science Flashcards
1
Q
- May be located: On the endoplasmic reticulum, or Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups called polyribosomes
A
- Ribosome
2
Q
- A giant cloud of dust and gas in space
A
Nebula
3
Q
what are the 4 subsystem of the earth
A
atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere
4
Q
- It proposes that a solar system forms from a rotating cloud of gas and dust, or a “nebula,”
A
Nebular Hypothesis – Immanuel Kant
5
Q
- Membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles
- Plants cells typically have a central vacuole up to 90% volume of some cells
- Store materials that occur in excess such as water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products
- Development of turgor pressure
A
- Vacuole
6
Q
- Elements heavier than iron, such as gold, platinum, and uranium, are often produced in _________- and then distributed into space
A
supernova explosions
7
Q
- Where most meteors burn
A
c. Mesosphere
8
Q
also called carbon fixing reaction
A
Dark reaction
9
Q
energy from the flow of water
A
- Water or hydroelectric
10
Q
- An object crashed into Earth not long after the young planet was created.
- Gravity bound the ejected particles together, creating a moon
A
Giant Impact Theory
11
Q
ex of Nonrenewable resources
A
Coal, oil, natural gas, petroleum, sand, stone and gravel, minerals, fossil fuels,
12
Q
- Mineral resources are mined from the
A
Geosphere
13
Q
it takes the product of the first stage and convert them into reactants.
A
- link rxn / link reaction
14
Q
- It is an organelle
- Studded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic side
- Modifies protein Adds sugar to protein resulting to glycoproteins
A
Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough)
15
Q
_________of cell controls movement in and out of the cell
A
- Outer membrane
16
Q
- Inner most layer
- the hottest layer with 4,700 degrees Celsius
A
- Core
17
Q
- “life zone” of the Earth; all living organisms (including humans), and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed
A
- Biosphere
18
Q
Where High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed - hundreds to thousands of degrees temp.
A
d. Thermosphere
19
Q
- Create food and oxygen gas
A
- Chloroplast
20
Q
- Resources that exist in a fixed amount
- Are renewed very slowly or not at all
A
Nonrenewable resources
21
Q
- It is an organelle
- Captures light energy
- Site of Photosynthesis
- Synthesizes carbohydrates from CO2 & H2O
- Contains chlorophyll, a photosynthetic pigment
- Forms disc-like thylakoids, which are stacked to form grana
A
- Chloroplast
22
Q
- comprises the solid Earth and includes both Earth’s surface and interior
A
- Geosphere
23
Q
- Contains organelles surrounded by membrane
A
- Eukaryotic cells
24
Q
biotic factors, abiotic facotrs
A
living organisms (biotic factors) and nonliving things (abiotic factors)
25
ex. of Renewable resources
Solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, water, air, soil, cultivated plants, biomass, animals
26
2 types of cellular respiration
Aerobic respiration, Anaerobic respiration
27
contains organelles
* Cytoplasm
28
- Is an organelle
- Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
- Consists of double layer of membrane
* Nucleus
29
- consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell. It is clear in color and has a gel-like appearance
* Cytoplasm
30
- Site of protein synthesis
- Make proteins
* Ribosome
31
- The command center of the cell
* Nucleus
32
are all the land, water, energy resources and minerals existing naturally in a place that can be used by people
* Natural resources
33
- The lowest layer of our atmosphere
a. Troposphere
34
* Coal, petroleum and natural gas are_______
nonrenewable
35
atmosphere five layers
troposphere, stratosphere,mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
36
contains DNA: DNA house
* Nucleus
37
- lakes and rivers, streams, and creeks
* surface water
38
the basic unit of life. The building blocks for all living organism
* Cell
39
do not require solar energy or with the absence of solar energy
Dark reaction
40
- Also called the “suicidal bag”
- the digestive system of the cell
- contains an 50 digestive enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers such as proteins , nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
- Digests dead organelles
* Lysosome
41
- outermost layer of the Earth
- 5 to 70 kilometers thick
- rock and soil
- Oceanic crust
- Continental crust
* Crust
42
- Have more/complex structure
- Have more organelles so it can function and reproduce itself
* Plant cell
43
a Belgian priest, is considered as the first proponent of the big bang theory
Georges Lemaitre,
44
energy from earth’s heat
* Geothermal
45
- required oxygen and glucose as the reactants
- releases a huge amount of energy
- krebs cycle and electron transport chain
Aerobic respiration
46
_____________- living organisms (biotic factors) and nonliving things (abiotic factors) from which they derive energy and nutrients
* global ecosystem
47
- Does not have nucleus but has DNA
Prokaryotic cells
48
* Known as Theia, the Mars-size body collided with Earth, throwing vaporized chunks of the young planet's crust into space
Giant Impact Theory
49
- Plasma cell membrane
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes
- Golgi
* Animal cell
50
energy from burning organic or living matter
* Biomass
51
shape giving part of the cell
Cell wall
52
- Single cell – can function on its own
Prokaryotic cells
53
- It is an organelle
- No ribosomes
- synthesis/creation of lipids (synthesize lipids)
* Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth)
54
* The biosphere is structured into a hierarchy known as the ______ (all life is dependant on the first tier – the primary producers capable of photosynthesis).
food chain
55
- keep toxic substance out of the cell
- a double layer of lipids and proteins that surrounds a cell and separates the cytoplasm from its surrounding environment.
- It is selectively permeable, which means that it only lets certain molecules enter and exit. It can also control the amount of some substances that go into or out of the cell.
* cell membrane / plasma membrane
56
energy from the wind
* Wind
57
- Can be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which they are used
Renewable resources
58
energy from the sun
solar
59
- Convert energy from compounds
* Mitochondria
60
- Does not have structure surrounded by membranes
* Prokaryotic cells
61
* the formation of our solar system and other planetary systems
Nebular Hypothesis – Immanuel Kant
62
stock or supply of money, materials, staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively
* Resource/source
63
- Has 3 components: membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
* Eukaryotic cells
64
is not static but its surface (crust) is in a constant state of motion.
Geosphere
65
- Powerhouse of a cell
* Mitochondria
66
- The outermost layer of the atmosphere
e. Exosphere
67
boundary of each structure. Keep everything intact/organize
* Membrane
68
water trapped in the soil and groundwater; wells, aquifers
below water
69
ice caps and glaciers, icebergs
frozen water
70
- uses glucose and no oxygen is required
- produces ATP very quickly in minimal amount
- fermentation is one examples of anaerobic respiration (lactic and alcoholic)
- uses inorganic molecules such as sulfate and nitrate as final electron acceptor
Anaerobic respiration
71
photosynthetic enzymes RuBisCO fixes carbon dioxide into the sugars
3. Regeneration
72
- 1220 km thick
- solid iron and nickel
* Inner core
73
pathway that converts sugar into energy or glucose into pyruvate generating ATP during the conversion enters the mitochondria then during this process as the glucose enters it goes to the process of glycolysis and from this glucose we come up with the TATP
1. glycolysis
74
- Nuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm & cytoplasm
- Contains chromatin
- Chromatin contains DNA of genes
- Condenses to form chromosomes
- Dark nucleolus composed of rRNA
- Produces subunits of ribosomes
* Nucleus
75
- Gaseous envelope that surrounds the earth and constitutes the transition between land mass and vacumm of space
- Reaches over 560 kilometers (348 miles) up from the surface of the earth
- Nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%); other components in small quantities
1. Atmosphere
76
- Most clouds appear here, 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the ____________
a. Troposphere
77
ATP and ADPH are utilized to convert the 3PG molecules into molecules of a 3carbon sugars. There is this conversion of ATP and ANDPH to molecules to reduce and convert it into molecules of 3carbon sugars
2. Reduction phase
78
- package molecules
* Golgi bodies / complex/ apparatus
79
- 2260 km thick
- liquid iron and nickel
- generates Earth’s Magnetic field
* outer core
80
- Digest biomolecules and dead cell parts
* Lysosome
81
- Most important chemical reaction because the processing of food and oxygen is released during
photosynthesis
82
* The gravity pulls the gas and dust particles into rocks
* Over million of years, gravity pulled the rocks together to form the earth
Nebular Hypothesis – Immanuel Kant
83
Where Aurora Northern Lights and Southern Lights occur
d. Thermosphere
84
- main function: breakdown of food; energy release
- transformation of chemical energy into food energy (breakdown of glucose)
- conversion of glucose into ATP (mitochondria)
Cellular respiration
85
- Energy capture
Photosynthesis
86
- thickest layer covering about 67%
- of Earth’s mass
- about 2,900 kilometers thick
- hot molten rocks called magma
* Mantle
87
- where the release of chemical energy happen
Cellular respiration
88
- Consists of 3-20 flattened, curved saccules
- Resembles stack of hollow pancakes
- Packages them in vesicles
- Receives vesicles from ER
- Prepares for “shipment” in vesicles
- Within cell
- Export from cell (secretion, exocytosis)
Golgi bodies / complex/ apparatus
89
- Is NOT an organelle
- Composed of rRNA
- Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit
- Subunits made in nucleolus
* Ribosome
90
- Store materials that occur in excess such as water, nutrients, pigments and waste products
* Vacuole
91
- Process of changing light energy to chemical energy
Photosynthesis
92
- Where ozone layer is found
b. Stratosphere
93
- Modify proteins
* Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough)
94
- being used normally in dairy products such as yogurt and cheese
1. lactic acid fermentation
95
- Utilized by the body to harvest energy and sustain life processes
cell respiration
96
* includes all water on Earth (surface water and groundwater)
* liquid, vapor, or ice
3. Hydrosphere
97
energy stored in pyruvate is transferred to Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NADH and FADH2 and another ATP is produced
3. krebs cycle
98
- Few internal structure
Prokaryotic cells
99
- normally called as ethanol fermentation.
2. alcoholic fermentation
100
utilizes the ATP and ADPH to assimilate carbon dioxide and form carbohydrates
1. Carbon fixation
101
evolves the pumping of protons to speciel channel in the membrane of mitochondria from the inner to outer compartments.
4. chemiosmosis
102
uses uranium to create energy
* Nuclear energy
103
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