Science Flashcards
Skills to help start a science project
Predict Measure Classify and communicate Hypothesize and Investigate Infer and draw conclusions Make a model and sequence
The four spheres
These four subsystems are called “spheres.” Specifically, they are the “lithosphere” (land), “hydrosphere” (water), “biosphere” (living things), and “atmosphere” (air). Each of these four spheres can be further divided into sub-spheres.
Hydrosphere
all the waters on the earth’s surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth’s surface, such as clouds.
Hydrosphere Lake. Seawater. Earth. Ocean current. Sea ice. Wave. Water. Ocean.
Lithosphere
Lithosphere The solid part of the earth. It consists of three main layers: crust, mantle and core
A lithosphere is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater.
Biosphere
the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms.
Parts of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere make up the biosphere.
Atmosphere
Earth’s atmosphere has five major and several secondary layers. From lowest to highest, the major layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.Oct 2, 2019
The atmosphere is an important part of what makes Earth livable. It blocks some of the Sun’s dangerous rays from reaching Earth. It traps heat, making Earth a comfortable temperature.
Rock types 3
There are three kinds of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks originate when particles settle out of water or air, or by precipitation of minerals from water.
Igneous rocks
Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten rock material. Some form below Earth’s surface. Some form on or above Earth’s surface. We describe these two basic types: Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth’s surface, and the slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form.
Sedimentary rocks
Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing rocks. Pieces of rock are loosened by weathering, then transported to some basin or depression where sediment is trapped. If the sediment is buried deeply, it becomes compacted and cemented, forming sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form. Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors. Conditions like these are found deep within the Earth or where tectonic plates meet.
4 types of plate tetonics
There are four types of boundaries between tectonic plates that are defined by the movement of the plates: divergent and convergent boundaries, transform fault boundaries, and plate boundary zones.
How do the types of plate tetonics work
Tectonic Plates and Plate Boundaries
There are three main types of plate boundaries:
Convergent boundaries: where two plates are colliding.
Divergent boundaries – where two plates are moving apart.
Transform boundaries – where plates slide passed each other.
Phases of mitosis
Mitosis consists of four basic phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. … These phases occur in strict sequential order, and cytokinesis - the process of dividing the cell contents to make two new cells - starts in anaphase or telophase. Stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Mitosis
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
“the single large egg cell subdivides by repeated mitosis”
Meiosis
Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males, eggs in females. During meiosis one cell? divides twice to form four daughter cells.
Scientific taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganisms of the world.
8 levels of scientific taxonomy
The current taxonomic system now has eight levels in its hierarchy, from lowest to highest, they are: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain.
What is an Ecosystems?
What are the 7 types?
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Terrestrial ecosystem. Forest ecosystem. Grassland ecosystem. Desert ecosystem. Tundra ecosystem. Freshwater ecosystem. Marine ecosystem.
Periodic table
The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends.
The modern periodic table is used to organize all the known elements. Elements are arranged in the table by increasing atomic number. In the modern periodic table, each element is represented by its chemical symbol. The number above each symbol is its atomic number.
Fusión
Fusion is the process that powers the sun and the stars. It is the reaction in which two atoms of hydrogen combine together, or fuse, to form an atom of helium. In the process some of the mass of the hydrogen is converted into energy.
Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants.
Gamma radiation
A gamma ray, or gamma radiation (symbol γ or. ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves and so imparts the highest photon energy.
Filament
The metal resistance wire inside a bulb which transfers electrical energy to light (and heat).
First law of motion
First law of motion - The first law of motion states that any object in motion will continue to move in the same direction and speed unless external forces act on it.
Second leg of motion
The second law of motion states that the greater the mass of an object, the more force it will take to accelerate the object.
Third law of motion
Third law of motion - The third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Three types of sound waves
Sound waves fall into three categories: longitudinal waves, mechanical waves, and pressure waves.
Some examples of longitudinal waves are sound waves, seismic P-waves, and ultrasound waves.
Mechanical Waves are waves which propagate through a material medium (solid, liquid, or gas) at a wave speed which depends on the elastic and inertial properties of that medium. There are two basic types of wave motion for mechanical waves: longitudinal waves and transverse waves.
Sound waves can also be thought of as pressure waves. This is because the compressions and rarefactions that move through sound waves have different pressures. The compressions are areas of high pressure while the rarefactions are areas of low pressure.
Light waves
Light radiates from a source in waves. Each wave has two parts; an electric part, and a magnetic part. That’s why light is called Electromagnetic Radiation.
Keller’s three laws
There are actually three, Kepler’s laws that is, of planetary motion: 1) every planet’s orbit is an ellipse with the Sun at a focus; 2) a line joining the Sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times; and 3) the square of a planet’s orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. As it’s the third which is most often used, Kepler’s law usually means Kepler’s third law (of planetary motion).
Moon phases 8 and 4
The 8 moon phases in order are New moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full moon, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, and finally Waning Crescent. The moon has phases the wanes, waxes, and even sometimes we can’t even see the moon during its phase.
The four primary moon phases are: New Moon. First Quarter. Full Moon. Third Quarter (Last Quarter)
How long is the moon phases cycle?
29.5 days
The Moon has phases because it orbits Earth, which causes the portion we see illuminated to change. The Moon takes 27.3 days to orbit Earth, but the lunar phase cycle (from new Moon to new Moon) is 29.5 days.
Environmental stimulus
In psychology, a stimulus is anything that elicits a response or reaction from a person. There are many different types of stimuli: external, internal, environmental, etc.
What are protein chains
Proteins are built as chains of amino acids, which then fold into unique three-dimensional shapes. Bonding within protein molecules helps stabilize their structure, and the final folded forms of proteins are well-adapted for their functions.
Commensalism
Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, while the other species is neither harmed nor helped. The species that gains the benefit is called the commensal. … An example is a golden jackal (the commensal) following a tiger (the host) to feed on leftovers from its kills.
Atoms electrons neutrons protons
Atoms consist of three basic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. The nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively charged) and the neutrons (no charge). The outermost regions of the atom are called electron shells and contain the electrons (negatively charged).
Natural states of matter
There are four natural states of matter: Solids, liquids, gases and plasma.
Centrifugal motion
Centripetal force is defined as, “the force that is necessary to keep an object moving in a curved path and that is directed inward toward the center of rotation,” while centrifugal force is defined as “the apparent force that is felt by an object moving in a curved path that acts outwardly away from the center of .
Inertia
PHYSICS
a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force.
“the power required to overcome friction and the inertia of the moving parts”
Equilibrium
state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces. equal balance between any powers, influences, etc.; equality of effect. mental or emotional balance; equanimity: The pressures of the situation caused her to lose her equilibrium.
Genetic drift
variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.
