Grammer/ Literacy Flashcards
Complex sentences
Composed of an independent clause and a subordinate or dependent clause.
Independent clause
A sentence that can stand on its own containing at least one noun and one verb
Subordinate dependent clause
Has a noun and a verb but begins with a subordinate conjunction and can’t stand on its own
Subordinate conjunctions
Aaaww ubbis
After although as when while
Until because before if since
Kinship names
This is true for all kinship names, which are words like brother, sister, father, mom, grandma, cousin, and aunt. If the kinship name is being used to describe the person you are talking about, with or without that person’s name, do not capitalize it.
Declarative
Sentences with periods
Interrogative
Questions in sentences using question marks
Exclamatory
A sentence using an explanation point
Possessive pronouns
The personal pronouns mine, yours, hers, his, ours, and theirs are known as possessive pronouns: they refer to something owned by the speaker or by someone or something previously mentioned. For example: That book is mine.
Irregular plural nouns
An irregular noun is a noun that becomes plural by changing its spelling in other ways than adding an “s” or “es” to the end of the word.
Men, children, women, people, babies
Non count noun
Noncount nouns often refer to groups of similar objects. Furniture, for example, is a noncount noun. Furniture is a collection of similar countable items like chairs, sofas, tables, shelves, beds and so on. Luggage is also a noncount noun. You can count bags, packages, and backpacks, but you cannot count luggage.
Collective noun
a noun that denotes a group of individuals (e.g., assembly, family, crew ).
Indefinite pronoun
a pronoun that does not refer to any person, amount, or thing in particular, e.g. anything, something, anyone, everyone.
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs are verbs that don’t take on the regular –d, -ed, or -ied spelling patterns of the past simple (V2) or past participle (V3). Many of the irregular V2 and V3 forms are the same, such as: cut – cut, had – had, let – let, hurt – hurt, fed- fed, sold-sold
Subject verb agreement
Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
Verbs of being
Is, are, was, were, been, am
Imperative sentences
Imperative verbs are verbs that create an imperative sentence (i.e. a sentence that gives an order or command). When reading an imperative sentence, it will always sound like the speaker is bossing someone around. Imperative verbs don’t leave room for questions or discussion, even if the sentence has a polite tone.
Ex Read!!!!! DONT feed the animals!!!!
Antecedentes
In grammar, an antecedent is an expression that gives its meaning to a proform. A proform takes its meaning from its antecedent; e.g., “John arrived late because traffic held him up.” The pronoun him refers to and takes its meaning from John, so John is the antecedent of him.
Reflexive pronouns
Myself, yourself, himself, themselves.
Only use when the subject of the sentence is also the object.
Polysyndeton
repetition of conjunctions in close succession (as in we have ships and men and money)
Asyndeton
When a writer or speaker uses asyndeton, she eliminates conjunctions like “and” or “but.” This rhetorical device works to make a speech more dramatic and effective by speeding up its rhythm and pace. Public speakers use asyndeton when they want to emphasize the gravity or drama of their topics.
This/ these
This - singular
These- plural
They point to something close in space or experience
That/ those
That- singular
Those- plural
Point to something more distant than another thing or a specific something already mentioned.
Superlative (sup-pearl-la-Tive)
Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects. Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).
(Most) worst and best
Comparatives
Compare two things by using faster, taller, smarter. (More)
Worse or better
Orthography
The way in which letters and letter patterns in words represent sound and meaning
Morpheme
The smallest units of meaning in language
Adverbs
Explain more about the verb. How where and when something happens
Correlative conjunction
Correlative conjunctions include pairs such as “both/and,” “either/or,” “neither/nor,” “not/but” and “not only/but also.” For example: either/or - I want either the cheesecake or the chocolate cake. both/and - We’ll have both the cheesecake and the chocolate cake.
Coordinating conjunction
Two or more sentences joined together with a comma and coordinating conjunction FANBOYS
FANBOYS
For And Nor But Or Yet So
Relative pronoun
A relative pronoun serves the purpose of conjoining modifying information about an antecedent referent. An example is the word that in the sentence “This is the house that Jack built.
Who, whose, whom, which, that
Affixes
an additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning.
Fluency
How well a reader reads with pace, expression, prosody.
Inflections
a change in the form of a word (typically the ending) to express a grammatical function or attribute such as tense, mood, person, number, case, and gender.
“a set of word forms differing only in respect of inflections”
the modulation of intonation or pitch in the voice.
“she spoke slowly and without inflection”
Phrase boundaries
Phrase boundaries aid speech comprehension in at least two ways. First, phrase boundaries promote semantic processing. … For example, in the sentence “The little girl over there, is the one who likes snails”, a careful speaker of the language will insert a phrase boundary between the words “there” and “is”.
Types of characters (6)
The different types of characters include protagonists, antagonists, dynamic, static, round, flat, and stock.
Round character
A round character is deep and layered character in a story. Round characters are interesting to audiences because they feel like real people; audiences often feel invested in these characters’ goals, successes, failures, strengths, and weaknesses.
Flat character
Flat characters are two-dimensional in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of a work.
Dynamic character
A dynamic character is a character who undergoes significant internal change throughout the course of a story.
