english 11 Flashcards
speech style which is Most often seen in writing than in speaking
2) FORMAL STYLE
- People have a universal desire to be treated with politeness
Politeness theory
commands or requests
You should stop smoking.
Can you do this for me?
- DIRECTIVES
imposing your cultural beliefs on other people
Extremely negative level
the kind of relationship we have with our parents and caregivers
- Attachments
talking too fast or too slow, mumbling, hunger, headaches, pain, hearing problems, smell of donuts
- Physiological
true or false: Nonverbals appear to hold more credibility than verbal communication
true
negative behaviors caused by prejudice or stereotyping.
- may be interpersonal or collective
-may include verbal insult, avoidance, physical violence, and genocide
- Discrimination
Logos – Ethos – Pathos
A sender sends a message to a receiver - SENDER, MESSAGE, RECEIVER
One way
A. Aristotelian
also called identity scripts, are life rules assigned to us by significant others (i.e., adult family members) ex. “hindi ka pwedeng mag-asawa hangga’t hindi tapos ang mga kapatid mo” “kahit wag ka na mag college, ganun din naamn, mag-ta trabaho ka rin)
- Life Scripts
- _______Is as old as culture
-Communication
- Meaning in communication is _____________ – people give their own meaning to phenomenon using their background knowledge, previous, experiences, principles or attitudes
individually construed
being indirect, avoiding assumptions or impositions
Hesitations (might, maybe, perhaps) apologizing
Giving options asking questions
Negative politeness
acts that perform an action; changes the state or situation of people
I now pronounce you husband and wife.
You’re fired!
- DECLARATIONS
may replace verbal message (one can shrug his shoulder when asked a question)
susbtituting
- Paul Grice introduced the _____________- which states the necessity of communicators to be conversationally cooperative to achieve the function of communication.
“COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE”
Nico: Mom, did you get my teeth stuff?
Mom: what stuff?
Nico: That thing to remove food between the teeth.
Mom: Yes, I got you the floss.
Nico: The best Mom!
Paraphrasing/ Restructuring
refers to the ability to maintain the focus of the conversation and regulates the current topic. The participants control the things they talk about (and do not talk about) based on understood contexts
- Topic control
the audience is an active constructor of meaning, evaluating content and purpose of the message and the credibility of the speaker.
communication is proactive
can regulate the flow of conversation (ex. Pausing signifies that it’s the other person’s turn to talk)
regulating
- (that thing you do to remove food stuck between your teeth [referring to flossing); It becomes a gas [instead of evaporates]
- CIRCUMLOCUTION
- (Thank you for that wonderful question..; Well..actual…/ haven’t really thought about that yet, But…)
- STALLING
– a non-verbal symbol associated with different meanings including anger, awkwardness o contentment
silence
speech acts (effect)
- PERLOCUTIONARY
religious beliefs affect how one behaves. Some people may feel uncomfortable communicating to people with different beliefs
- Religious identity
the use of touch to convey meaning. Touch is the most sophisticated and intimate of the five senses.
haptics
a belief that one’s own culture is better than others
- Ethnocentrism
people with different background differ in lifestyles. Social class affects the way people interact
- Social class identity
- An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning
Connotations
negative feeling towards individuals belonging to a particular race , social class, religion, and sexual identity. Ex. Racial or Ethnic Prejudice: You cannot trust Igorot people. Ilokanos are stingy.
- Prejudice
speech acts (social function)
- ILLOCUTIONARY
- use of verbal and nonverbal strategies to repair communication breakdowns
- STRATEGIC COMPETENCE
society-assigned norm, behaviors and roles
- Gender identity
speech acts (actual statement)
- LOCUTIONARY
role of time in the communication process. Our punctuality and willingness to wait communicate something. Time can also be an indicator of status.
chronemics
- (Am I making sense?; Can you hear me?; Do you still follow?)
- COMPREHENSION CHECKS
refers to clothes, jewelries or other material possessions that convey meaning
artifacts
- a promise to do something
I will not be absent in class again.
There is no one else but you.
- COMMISSIVES
– giving urgent commands in times of trouble, calamities or emergency situations
Get out! Fire! Run!
- Bald on-face threatening act –
paralinguistic feature such as rising intonation, word stress, or loudness help emphasize our verbal language
accenting
- (He seem so bo…bour.bourgeois)
- RETRIEVAL
mental categorization of particular group of people depending on one’s observation and experiences in interacting with its members
- Stereotyping
changing your voice. (stressing a word/phrase, stretching a word/phrase, pausing before a word/phrase)
voice inflection
- Considered that listeners are not only passive receivers of the message but may also convey information by responding or giving feedback through oral or visual language. It is a two way process of communication
- Two – way
- Feedback
II. Interactional models of communication
- Power, social distance, rank
“Face threatening act”
- Say something clearly and orderly
- avoid ambiguous or confusing language
MAXIM OF MANNER
preserving or enhancing the positive face of self-image of the listener.
Giving compliments, expressing sympathy or understanding, recognizing needs
Using friendly expressions, agreeing
- Positive politeness
hum of a loud fan, loud kids, siren of a fire truck
- External
is a crucial factor that affects the delivery of a message
nosie
- say only what is true
- avoid lying or deceiving
MAXIM OF QUALITY
Openness to other cultures, demonstrating empathy, and adapting to certain situations
- sensitivity
- make the topic relevant to the listener
- avoid monopolizing the discussion
MAXIM OF RELATION
– This style is used in conversations between people who are very close and know each other quite well.
– It is characterized by an economy of words, with a high incidence of significant nonverbal communication, such as gesture, facial expression, eye contact and so on.
– There is free and easy participation of both the speaker and listener.
INTIMATE STYLE
How sounds are produced
- Combination of sounds
- Correct pronunciation of words
Phonology
– it is a continuous and constantly changing process which is influenced by many factors, kaing it difficult to determine where exactly communication begins or ends.
- Communication is a Proces
labels about an individual’s personality or behavior. Ex lazy, sweet, math-genius
- Direct Definition
- Awareness and understanding of another culture’s rules, traditions, and behavior
- Cultural knowledge
physical setting, colors, etc. that sets up the mood and suggests meaning
environmental factors
direct and formal, avoiding long complicated sentences and idiomatic expressions.
directness
avoids confusion by using correct words, correct grammar and avoiding jargons and technical terms that may be misunderstood.
clarity
choosing not to say anything at all in order to avoid embarrassing the listener
- FTA avoidance
each system has its own patterns of communication, language and vocabulary use and rules that dpend on elements such as the behavior and shared experiences of its members
- Communication is systematic
the ability to interact effectively with members belonging to another culture
Intercultural communication competence
may repeat what verbal message communicates (ex. Shaking one’s head while saying no)
repeating
the foundation of the physical message
posture
aspect of our competence that enables us to convey and interpret message and negotiate meaning interpersonally within specific contexts
- Communicative competence
the attention monitor. A good eye contact gives you valuable feedback from the audience
eye contact
- Statement of belief.
Letran is the best school.
- ASSERTIVES
may be intentionally used to hide how we truly feel
deceiving
The information source encodes a message to a transmitter and sends it through a channel/ noise may be present while the channel is utilized and may affect the way it is transferred to the receiver and how it reaches the destination
C. Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
the conclusion of conversation. This part somehow obliges the participants to properly terminate an ongoing exchange of communication
- Termination
The S-M-C-R model of communication
D. David Berlo’s model (1960)
space or distance between the sender and the receiver
proxemics
thoughts and ideas, once transferred, may not be reversed.
Communication is irreversible
This refers to a communication which makes use of broadcast or print media such as the television, radio, newspapers, books and the internet.
- Mass
- Continually changes over time
- Affected by previous interactions
- A dynamic process which continually changes over time depending on previous interactions.
A. Julia Wood’s Transactional Model
Its usually elaborates complex sentences and noun phrases are well structured, logically sequenced, and strongly coherent. – It does not allow ellipsis (like omissions), contractions, qualifying modal adverbials (like probably, possibly, evidently, surely, certainly and subjectively markers )
2) FORMAL STYLE
arranging meaning through repetition, relevance, and consistency.
Ex. paragraphs supporting the main idea; sentences explaining the thesis statement
coherence
Desire to communicate and understand culture of others
- motivation
you prefer your own culture over other’s culture
Positive level
– Known as the Third Level of language
– It is unplanned speech
– This speech style uses listener participation and feedback
– The two defining features of this style are:
(a) the speaker supplies background information
(b) the listener participates continuously
– Less appropriate for writing
) CONSULTATIVE STYLE
It is most the most formal communicative style that is often used in respectful situation or formal ceremony
) FROZEN STYLE
limiting what will be talked about. It delimits the ideas expressed and determines insignificant messages
- Topic restriction
– refers to one’s national citizenship legal status
- National identity
the mirror of meaning
facial expression
the vocabulary of body language. Supports the verbal message
gestures
enables the combination of sentences for ease of understanding
Ex. use of conjunctions (and, or, but, for instance, in addition…)
cohesion
Is also known as the transmission model and reflects a process in which a speaker transmits information to a listener
I. Linear Model of Communication
– This style is used in conversations between friends and insiders who have something to share and have shared background information
– There is free and easy participation of both speaker and listener
- uses slang, profanity, informal words
– The diction or vocabulary is informal (colloquial)
CASUAL OR INFORMAL STYLE
- Communication is a __________ in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings
systematic process
the belief that one’s culture is superior than others
Negative level
How sentences are formed
Syntax
How words are formed
- content words and function words
- individual vocabulary (lexicon)
- word meanings through word analysis
- ex. THECATISONTHEMATH PLEASEGIVEMEAPENANDPAPER
- roots, prefixes and suffixes
Morphology
- Using verbal and non-verbal communicative strategies to avoid communication breakdowns
- Cooperative attempts to repair breakdowns during communication
- Ways to keep the conversation going despite lack of competence in other aspects of communication
Communicative competence
- (The Presidentiables are having a debate tonight.
- WORD COINAGE
- (Please get an / affidavit/ of loss) - Filipino pronunclation
.FOREIGNIZING
is the manner in which people engaged in a conversation and mage their turns to speak. This strategy orchestrates the participants to speak alternately in order to avoid misunderstanding
- Turn-taking
- (funny-looking dog [referring to a dachshund] bird for owl; chair for stool.
- APPROXIMATION
Communication between two people (dyad) or among a small group.
- Interpersonal
is the movement from one topic to a related topic. The participants shift to a different topic once a previous conversation has either ended or not
- Topic shifting
- Meaning association of words
- Idiomatic expression: an expression, word, or phrase that has a figurative meaning conventionally understood by native speakers
Semantics
Transactional Model of Communication
Julia wood’s transactional model
- Are perceived to be sequential and one way in nature, which means that the message moves towards only a single direction
I. Linear Model of Communication
speech style that uses formal words and expressions
2) FORMAL STYLE
This occurs in interactions among people of different cultures.
- Intercultural
encompasses knowledge of lexical items and rules of morphology, syntax and phonology and semantics.
- Grammatical competence
- (At that time I felt so…the atmosphere was not good.)
- 4.RESTRUCTURING
Language is …- (non-tangible and nonspecific)
Abstract
This speech style is expected to be presented in complete sentences with specific word usage
2) FORMAL STYLE
speaking words that can ahve two different meanings
semantic
Both communicators actively and simultaneously construct meaning out of a conversation.
- Communication involves communicators, not just a speaker and listener
- (If I ever get kidnapped, walang mag ra-ransom)
- CODE-SWITCHING
Communication within the self.
- Intrapersonal
- ___________- is communication which involves interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event (samovar, 2009)
Intercultural communication
- Process & interactions
- Encoder > message > decoder > message > field of experience > decoder >interpreter>encoder >repeat
- A person’s background, experience and knowledge are factors that impact interpretation
A. Wilbur Schramm’s model
type of stereotyping: All asians are intelligent; All teachers are patient; All mothers are caring
Positive Stereotypes
- ________- (term differ as people assign them)
arbitrary
body language in communication
kinesics
− Also known as fixed speech
) FROZEN STYLE
Trustworthiness, respect, and honor among others
- Character
may be contradicted if one’s verbal behavior is inconsistent with what Is being portrayed
contradicting
Also known as public speaking. This refers to communication in which and individual communicates a message to a large audience, usually to inform or persuade.
- Public
is the act of suggesting a topic for conversation. Nomination takes place in order to jump start communication
- Topic nomination
What do you mean?; Could you say that again?)
- MEANING-NEGOTIATION
– a particular manner expected of one’s age; may also be presented in terms of appearance, clothing, language and activities
- Age identity
The type of medium used will determine the effectiveness of the message
The communicator has a message sent through a medium. The receiver gets the message and reacts to it COMMUNICATOR, MESSAGE, MEDIUM, RECEIVER, REACTS
B. Harold Lasswell’s model (1948)
Refers to the environment in which communication occurs.
- Speech contexts
symbols are arbitrary. Any symbol can be used to represent a concept as long as the meaning is shared by a group of people.
- Communication is symbolic
__________ – sounds
__________ – structure
__________ – vocabulary meaning
__________ – contextual meaning
Phonological – sounds
Syntactic – structure
Semantic – vocabulary meaning
Pragmatic – contextual meaning
________ intimate, ______– personal, ______. social, more than _______ – public space
1.5ft – intimate, 4ft – personal, 9ft. social, more than 9ft – public space
defining oneself by recognizing similarities and differences with other people in terms of age, nationality, social status, abilities, interests, and so on. (While beneficial to some, for others, the act of comparing can lead to negative feelings of envy, low self-esteem, low self-confidence and isolation.)
- Social Comparisons
4 linear model of communication
Aristotelian, Harold Lasswell’s Model, Shanon-Weaver Model, David Berlo’s Model
type of stereotyping: All beggars are lazy; Boys should not play with dolls; All Muslims are terrorists.
Negative Stereotypes
Refers to communication within organization; governed by rules, policies, & procedures
- Organizational
Ability to listen, observe, and comprehend nonverbal and verbal symbols used in communication by people of different cultures
- communication skill
Expresses how the speaker feel about the situation.
I am sorry.
I’m excited!
- EXPRESSIVES
- Mastery of rules and conventions of how meaning can be combines to form various enres of discourse
- Discourse Competence
Scenario 1
Norman: (signals to exit the room to have a snack)
Luis: (signals that he does not have money)
Norman: (signals that he will be the one to pay)
non linguistic responses
use of words that stirs mental images and pictures
vividness
direct and formal, avoiding long complicated sentences and idiomatic expressions.
directness
- appropriate utterances in various sociocultural contexts
- modification of language use depending on context and situation
- Sociolinguistic competence
8 factors that affect the process of communication:
- Personality of communicators
- History of communication
- Time of the day
- Feelings of communicators
- Relationship between communicators
- Perception of self
- Environment
- Language used in communication
all non-words sounds like pitch, tone, volume, rate, weight of break, groans, oh’s & as’s, that give meaning to the words that affect the meaning of words we say
paralanguage
uses implicatures so the listener can make inferences on the meaning; done to avoid embarrassing or imposing on someone (irony, metaphor, ambiguous language)
(the room is dark). Can we open the blinds?
(someone looks sick). You look a bit under the weather
- Off-record politeness
production and comprehension of sentences that follow the rules of grammar
- Linguistic competence
Moana: You weren’t in the exam room today.
Wendy: I don’t have my permit. Wala pa pambayad tuition.
Code-switching
is a correction of an utterance. Sometimes, people commit mistakes with the things they say or the ideas they express. Thus a repair of these ideas is necessary
- Repair
- provide the most helpful information
- avoid too much information
MAXIM OF QUANTITY
− As most highly formal style, it uses the complex grammatical sentence structure and vocabulary known only to experts in a particular field
) FROZEN STYLE
2 Interactional Model of Communication
Wilbur Schramm’s Model, Eugene White’s Model
appeals to the audience’s reason, building up logical arguments.
Logos
appeals to the speaker’s status or authority, making the audience more likely to trust them.
Ethos
. appeals to the emotions, trying to make the audience feel angry or sympathetic, for example.
Pathos
