Grammer/ Literacy Flashcards
Complex sentences
Composed of an independent clause and a subordinate or dependent clause.
Independent clause
A sentence that can stand on its own containing at least one noun and one verb
Subordinate dependent clause
Has a noun and a verb but begins with a subordinate conjunction and can’t stand on its own
Subordinate conjunctions
Aaaww ubbis
After although as when while
Until because before if since
Kinship names
This is true for all kinship names, which are words like brother, sister, father, mom, grandma, cousin, and aunt. If the kinship name is being used to describe the person you are talking about, with or without that person’s name, do not capitalize it.
Declarative
Sentences with periods
Interrogative
Questions in sentences using question marks
Exclamatory
A sentence using an explanation point
Possessive pronouns
The personal pronouns mine, yours, hers, his, ours, and theirs are known as possessive pronouns: they refer to something owned by the speaker or by someone or something previously mentioned. For example: That book is mine.
Irregular plural nouns
An irregular noun is a noun that becomes plural by changing its spelling in other ways than adding an “s” or “es” to the end of the word.
Men, children, women, people, babies
Non count noun
Noncount nouns often refer to groups of similar objects. Furniture, for example, is a noncount noun. Furniture is a collection of similar countable items like chairs, sofas, tables, shelves, beds and so on. Luggage is also a noncount noun. You can count bags, packages, and backpacks, but you cannot count luggage.
Collective noun
a noun that denotes a group of individuals (e.g., assembly, family, crew ).
Indefinite pronoun
a pronoun that does not refer to any person, amount, or thing in particular, e.g. anything, something, anyone, everyone.
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs are verbs that don’t take on the regular –d, -ed, or -ied spelling patterns of the past simple (V2) or past participle (V3). Many of the irregular V2 and V3 forms are the same, such as: cut – cut, had – had, let – let, hurt – hurt, fed- fed, sold-sold
Subject verb agreement
Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
Verbs of being
Is, are, was, were, been, am
Imperative sentences
Imperative verbs are verbs that create an imperative sentence (i.e. a sentence that gives an order or command). When reading an imperative sentence, it will always sound like the speaker is bossing someone around. Imperative verbs don’t leave room for questions or discussion, even if the sentence has a polite tone.
Ex Read!!!!! DONT feed the animals!!!!
Antecedentes
In grammar, an antecedent is an expression that gives its meaning to a proform. A proform takes its meaning from its antecedent; e.g., “John arrived late because traffic held him up.” The pronoun him refers to and takes its meaning from John, so John is the antecedent of him.
Reflexive pronouns
Myself, yourself, himself, themselves.
Only use when the subject of the sentence is also the object.
Polysyndeton
repetition of conjunctions in close succession (as in we have ships and men and money)
Asyndeton
When a writer or speaker uses asyndeton, she eliminates conjunctions like “and” or “but.” This rhetorical device works to make a speech more dramatic and effective by speeding up its rhythm and pace. Public speakers use asyndeton when they want to emphasize the gravity or drama of their topics.
This/ these
This - singular
These- plural
They point to something close in space or experience
That/ those
That- singular
Those- plural
Point to something more distant than another thing or a specific something already mentioned.
Superlative (sup-pearl-la-Tive)
Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects. Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).
(Most) worst and best
Comparatives
Compare two things by using faster, taller, smarter. (More)
Worse or better
Orthography
The way in which letters and letter patterns in words represent sound and meaning
Morpheme
The smallest units of meaning in language
Adverbs
Explain more about the verb. How where and when something happens
Correlative conjunction
Correlative conjunctions include pairs such as “both/and,” “either/or,” “neither/nor,” “not/but” and “not only/but also.” For example: either/or - I want either the cheesecake or the chocolate cake. both/and - We’ll have both the cheesecake and the chocolate cake.
Coordinating conjunction
Two or more sentences joined together with a comma and coordinating conjunction FANBOYS
FANBOYS
For And Nor But Or Yet So
Relative pronoun
A relative pronoun serves the purpose of conjoining modifying information about an antecedent referent. An example is the word that in the sentence “This is the house that Jack built.
Who, whose, whom, which, that
Affixes
an additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning.
Fluency
How well a reader reads with pace, expression, prosody.
Inflections
a change in the form of a word (typically the ending) to express a grammatical function or attribute such as tense, mood, person, number, case, and gender.
“a set of word forms differing only in respect of inflections”
the modulation of intonation or pitch in the voice.
“she spoke slowly and without inflection”
Phrase boundaries
Phrase boundaries aid speech comprehension in at least two ways. First, phrase boundaries promote semantic processing. … For example, in the sentence “The little girl over there, is the one who likes snails”, a careful speaker of the language will insert a phrase boundary between the words “there” and “is”.
Types of characters (6)
The different types of characters include protagonists, antagonists, dynamic, static, round, flat, and stock.
Round character
A round character is deep and layered character in a story. Round characters are interesting to audiences because they feel like real people; audiences often feel invested in these characters’ goals, successes, failures, strengths, and weaknesses.
Flat character
Flat characters are two-dimensional in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of a work.
Dynamic character
A dynamic character is a character who undergoes significant internal change throughout the course of a story.
Static character
A static character is a type of character who remains largely the same throughout the course of the storyline. Their environment may change, but they retain the same personality and outlook as they had at the beginning of the story. It’s common for secondary characters in stories to be static.
Stock character
Stock characters are ones who represent specific stereotypes. These characters are types and not individuals. Stock characters are based on clichés and social prejudices. For example, the dumb blonde, the mean stepmother, the loyal servant, the abusive boyfriend, or the evil dictator or CEO are all stock characters.
Omniscient
An omniscient narrator is a narrator who knows what is happening at all points of the story at all times. This narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters in the story.
Knows everything
Portable document format (PDF)
PDF (Portable Document Format) is a file format that has captured all the elements of a printed document as an electronic image that you can view, navigate, print, or forward to someone else. PDF files are created using Adobe Acrobat , Acrobat Capture, or similar products.
Phonics
a method of teaching people to read by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system.
Pragmatics
the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.
Fast mapping
Fast-mapping is the ability to acquire a word rapidly on the basis of minimal information. As proposed by Carey (1978), we assume that children are able to achieve fast-mapping because their initial word meanings are skeletal placeholders that will be extended gradually over time.
Morph
In linguistics, a morph is a word segment that represents one morpheme (the smallest unit of language that has meaning) in sound or writing. It’s a written or pronounced portion of a word, such as an affix (a prefix or suffix).
Phonic construction
a method of teaching beginners to read and pronounce words by learning the usual sound of letters, letter groups, and syllables. phonics. noun plural but singular in construction.
Syllabication
the division of words into syllables, either in speech or in writing.
Dipthong
a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another (as in coin, loud, and side ).
a digraph representing the sound of a diphthong or single vowel (as in feat ).
a compound vowel character; a ligature (such as æ ).
Habituation
The decline in responsiveness to a stimulus due to repeated exposure. noun. 1. 1. The definition of habituation is the process or state of becoming adapted or accustomed to something.
Underextension
Underextension, which is roughly the opposite of overextension, occurs when a child acquires a word for a particular thing and fails to extend it to other objects in the same category, using the word in a highly restricted and individualistic way.
Underextension may also occur. In underextension, a child doesn’t use a word for enough particular cases. It’s the opposite of overextension where a child uses a word for too many different cases. Example of underextension: Kitty might mean the family cat, but not other cats.
Telegraphic speech
Telegraphic speech is a concise message characterized by the use of three-word short phrases or sentences made up of main content words such as nouns and verbs and void of function words and grammatical morphemes such as articles
Affixes
an additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning.
Etymology
Etymology (/ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/) is the study of the history of words. By extension, the etymology of a word means its origin and development throughout history.
Phonemic awareness
Phonemic awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. We know that a student’s skill in phonological awareness is a good predictor of later reading success or difficulty.
Analytical skills
Analytical skills refer to the ability to collect and analyze information, problem-solve, and make decisions. Employees who possess these skills can help solve a company’s problems and improve its overall productivity and success.
Stages of reading development
Emergent Letter name Alphabetic Within Word pattern Intermediate( syllables and affixes) Advanced (derivational relations stage)
Semantics
the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text.
Semantics
the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text.
Literal comprehension
Literal comprehension is the understanding of information and facts directly stated in the text. … Students can employ literal comprehension skills (keywords, skim reading and scanning) to better locate information efficiently. Key words. are the content words that carry the most meaning in a text.
Levels of comprehension 4
into four levels of skills: literal, interpretative, critical and creative.
Creative comprehension
Creative Comprehension. It is the reader’s “emotional” response to the content of the textbook material read. This level of comprehension also includes creating new ideas from what was learned in school and life.
Critical comprehension
Critical comprehension is the ability to analyze, form questions, and make judgments. When children interact critically with printed material, they connect to and question its meaning.
Interpretative comprehension
Interpretive or Inferential. Comprehension. It is the reader’s ability to extract ideas and information not directly stated in the textbook material, using prior or background knowledge to assist in such understanding
Metacognition
Metacognition is, put simply, thinking about one’s thinking. More precisely, it refers to the processes used to plan, monitor, and assess one’s understanding and performance.
Connotative meaning
Connotation refers to a meaning suggested or implied by the use of a particular word, beyond it’s literal (denotative) meaning. Connotation impacts how readers perceive the overall meaning of what a writer or speaker is trying to communicate.
Satire
the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.
Mockery sneering
Paradox
a situation, person, or thing that combines contradictory features or qualities.
“the mingling of deciduous trees with elements of desert flora forms a fascinating ecological paradox”
Types of Folk tales 6
Animal Tales. Tales of Magic/ Wonder Tales. Religious Tales. Realistic/ Romantic Tales. Tales of the Stupid Ogre. Jokes and Anecdotes, Formula Tales, Unclassified Tales.
Anthropomorphic animals
Words like zoomorphic and therianthropic also describe creatures on the animal-shaped end of the anthropomorphism spectrum, but anthropomorphic is the more widely used term in the fandom. There are subtle differences between the terms for an animal that thinks like a human and an animal that looks like a human.
Colloquial. kəˈlōkwēəl
of language) used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary.
“colloquial and everyday language”
Types of citation formats
There are (3) major citation styles used in academic writing:
Modern Language Association (MLA)
American Psychological Association (APA)
Chicago, which supports two styles: Notes and Bibliography. Author-Date.
Head word
In a dictionary, a headword is a word which is followed by an explanation of its meaning. English Easy Learning GrammarThe noun phraseA noun phrase is a word or group of words that can function as the subject, the object, or the complement in a sentence.
Interpretative
adjective. serving to interpret; explanatory. deduced by interpretation. made because of interpretation: an interpretive distortion of language. … offering interpretations, explanations, or guidance, as through lectures, brochures, or films: the museum’s interpretive center.
Analytical
relating to or using analysis or logical reasoning.
Expository
intended to explain or describe something.
“formal expository prose”
Affect vs effect
While affect is always a verb, effect is usually a noun. As a noun, effect means “the result,” “the change,” or “the influence.” As affect, a verb “produces a change,” effect, a noun, is the “change” or “result.” Since effect means an “influence” in this sentence, it is the correct word to use here.
Faulty parallel
A faulty parallelism (also sometimes called parallel structure error or a parallel construction error) occurs when the structure of a sentence is not grammatically parallel. This error occurs most often in sentences that contain lists.
Faulty parallelism occurs when items in a series do not have the same grammatical structure. Below are examples of sentences with faulty parallelism, followed by their corrections: Faulty: I like to spend my winter holiday skating, skiing, and I enjoy snowboarding as well.
Amphiboly
noun, plural am·phib·o·lies.
ambiguity of speech, especially from uncertainty of the grammatical construction rather than of the meaning of the words, as in The Duke yet lives that Henry shall depose.
Anaphora əˈnaf(ə)rə/
the use of a word referring to or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence, to avoid repetition, such as do in I like it and so do they.
the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.
Encapsulates
express the essential features of (something) succinctly.
“the conclusion is encapsulated in one sentence”
enclose (something) in or as if in a capsule.
“the company would encapsulate the asbestos waste in concrete pellets”
Over regularization
Overregularization is a part of the language-learning process in which children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words, such as the use of “goed “ for “went”, or “tooths” for “teeth”. This is also known as regularization.
Formulaic speech
Formulaic language (previously known as automatic speech or embolalia) is a linguistic term for verbal expressions that are fixed in form, often non-literal in meaning with attitudinal nuances, and closely related to communicative-pragmatic context.
Immersion reading
Immersion reading generally means reading a book while listening to the audiobook, but there are so many more opportunities to read and listen to English at the same time
Letter sound corrrespondence
Letter-sound correspondence, or the relationship of the letters in the alphabet to the sounds they produce, is a key component of the alphabetic principle and learning to read. To teach letter sound correspondence, work with a few sounds at a time by teaching each letter of the alphabet and its corresponding sound.
Prose
Prose is a form of written (or spoken) language that usually exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure
Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing occurs in a literary text when the author gives clues and hints about what is to come in the story. … Examples of Foreshadowing: 1. A pipe is going to burst, but before it does, the author writes a scene where the family notices a small dark spot on the ceiling, but ignores it.
Theme
One of the first questions to ask upon hearing someone has written a story is, “What’s it about?” or “What’s the point?” Short answers may range from love to betrayal or from the coming of age to the haziness of memory. The central idea, topic, or point of a story, essay, or narrative is its theme.
Love good vs evil courage redemption
Third person limited
Third person limited point of view, on the other hand, is a method of storytelling in which the narrator knows only the thoughts and feelings of a single character, while other characters are presented only externally.
Reliable vs unreliable
What Is Narrative Voice? … Whether it is reliable (i.e., a story in which the narrator presents a straightforward, credible account of events) or unreliable (i.e., a story in which we might not entirely trust what the narrator is telling us).Jun 26, 2020
Slant rhyme
A slant rhyme is a type of rhyme with words that have similar, but not identical sounds. Most slant rhymes are formed by words with identical consonants and different vowels, or vice versa. “Worm” and “swarm” are examples of slant rhymes.
Cognates
Cognates are words that have a common origin (source). They may happen in a language or in a group of languages. Example One: ‘composite’, ‘composition’ and ‘compost’ are cognates in the English language, derived from the same root in Latin ‘componere’ meaning ‘to put together’.
Interjection
Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. They are included in a sentence
Anecdote
An anecdote is a short story, usually serving to make the listeners laugh or ponder over a topic. Generally, the anecdote will relate to the subject matter that the group of people is discussing.
Expressive skills
Expressive language skills can be defined as the skills necessary to form thoughts and express them using appropriate word and grammar combinations. This may also include gesturing and facial expressions, especially in early childhood
Receptive skills
The receptive skills are listening and reading, because learners do not need to produce language to do these, they receive and understand it. These skills are sometimes known as passive skills. They can be contrasted with the productive or active skills of speaking and writing.
Dyadic communication
Dyadic Communication The term ‘Dyadic communication’, in general refers to an interaction between two persons. Even if two persons are present in a situation, it is only two communicators that play a fundamental role. It is a person to person transaction and one of the commonest forms of speech communications.
Extemporaneously
an extemporaneous speech. previously planned but delivered with the help of few or no notes: extemporaneous lectures.
