs EG)skin.
WHAT IS AN SKELETAL TISSUE
Skeletal- Supports and protects the body and permits movement
WHAT IS A CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective- supports and holds other tissues together in the body EG)blood,fat,bone.
WHAT IS A BLOOD TISSUE
Blood- Carries oxygen and food substances around the body.
WHAT IS A MUSCLE TISSUE
Tissues that contract, becoming shorter and fatter EG) Biceps in ur arm
WHAT IS A NERVE TISSUE
Nerve- Sends electrical signals around the body EG)spinal cord.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN THE HEART
Supports components of the heart and forms the valves inside the heart.
NERVE TISSUE IN THE HEART
Generates signals that cause the beating of the heart
MUSCLE TISSUE IN THE HEART
Made up of cardiac muscle that helps the heart pump without getting tired.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE IN THE HEART
Forms layers of the heart
WHAT IS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
A collection of organs that help break down food so it can be absorbed by the body. EG) Stomach, Intestine, Liver
WHAT IS THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
carries oxygen and nutrients around the body via blood EG) Blood, Blood vessels, Heart
WHAT IS THE EXCETORY SYSTEM
Removes waste products from the body EG) Kidney and Bladder
WHAT IS THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Helps bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide EG) Trachea and lungs
WHAT IS THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Muscles of the skeleton which help move and support the body EG)muscle, skeleton
WHAT IS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sends and receives messages throughout the body EG) Brain and spinal cord
WHAT IS THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Enables the production of off spring
TYPES OF TEETH
INCISORS= cutting and biting
CANINES= tearing and grasping
PREMOLARS AND MOLARS= grinding and crushing.
WHAT ARE ENZYMES
enzymes act as biological catalysts meaning they speed up reactions without being used up. In the digestive system system enzymes are used to break large,complex,insoluble food molecules into small simple soluble food molecules so that it can be absorbed into the blood stream.
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars like glucose by the enzyme amylase in the mouth
PROTEINS
Proteins are broken down into amino acids by the enzyme pepsin in the stomach
FATS
Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by the enzyme lipase in the small intestine.
WHAT IS THE EPIGLOTTIS AND WHERE IS IT LOCATED
A flap of skin that covers the top of the trachea when u are swallowing. It is located behind the tongue and in front of the larynx
WHAT IS THE OESOPHAGUS
A tube where food(bolus) is sent through with the process peristalsis.
WHAT IS PERISTALSIS
When we swallow food the muscles behind squee tight while the muscles In front relax. It helps water from undigested food be absorbed into the bloodstream.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE LIVER AND GALL BLADDER
Both help break down fat and oils of food.
The liver produces a green substance called bile that breaks down fats and oils.
The gall bladder stores the bile until food reaches the small intestine.
PANCREAS FUNCTION
Makes pancreatic juice that helps neutralise stomach acid and creates enzymes.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
When food reaches the large intestine its called chyme, water is absorbed from chyme resulting in a firm product.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE RECTUM AND ANUS
The rectum stores the remaining faecal matter, when the rectum starts to stretch it sends a signal to the brain to go to the bathroom. The anus is a ring of muscle that only stretches to remove waste.
PROCESS OF DIGESTION IN DEPTH
- Food is ingested through the mouth
Chemical digestion= enzymes in saliva break down the food.
Mechanical digestion= Break down of food through teeth. - Bolus is pushed down the oesophagus through a process known as peristalsis.
- Bolus enters the stomach
Chemical digestion= Acids in the stomach further break down the food.
Mechanical digestion= stomach churns the food - Food enters the small intestine which absorbs the nutrients.
- The remaining mass passes the large intestine where the remaining nutrients and water is absorbed.
- The waste is stored in the retum and when it is full it sends a signal to be released from the anus.
WHAT IS BURPING
Build-up of gas that is released from the mouth
WHAT IS HEARTBURN
Burning pain in the chest when stomach acid rises up to the oesophagus
WHAT IS FLATULENCE
Passing of wind
WHAT IS DIARRHOEA
Undigested food moves to quickly through the intestines.
WHAT IS VOMITING
When food is ejected out of the stomach, up the oesophagus and through the mouth.
WHAT IS IN BLOOD
Red blood cells,white blood cells, blood platelets and plasma
WHY IS BLOOD RED
Blood is red due to an iron-containing pigment called haemoglobin, when oxygen reacts with haemoglobin it creates oxyhaemoglobin and even redder colour. The change in colour shows the amount of oxygen being transported in blood at a time.
WHAT HAPPENS TO BLOOD WHEN IT LOSES A NUCLEUS
when red blood cells lose a nucleus it increases space to carry haemoglobin and oxygen.
BLOOD’S SHAPE
Their biconcave shape means they have a large surface area which helps transporting oxygen
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN U CUT UR SELF
Platelets help clog and plug the damaged blood vessels.
BLOOD VESSELS ARTIERS IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood vessels called arteries transport oxygenated blood away from the heart. Blood travels through the artiers fast and under high pressure.
VEINS IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Veins transport deoxygenated blood to the heart. Blood flows at a low pressure so the valves stop blood from flowing backwards.
CAPILLARIES
located between arteries and veins.
The body contains 100,000km of capillaries which penetrate every tissue.
Capillaries transport substances to cells and remove carbon dioxide.
THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
The heart has 4 chambers. 2 chambers collect blood from the lungs and pump it around the body, this blood contains oxygen.
2 chambers collect blood from the body and pump it to the lungs. This blood contains carbon dioxide
PUMPS OF THE HEART
The heart has 2 pumps.
The first pump is in the right atrium and ventricle which sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs in order to exchange carbon dioxide with oxygen.
The second pump is in left atrium and ventricle sends oxygenated blood to the body.
WHAT IS DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
Blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.
WHAT IS OXYGENATED BLOOD
Blood that is high in oxygen
WHAT IS THE PATH OF DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
- The deoxygenated blood is transported back to the heart and enters the vena cava.
- The blood enters the right atrium and passes down into the right ventricle.
- When the right ventricle fills up with blood, a valve closes to stop blood from going backwards.
- The heart pushes blood from the right ventricle and out of the heart via pulmonary artery.
- The blood moves into the lungs where the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs. It becomes oxygenated here.
WHAT IS THE PATH OF OXYGENATED BLOOD
- Oxygenated blood enters the heart via pulmonary vein.
- This oxygen which is rich in blood will enter the left atrium and pass down into the left ventricle.
- When the left ventricle fills up with blood, a valve closes to stop blood from going backwards.
- The heart then pushes blood out of the left ventricle and into the aorta,which transports blood to the body.
WHY IS THE WALLS ON THE LEFT SIDE THICKER THAN THE ONES ON THE RIGHT.
They are thicker as they need enough force to push blood throughout the body, and the right only sends blood to the lungs.
HOW DOES BLOOD PRESSURE OCCUR
Due to the force of blood pushing against the artery walls
WHAT IS SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
When the heart muscles contract a higher pressure is created
WHAT IS DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
When heart muscles relax, the pressure lowers.
PROBLEMS THAT CAN HAPPEN IN THE HEART
Anaemia, hole in the heart and a coronary heart disease.
WHAT ORGANS DOES FOOD NOT PASS
Pancreas, gallbladder and liver
Which side contains oxygenated blood and which side contains deoxygenated blood.
The right side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood and the left side of the heart contains oxygenated blood
Describe the role of the diaphragm and what happens to the diaphragm when we breathe in and out.
The role of the diaphragm is a muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen. When we breath in the diaphragm flattens and when we breath out it relaxes.
Compare physical and chemical digestion.
Physical digestion is the mechanical breakdown of food for example the break down of food using your teeth, chemical digestion is when enzymes are used to break down nutrients
What is absorbed in the small intestine
nutrients
What is the trachea
A tube that carries air from ur mouth and nose to ur lungs
What is the purpose of villi
Villi absorbs nutrients from the food that you eat and then shuttle them into your bloodstream so they can travel where they’re needed
What is the rib cage
The rib cage protects the vital organs and blood vessels. It expands and contracts along with the lungs to allow for efficient breathing
What is the difference between respiration and breathing
Respiration is a series of chemical reactions that cells perform in order to produce energy from food and breathing is a physical act of moving air into and out of the body, by inflating and deflating our lungs.
what is water absorbed in
the large intestine
how is the circulatory system related to digestive
blood carries nutrients to body cells
what is the normal blood pressure
120/80
emphysema is a condition that causes problems in which body system
respiratory
what happens to a person’s heart rate as they continue to exercise
The amount of blood flow to the body cells increase to supply more oxygen to your muscles.
What happens to the persons oxygen saturation as they continue to exercise
it decreases since oxygen is being used up to produce energy
What happens to the person’s respiration rate as they continue to exercise
The persons respiration rate increases as it needs more air to travel to the lungs so more oxygen can be taken in to produce more energy
Is it true lung tissue has very few blood cells
no its false
Do capillaires have valves and are they thick or thin
Capillaries do not have valves and are thin
Mouth
Chews food and mixes it with saliva to start the process of digestion
Stomach
Breaks down food with the help of acid and digestive juices.
Are digestive enzymes part of the mechanical or chemical digestion
Chemical digestion since food is broken down by enzymes and acids
Nose
nose filters,warms and humidifies air for breathing
What is asthma and what causes it
Asthma is a condition that makes it hard to breathe due to swollen airways caused by allergies and smoke.
Ventricle and atrium
the ventricle pumps blood to the body or lungs and the atrium receives blood from the body or lungs.
What happens if we don’t have red blood cells
Your body can’t get enough oxygen that can lead to anemia
what happens if we don’t have white blood cells
Your body would struggle to fight infections
What happens if we don’t have platelets
Dangerous internal bleeding can occur
Name a circulatory system problem and explain it
A hole in the heart is when there is a small gap in the heart that causes problems with blood flow. it can be treated by medicine or surgery
Appendix
Stores healthy types of gut bacteria
Name a digestive system condition and explain it
Celiac disease is when the body can’t properly digest gluten. It can be treated by maintaining a strict gluten-free diet
Why do we have many alveoli and what is the risk if they are destroyed
We have many alveoli to help our lungs take in more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. If they are destroyed,it becomes harder to breathe and get enough oxygen into the body.
How does the respiratory and circulatory system work together
The respiratory system helps bring in oxygen and the circulatory system moves in to the rest of the body and brings carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be breathed out.
Lymphoid tissue
found in tonsils
