philo Flashcards
. Also called Elenchus.
- Socratic Method
is a group of three people who work together, especially when they are in charge of something
triumvirate
: If it has a conclusion which is not logically supported by the premises.
- NON SEQUITUR
flesh (physical form) + soul
- Embodied spirit
Concerned with the idea of what is beautiful.
- Aesthetics
While Western philosophy uses ___________ to address these problems, Eastern philosophy is more subject to interpretation.
logic and reasoning
- Social philosophy – from the Greek word “koino=nikos” which means _______
group or associate:
is the quality of having an experience, knowledge and good judgement; the quality of being wise
- Human Wisdom
according to Isaiah Berlin, a British philosopher,
(1) Questions are very ________,
broad
Theodicy – from the Greek words “theos” which means ________, and “dike” which means ________: is the science of the study of God.
theos - god
dike - study
- This fallacy literally means hitting the person below the belt instead of focusing on the issue at hand.
Argumentum Ad Hominem
5 Attribution of Moral Consideration
anthropocentrism, pathocentrism, biocentrism, ecocentrism, aesthetics
- According to the French Philosopher Jean Paul Sartre, the ________of a human life that cannot choose what is already given about itself. The reality of an embodied being is that we shall always have limitations.
FACTICITY
- deals with “norms” or sets of considerations how one should act. Thus, it’s a study of “ethical action” and sets out the rightness or wrongness of the actions.
Normative Ethics
believed that the cosmos is a structured system ordered by numbers.
- Pythagoras
he desire to know the ultimate stuff that makes up the different things we perceived.
- Thales of Miletus
said that the only thing that is permanent in this world is change and uses the flames of fire to emphasize the idea of change.
Heraclitus
- Cosmology – from the Greek word “kosmos” which means _______and “logia” which means _________
kosmos -world
logia -the study of; the science of inanimate objects.
2 types of thinking
holistic and partial thinking
- Cogito, ergo sum
- Cogito, ergo sum = I think, therefore, I am
was sentenced to death by the Athenian government for allegedly corrupting the minds of the youth. He was given a chance to escape and go on exile, but he chose not to as he claimed that he could not go against the state that nurtured him.
Socrates
happiness is the ultimate criterion to establish what is moral and what is not, i.e., the ideal moral society is the one where everybody is happy and everybody is free of pain.
- John Stuart Mill
Study of existence or reality.
Metaphysics
He believed that this world is not the basis of true and real knowledge as the things that we perceive through our senses are always changing.
Plato
- Based on the facts of reality
- Can be confirmed with other sources
- Independent of one’s interpretation, preference and biases
Truth
has self-determination, has dignity, has awareness of self, and is able to reach out and interact with other
man
metaphysical system: believed that this world is not the basis of true and real knowledge as the things that we perceive through our senses are always changing.
- Plato
- According to the French _____________the FACTICITY of a human life that cannot choose what is already given about Itself. The reality of an embodied being is that we shall always have limitations.
Philosopher Jean Paul Sartre,
- Pythagoras is known for coined the term
Philosophy
Concerned with the various forms of reasoning and arriving at genuine conclusions.
- Logic
is the Father of Western Philosophy. For him, it was not the Gods who created the world but rather, the world is made up of water
- Thales
While Western philosophy uses logic and reasoning to address these problems, Eastern philosophy is more subject to ______
interpretation.
- As spatial beings, we are limited by our bodies to be present in ________ places at the same time.
two or more
is largely spiritual in nature, while Western philosophy is quite practical.
- Eastern philosophy
Deals with various problems concerning knowledge.
- Epistemology
from the Greek words “psyche” which means breath, soul or spirit and “logos” which means study: the science of human behavior
- Psychology
- Advancing an idea since it has been practice for a long time.
Argumentum Ad Tradition
- According to ____________ doubting is a form of thinking.
Rene Descartes,
- focuses on the rightness and wrongness of the actions rather than the consequences of those actions.
Deontological ethics or duty ethics
- As temporal beings, our most obvious limitation is our __________ - our finite quality or state.
finitude
Deals with norms or standards of right and wrong applicable to human behavior.
- Ethics
are acts or actions done consciously and freely by man which a man are responsible for. This is subjected to morality.
- Human Acts
- Eastern philosophy is largely _____________
spiritual in nature,
was able to be in different places at the same time. He was able to be present and speak, listen, and live in two or more different events all at once.
Padre Pio
refers to certain types of actions that are naturally exhibited by man, involuntary action; it is a natural act of vegetative and sense of faculties.
- Acts of Human
A life-centered theory, it is the view that not only humans and animals, but also plants should be morally considerate.
- Biocentrism
- is a discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationships of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents.
Environmental Ethics
he term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles.
Ethics
deals with what people actually believe (or made to believe) to be right or wrong, and accordingly holds up the human actions acceptable or not acceptable or punishable under a custom or law.
- Descriptive ethics
- Tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it
Confirmation Bias
says that the morality of an action is contingent with the outcome of that action. So, the morally right action would produce good outcome while morally wrong action would produce bad outcome
- Consequentialism or teleological ethics
The term ‘dialectic’ comes from the Greek word dialektike which means
‘the art of conversation.’
is a gift from God
- Divine wisdom
regards humans as separate from and superior to nature and holds that human life has intrinsic value while other entities (including animals, plants, mineral resources, and so on) are resources that may justifiably be exploited for the benefit of humankind.
- ANTHROPOCENTRISM
To address environmental problems humanity has to remove the superior vs. inferior in human relations.
- ECOFEMINISM
- A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed
Conflict of Interest
_______ is understood to be present when one is choosing a course of action, and he or she is taking full responsibility for the consequences of his actions.
Freedom
- Whatever has been proven false must be true and vice versa
Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam
- Arne Naess, proponent of __________, assumes that all living things possess equal value and intrinsic worth regardless of their usefulness or utility to other beings.
- DEEP ECOLOGY
- Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards
Cultural Bias
a way of searching for certainty by systematically though tentatively doubting everything.
- Systematic/ Methodic Doubt
freedom and obligation are two indispensable conditions for morality to occur. Freedom is understood to be present when one is choosing a course of action, and he or she is taking full responsibility for the consequences of his actions. Importantly, this is anchored to the individual’s moral and rational capacity to discern what is right and wrong.
- John Mothershead
- an inclination of temperament or outlook
- an instance of such prejudice
- deviation of the expected value of a statistical estimate from the quantity it estimates
- systematic error introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others
Bias
said that the facticity of a human life that cannot choose what is already given about itself.
- Jean Paul Sartre
- A _______ has physical self and cognitive self
human person
focuses on the interests of all species and natural features of Earth’s ecosystems, refusing to place any aspect or species above the others. It focus on the intrinsic value of all these entities in their own right while acknowledging their instrumental value to one another as part of the natural process.
- ECOCENTRISM
concluded that the fundamental substance must be air
- Anaximenes
uses the flames of fire to emphasize the idea of change.
- Heraclitus
formulated the positive conception of freedom as the free capacity for choice.
- Immanuel Kant
- “I think, therefore, I am”: we should doubt everything that is delivered to us by our senses and that the only thing that cannot be doubted is the existence of the thinking self.
Rene Descartes’
- Western philosophy deals with _______while Eastern Philosophy is related to ________
Western - Individualism
Eastern - Collectivism.
(true or false)
TRANSCENDING LIMITATIONS
* Given the limitations that we have, we are more concerned about the past and/or future that is why we never appreciate the present. The truth is, we can’t change our facticity, but we can change our attitude towards it.
true
5 theories in radical ecological philosophy
deep ecology, social ecology, ecofeminism, prudence, frugality
- Philosophy came from the root word ________ (love) and ______(wisdom) hence, love for wisdom
philo and sophia
If it contains premises which contradict each other, i.e., premises which cannot be true at the same time
- INCONSISTENCY
- __________ used in the Western parts of the world,
- Western philosophy
focuses on specific aspects of a situation
- Partial thinking
while the __________ philosophy is prevalent in Asian countries.
Eastern
Eight Fold Path
- Right view (know the truth)
- Right mindfulness (control your thoughts)
- Right concentration (practice meditation)
- Right effort (resist evil)
- Right livelihood (respect life)
- Right action (Work for the good of others)
- Right speech (say nothing that hurts others)
- Right intention (free your mind of evil)
- Murray Bookchin, proponent of ___________, believes that ecological problems can be traced to social problems.
- SOCIAL ECOLOGY
from the Greek word “ethikos” which means custom or character: is the science of morality of human act.
- Ethics
): If it assumes as a premise what it is trying to prove in the conclusion.
- PETITIO PRINCIPII (BEGGING THE QUESTION):
means the quality of an action whether it is right or wrong
Morality
- According to him, human beings, we trust more of our senses rather than our reasoning capabilities as he said in the Allegory of the cave that human beings are ignorant of the truth.
Plato’s Divisions of World: World of Ideas and World of Senses.
what metho of philosophizing is this:
1. Classify the statements or claims according to the type and source of knowledge e.g., knowledge from tradition, empirical knowledge, and mathematical knowledge.
2. Doubt the claims. Investigate the claims and use the appropriate approach according to the type and source of knowledge.
3. Eliminate all the false statements/ claims, and identify the indubitable certainties or the truth.
- Systematic/ Methodic Doubt
He believed that this world is not the basis of true and real knowledge as the things that we perceive through our senses are always changing.
plato
Buddha’s four noble truth
- Life has inevitable suffering
- There is a cause to our suffering
- The end to suffering is contained the eight-fold path
- There is an end to suffering
believes that it was not the Gods who created the world but rather, the world is made up of water.
- Thales
claimed that the fundamental substance of reality is the infinite or apeiron.
- Anaximander
- Plato’s book “__________” which he penned around 375 B.C. tackled the idea of justice in ancient Greece.
The Republic
is the Father of Western Philosophy. For him, it was not the Gods who created the world but rather, the world is made up of water.
- Thales
said that “Philosophy is a vision.” which means that clear thinking and imaginative understanding are necessary qualities as we try to deal with the problems that confront us in our daily life.
- Friedrich Weismann
- This is committed when a person uses threat or force to advance an argument.
Argumentum Ad Baculum
- The Miletians
Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes
where it once would have been more accurate to speak of moral judgments or moral principles.
ethical judgments or to ethical principles
(true or false) The terms ethics and morality are closely related
true
according to Isaiah Berlin, a British philosopher, There is _______
no single methodology, and
assumes that all living things possess equal value and intrinsic worth regardless of their usefulness or utility to other beings.
- DEEP ECOLOGY
Philosophical viewpoint arguing that human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world.
- Anthropocentrism
The term ‘dialectic’ comes from the Greek word dialektike which means ‘the art of conversation.’
- Dialectic Method -
also called MORAL PHILOSOPHY, the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong.
- Ethics
- Our body serves as an intermediary between us and the physical world. Plato gave us an idea that our soul and body are __________. Therefore, part of its idea is that without the body, the soul will not function, so as the body without the soul.
two different entities.
- This fallacy is committed when one reaches a generalization based on insufficient evidence
Hasty Generalization
is an attempt to distract from the main issue by bringing in irrelevant information.
Red Herring
from the Greek words “theos” which means God, and “dike” which means study: is the science of the study of God
- Theodicy
is concerned with determining the concept of TRUTH
- Philosophy
a British philosopher, there are three characteristics of a philosophical question: (1) Questions are very broad, (2) There is no single methodology, and (3) Questions have no practical utility.
- Isaiah Berlin
- Within the subject of philosophy, ________is used to investigate existential problems.
analytical thinking
from the Greek word “logos” the science of correct reasoning
- Logic
- a false or mistaken idea
- erroneous character
- deceptive appearance
- an often plausible argument using false or invalid inference
Fallacy
believes that ecological problems can be traced to social problems.
- SOCIAL ECOLOGY
from the Greek word “koino=nikos” which means group or associate: is a science of principles governing human relations.
Social philosophy
- Assuming that the effect is related to a cause because both events occur one after the other.
Cause-and-Effect
- It assumes that male-centered view of nature is the root cause of ecological problems. To address environmental problems humanity has to remove the superior vs. inferior in human relations.
- ECOFEMINISM
the morally right action would produce good outcome while morally wrong action would produce bad outcome
- Consequentialism or teleological ethics
3 kinds of fallacy
- INCONSISTENCY , 2. PETITIO PRINCIPII , 3. NON SEQUITUR
from the Greek word “prosopon” which means person’ the science of study of man in relation to his own destiny, God and to his fellowmen
- Philosophy of Human person
is known for coined the term Philosophy
- Pythagoras
, on other hand, discusses about God but they use faith and tradition in order to arrive into conclusion.
Theology
- it is a series of question and answer to elicit clear ideas and to stimulate critical thinking.
- Socratic Method
is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and language
- Philosophy
- Based on emotions
- Open to interpretation
- Cannot be confirmed
- Inherently biased
Opinion
Western philosophy is quite ________
practical
- is the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and behavior using reason. It is the behavior that is cautious and, as much as possible, keeps away from any risks.
- PRUDENCE
believed that there is no motion and explained it in his 2 Main Ideas: Achilles and the Tortoise and The Arrow Paradox.
- Zeno
One idea from ________is about the knowledge of the human person
Plato
(true or false) ETHICS IS EQUIVALENT TO MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
true
according to Isaiah Berlin, a British philosopher, Questions have ________.
no practical utility
__________- Co-Principles of Things: the human person is composed of co-principles: form and matter. In this explanation, our soul is the form and the body is the matter.
- Aristotle’s Co-Principles of Things
. It studies about proving God’s existence through the use of human reason.
- Theodicy
_________-, a British philosopher, there are three characteristics of a philosophical question:
(1) Questions are very broad,
(2) There is no single methodology, and
(3) Questions have no practical utility.
- Isaiah Berlin
Ecosystem-centered ethics regards ecosystems as holistic entities that should be given moral consideration.
- Ecocentrism
Also called Elenchus.
- Socratic Method
- The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events
Hindsight
is a discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationships of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents.
- ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
from the Greek word “kosmos” which means world and “logia” which means the study of; the science of inanimate objects. Based on study, these lifeless beings contribute to man’s search for meaning
- Cosmology
- Plays on our innate desire to fit in. If many people believe something, our common sense tells us that it must be true and we tend to accept it. However, in logic, the popularity of a proposition cannot serve as evidence of its truthfulness
Argumentum Ad Populum (appeal to popularity/bandwagon Fallacy)
It is the act of talking back and forth, arguing about contentious issues, eliminating the disagreement and coming up with a consensus or settle with one concept of truth.
- Dialectic Method
- Tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions,without regard for the external factors or influence.
Correspondence bias or attribution effect
thin the subject of philosophy, _______ is used to investigate existential problems
analytical thinking
- A person uses emotion such as pity to convince someone
Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
- Both Western and Eastern philosophies center on ____.
virtues
- How to distinguish a human person?
Cognitive self & Physical self
refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems.
- Holistic thinking
Moral consideration should be extended to intelligent animals who are sentient or living things who are capable to feel things
- Pathocentrism
Two kinds of wisdom
divine and human wisdom
- Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects
Framing
- Ethics – from the Greek word “ethikos” which means ________ is the science of morality of human act.
custom or character:
believed that everything is made of 4 elements: fire, water, air, and earth.
- Empedocles
