sci combined Flashcards
What is the closest planet to the sun?
Mercury
The tendency of an object to resist change in motion is called?
Inertia
Fossils are most often found in what kind of rocks?
Sedimentary
Organisms that are in the same biological class must also be in the same?
Phylum
The density of a liquid is commonly expressed using what units?
Milliliters
What organism primarily regulates its internal body temperate by external means?
Butterfly
In the food chain, animals that primarily graze on grass as their food source are?
Primary Consumers
When light passes from the air into a glass lens, the light changes direction. This is known as:
refraction
What is an example of a mineral?
Diamond
The boundary where two air masses converge is called?
A front
What is an example of a chemical change?
Cooking of an egg
The DNA in an animal cell is found is what location?
Nucleus
What is an example of an amphibian?
Salamander
What is the most common gas in Earth’s atmosphere?
Nitrogen
What is the order of the planets?
MercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiter SaturnUranusNeptune
pH scale definition
From the range 7-14, a solution is basic. Whenever the value of pOH is greater than 7, then it is considered basic. At pH 7, the substance or solution is at neutral and means that the concentration of H+ and OH- ion is the same.From the range 1-7, a solution is acidic. So, whenever the value of a pH is less than 7, it is considered acidic.
What is the definition of an element?
An element is a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons - i.e. the same atomic number.Elements are chemically the simplest substances and hence cannot be broken down using chemical methods. Elements can only be changed into other elements using nuclear methods.
What is the definition of an amphibian?
any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Amphibia, comprising frogs and toads, newts and salamanders, and caecilians, the larvae being typically aquatic, breathing by gills, and the adults being typically semiterrestrial, breathing by lungs and through the moist, glandular skin.
What is the definition of natural selection?
the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.
What is the definition of a renewable energy resource?
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.
What is homeostasis?
the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.
What is electrostatic attraction?
Electrostatic attraction is the attraction between atoms of opposite charge that holds the atoms together in ionic bonds.
What is inertia?
the property of matter by which it retains its state of rest or its velocity along a straight line so long as it is not acted upon by an external force.- resisting change!
What are biotic factors?
Biotic factors are the living parts of an ecosystem—the animals, plants and microorganisms.
what is the earths only natural satelite?
the moon
what are earth's months based on?
moons rotation around the earth
what do fossils give us?
a record of how life on earth has changed over time
what don't fossils give us complete evolution?
because not all organisms get preserved and not all fossils are found
How were the Hawaiian Islands formed?
stationary hot spots that came from the outer core
how did one hot spot in hawaii form all the islands?
the pacific tectonic plate moved over the course of thousands of years therefore creating multiple islands
what are gametes?
sperm and egg cells
what are zygotes?
fertilized eggs
What are haploid cells?
when you have 23 chromosomes (n)
what are diploid cells?
when you have 46 chromosomes (2n)
What are earth's compositional layers?
Crust/Lithosphere, mantle, core
crust (compositional layer)
Outermost solid layer and made
What material is in the Mantle (compositional layer)?
not liquid, composed of aluminum, silicates, & plastic
Lithosphere (mechanical layer)
outer most, rigid, earth's crust
What material is in the Asthenosphere (mechanical layer)?
not a liquid, soft plastic
What material is in the Mesosphere (mechanical layer)?
material flows but at a slower rate, stiff plastic
What material is in the outer core (mechanical layer)?
layer of liquid iron and nickel, only layer of earth that is a true liquid
What does the Hydrosphere contain? (Earth's Spheres)
all water on earth in liquid form (lakes, rivers, oceans)
What does the biosphere contain? (earth's sphere)
all ecosystems and living organisms
What does the cryosphere contain? (earth's sphere)
masses of frozen water (frozen lakes, rivers, oceans, glaciers)
What are Earth's Spheres?
lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere
What is in the atmosphere (earth's sphere)?
gasses that surround the planet
What gasses surround the planet?
nitrogen: 78%, oxygen: 21%, argon: 0.09%, helium: small traces, neon: small traces
What are the compositional layers?
crust, mantle, core
What are the mechanical layers?
lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core
What are Earth's atmosphere?
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
What occurs in the Troposphere?
most weather occurs here, 0-12 km
What occurs in the stratosphere? What does it absorb?
ozone layer, 12-50 km, absorbs 97-99% of suns ultraviolent light
How many km is the mesosphere?
50-80 km
How many km is the thermosphere?
80-700 km
How many km is the exosphere?
700-1000 km
what processes happen in the lithosphere?
geographic landscapes are formations made by rocks
What are the formations in the lithosphere?
mountains, volcanoes, canyons
how are mountains formed?
formed from the tectonic plates smashing together
How are volcanoes formed?
formed when magma from the earth's upper mantle erupts through the surface
How are canyons formed?
formed by weathering and erosion caused by movements in rivers and by tectonic plate activity
what causes earthquakes?
by plates rubbing against each other in an opposite motion which causes rocks underground to break along the fault therefore this causes energy to be released causing seismic waves
what are the magnitude ratings?
3-4.9= minor or light, 5-6.9= moderate to strong, 7-7.9= major, 8 or more= great
what are the types of seismic waves?
primary (p waves), secondary (s waves), surface
what are primary waves (p waves)?
fastest waves ( 3 miles per second), can travel through solid, liquid, gases
what are secondary waves (s waves)?
travel through earth's interior at half the speed of p waves (1.5 miles per second), can travel through rock but not liquid or gas
what are surface waves?
move along earth's surface, slowest waves
what are tsunamis?
giant waves cause by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea
what happens when tsunamis travel inland?
they build up to higher and higher heights as the depth of the ocean decreases
what does tsunamis speed depend on?
ocean depth
what is plate tectonic theory?
earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core
what does plate tectonic theory do?
the plates move and separate causing earth to separate and change
what are the types of plate tectonics?
divergent, convergent, and subduction
what does divergent mean?
to pull apart
what does convergent mean?
they come together
what does subduction mean?
sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into the mantle beneath another plate
what is soil?
mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids that support life on earth
what are layers of soil in order?
topsoil, subsoil, bedrock
what is the water cycle?
the continuous circulation of water throughout earth and earth's atmosphere
what is another name for the water cycle?
hydrologic cycle
what are the main stages of the water cycle?
evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration
What is precipitation?
Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface (rain & snow)
what is evaporation?
when water turns from a liquid to a gas (water vapor)
what is condensation?
gas (water vapor) turns back into a liquid, water collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it, forming clouds
What is transpiration?
plants suck water from the roots into the small pores in leaves which releases gas (water vapor) the atmosphere
how old in earth?
4.5 billion years old
what is an eon?
a very long period of time
When was the Hadean Eon formed?
4.5 billion
What were the temperatures and activities that formed in the Hadean Eon?
temperatures were extremely hot and volcanic activity
What kind of life was in the Hadean Eon?
no life
What was the Hadean Eon formed by?
formed by debris around the solar protoplanetary disk
what key feature formed in the Hadean Eon?
the moon
When was the Archean Eon formed?
2.5 billion
What kind of life was formed in the Archean Eon?
prokaryote and other first forms of life
What was the atmosphere composed of in the Archean Eon?
volcanic and greenhouse gasses
When was the Proterozoic Eon formed?
541 billion
What kinds of life were formed in the Proterozoic Eon?
eukaryote, multicellular organisms, bacteria began producing oxygen, plants, animals, early fungi formed
What did the Proterozoic Eon do for earth's atmosphere?
shaped the third & current of earth's atmosphere
What kinds of life formed in the Phanerozoic Eon?
complex life including vertebrates begin to dominate the ocean, familiar forms of plants, animals, and fungi, animals including humans evolve at the most recent phase
When was the Phanerozoic Eon formed?
541 million- present
what are rocks?
naturally occurring solid mass or aggerate of minerals or mineraloid matter
how are rocks categorized?
by minerals they include, chemical composition, and formation (origin)
what are the 3 categories of rocks?
igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary
what are igneous rocks made of?
lava & magma
what do igneous rocks look like?
glassy, smooth, gas, bubble holes, random arrangement of minerals
what are examples of igneous rocks?
granite, pumice, obsidian
what are metamorphic rocks made of?
heat pressure
what do metamorphic rocks look like?
sparkly, crystals, ribbon like layers
what are examples of metamorphic rock?
marble, slate, gneiss
what do sedimentary rocks look like?
sand grains, visible pebbles fossils may be visible
what are sedimentary rocks made of?
deposition, cementation
what are examples of sedimentary rocks?
conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale
characteristics of Earth:
third planet from the sun, densest planet, largest of the four terrestrial, only known object to harbor life
What does earth's tilt cause?
seasons
the _____ is the star at the center of the solar system and is earth's most important source of energy for life
sun
what is the solar system?
planetary system that orbits the sun, which includes 8 planets and their natural satellites, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, & particles of smaller debris
what other planet is similar to earth in size, density, and mass?
Venus
what other planet is like earth in terms of rotation and tilt on it's axis?
mars
What is the order of the planets from the sun?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
how do you remember the order of the planets?
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles
what are comets?
chunks of ice and rock originating outside of the solar system
what are asteriods?
chunks of rock and metal in orbit between mars and jupiter
What are meteorites?
small asteriods
what is light year?
a unit of astronomical distance equal to the distance light travels
If something is 4 light years away from earth how long will it take to be visible from earth?
4 years
what is speed of light?
300,000 km/s
what does earth's tilt cause?
the seasons
what happens when earth is tilted towards the sun?
it is warmer (summer)
what happens when earth is tilted away from the sun?
it is colder (winter)
characteristics of the fall & autumn equinox?
12 hrs of both daylight and darkness & september 23
characteristics of summer solstice
maximum tilt towards the sun causing the longest period of daylight & june 22
characteristics of the spring vernal equinox
12 hrs of both daylight and darkness & march 21
characteristics of winter solstice
north pole is tilted furthest away from the sun causing the shortest period of daylight & december 21
what marked the emergence of modern science and the heliocentric model regarding the universe?
scientific revolution
what theory was believed before the heliocentric theory?
geocentric theory
what is the geocentric theory?
that earth sat stationary at the center of the universe
what is the heliocentric theory and who introduced it?
Nicolaus Copernicus & the sun was at the center of the universe and earth rotates on its axis while revolving around the sun
what does the moon do?
affects the tides
what does a waxing moon look like?
illuminated on the right side
what does a waning moon look like?
illuminated on the left side
what are stars?
luminous balls of gas, mostly hydrogen, held together by its own gravity
what do star colors rely on?
temperature
what is the color of a hotter star?
blue
what is the color of a cooler star?
red
what are the types of stars?
O, B, A, F, G, K, M
what is the color and temperature of a O star?
blue, 25,000 kelvin
what is the color and temperature of a B star?
blue, 11,000-20,000 kelvin
what is the color and temperature of a A star?
blue, 7,500-11,000 kelvin
what is the color and temperature of a F star?
blue to white, 6,000-7,500 kelvin
what is the color and temperature of a G star?
white to yellow, 5,000-6,000 kelvin
what is the color and temperature of a K star?
orange to red, 3,500-5,000 kelvin
what is the color and temperature of a M star?
red, under 3,500 kelvin
What is a lunar eclipse?
the earth comes first created a shadow on the moon called the umbra
What is a solar eclipse?
the moon comes first
what is the space race?
when the US was competing with Russia to be the first to put a man on the moon & began in 1957 when Russia launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite & then the US committed to getting to the moon before Russia
what are earth's patterns?
spins on its axis & makes one full revolution on its axis every 24 hours & revolves around the sun & 365 days to make one full revolution around the sun
what are earth's cycles?
these cause day, night, seasons, weather, phases of the moon, water cycle, and life cycle
what are earth's changes?
some changes happen quick some happen slow & -ex: north american and european tectonic plates are separated by the mid-Atlantic ridge, the two continents are moving away from each other at about 1 inch per year
what are earth's magnetic poles?
magnetic fields that extend from its interior to outer space
what is calibrated by the magnetic poles?
compass
What does the magnetic field do?
morph, push, and pull at one another
magnetic poles on earth
magnetic field S pole is earth's geographic north pole & magnetic field N pole is earth's geographic south pole
what is the continental drift?
earth's continents were once one big land mass that separated or drifted apart over time because of tectonic plates
what is the big landmass in the continental drift called?
Pangea
Who proposed continental drift?
Alfred Wegener in 1912
the practice of science should be outline in these skills (VERY IMPORTANT):
asking questions and defining problems developing and using models & analyzing and interpreting data & using math and comcuptational thinking & constructing explainations and designing solutions & obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information
what does science is inquiry based?
students must be given the opportunity to interact with the concepts they are studying
what is an example of inquiry based?
ex: stuyding living organisms & students need to observe living organisms and have the opportunity to touch, observe, and interact
what are living things?
have physical entities and biological processes such as homeostasis, cell division, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis
what three components make up cell theory?
all living things are composed of cells & all cells come from pre-exisiting cells & cell is the smallest unit of life
what is the organization of life?
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms
what are the six different kingdoms?
Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
What is a prokaryote?
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane bound organism
what is a eukaryote?
multicellular organism that contains a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane based organelles
what does DNA do in the prokaryote cell?
floats freely throughout the cell
what two domains are prokaryote cells divided into?
archaea and bacteria
what are organelles?
the structure within the cell membrane or cell wall
what are the main structure of the organelles?
cellular membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm
what is cellular membrane?
fluid, permeable outside covering of the cell, in plant cell this is a cell wall and its rigid
what is nucleus?
command center of the cell, it controls the rest of the cell
what does DNA do in a eukaryote cell?
lives in the nucleus
What is the mitochondria?
powerhouse of the cell
what is cytoplasm?
water like substance in the cell
what kind of cell are bacteria and virus?
prokaryote
what kind of cell are animals and plants?
eukaryote
What process do animal cells go through?
cellular respiration, which is the process of taking in food in the form of carbohydrates which makes energy in the form of ATP and removing waste
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + water + energy (as ATP)
what process do plant cells go through?
photosynthesis which is the process of making their own food by using carbon dioxide, sunlight, and turning them into carbohydrates
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight -----> glucose (sugar) + oxygen
what happens to the waste of animal cells?
it becomes nutrients plants use to go through photosythesis
what happens to the waste of plant cells?
it becomes nutrients for animals to use to go through cellular respiration
what kind of relationship do plants and animals have?
symbiotic relationship
plants have:
cell wall, chloroplasts, phtosythesis
animals have:
plasma membrane, no chloroplasts, cellular respiration
what are the 2 types of reproduction?
sexual and asexual
characteristics of sexual reproduction
2 parents, ech contribute a gamete (sex cells), male gamete: sperm, female gamete: ova (egg), occurs in both plants and animals
characteristics of asexual reproduction:
- involves 1 parent
what are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?
binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis
what is binary fission?
single parent cell doubles its DNA then divides into 2 cells, usually occurs in bacteria
what is budding?
small growth on the surface of parent breaks off to continue growing into adulthood, usually occurs in yeast & some animals
what is fragmentation?
piece of the organism breaks off and those pieces develop into new organism
what is parthenogenesis?
when an embryo develops on unfertilized cell, this occurs in invertebrates as well as some fish, amphibians, and reptiles
what are the benefits of sexual reproduction over asexual?
sexual offspring's are genetically different, genetic diversity has more advantages because it allows populations to adapt and evolve
what are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Interphase (not an actually phases but very important) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
what is interphase?
cell prepares for division, it pumps and replicates its DNA within the nucleus & DNA is uncoiled which is call chromatin & organelles double (structures within the cell membrane)
what is prophase?
DNA tightly coils into chromosomes to make splitting efficient & the nuclear membrane dissolves -the microtubes or spindle fibers attach to each chromosome
what is metaphase?
chromosomes (tightly coiled DNA) move to the middle of the cell & the spindle fibers attach to each chromosome
what is anaphase?
spindle fibers begin to pull apart the chromosomes & bringing them to opposite sides of the cell for efficient splitting
what is telophase?
with chromosomes at either side of the cell & two new cells pinch off forming two identical sister cells of the original cell
what else happens in telophase?
cytokinesis: when cell separate into two new cells during the final stage of mitosis
In sexual reproduction what happens during meiosis?
two step process that reduces the chromosome number by half, from 46 to 23 to form sperm and egg cells & -the sperm and egg cell each contribute 23 so the embryo will have 46
what is another name for down syndrome?
Trisomy 21
What causes down syndrome?
during cell division when the chromosomes spilt they did not spilt evenly
what does down syndrome mean for the cells in the body?
that each cell in the body has 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2 copies
what is DNA?
hereditary material in living organisms
what are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
What are the pairs of nitrogen bases in DNA?
Adenine Thymine & Cytosine Guanine
what are amino acids?
organic compounds that combine to form proteins
what do these chains of amino acid do?
make protein that makes cell structures, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
what is the process of DNA replication?
DNA unzips & free flowing nucleotides ( AT, GC) bind to the unzipped portion of the DNA & two identical DNA strands are the result
what acts as instructions to make molecules called proteins?
Genes
how many copies of genes does each person get and where does it come from?
the each get two genes and 1 inherited from each parent
what are alleles?
forms of the same gene with slight difference in the sequence of DNA bases
what is dominance?
when the effect of one phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele
what is an example of dominance?
brown eye color is dominat over blue eyes, for a person to have blue eyes they must have both recessive alleles
who is the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
What did Gregor Mendel discover and how?
coined the terms dominant and recessive traits through the experiment of pea plants
Who discovered chromosome theory and what is it?
Thomas Hunt Morgan & the idea that genes are located on chromosomes
What is metamorphosis?
process of transformation from immature form to be an adult form in 2 or more distinct stages
what are the two types of metamorphosis?
complete and incomplete
what is complete metamorphosis?
when insect goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, imago & ex: caterpillar to butterfly
what is incomplete metamorphosis?
insect hatches from the egg and then goes through several nymphal stages & ex: grasshopper gradually gets bigger but doesn't change into something else
What is evolution?
types of changes that happen over thousands of years
what is important to note about evolution?
organisms do not evolve, populations evolve through genetic mutations over lengthy periods of time
What is adaptation?
distribution of traits in a population that is matched to and can change with environment conditions
what is an example of adaptation?
frog inherited genetic variations that result in camouflage, allowing the frog to survive and reproduce
what is natural selection?
traits passed down by offspring that allow organisms to adapt to the environment better than other organisms of the same species
Who developed natural selection?
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
how do adaptation and natural selection play a role together?
the adaptations allow for genetic variations to give some members advantages in environment, but this genetic variation is often random which will lead to natural selection (survival of the fittest)
what are mutations?
changes in DNA caused by mistakes during cell division or exposure to environmental factors
what is the behavior of individual organisms influenced by?
internal cues (hunger and internal temperature) & external cues (changes in environment)
What is homeostasis?
tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment
what is an example of homeostasis?
no matter how hot or cold it is outside the human body is able to maintain a temperature of 98.6
what are the types of organisms?
cold and warm blooded
What does cold-blooded mean?
body temperature varies with that of the environment
What does warm blooded mean?
maintain body temperature regardless of environment
what are some examples of cold blooded?
amphibians, reptiles, fish, insects
what are some examples of warm blooded?
mammals, birds
What does vertebrate mean ?
has a back bone
What does invertebrate mean?
doesn't have a back bone
which kingdom do both vertebrate and invertebrate come from?
Animalia
what does a open circulatory system do?
blood is pumped into the body cavity and not enclosed in blood vessels
What does a closed circulatory system do?
blood is pumped by the heart and is enclosed in blood vessels
what animal types belong in open circulatory system?
most invertebrates, insects, crustaceans, most mollusks
what animal types belong in closed circulatory system?
most vertebrates, mammals, reptiles, fish, birds
what does the circulatory and respiratory system do?
is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen, and other gasses, and hormones to and from cells
what does a circulatory and respiratory system consists of?
heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pilmonary), arties, veins, coronary and portal vessels
what does a digestive and excretory system do?
responsible for taking in food and breaking it up into nutrients the body will use to fuel and responsible for removing the waste left over after food is processed
what does a digestive and excretory system consists of?
gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines), bladder, colon, kidneys (filter the blood)
what does the nervous, endocrine, and immune system do?
master control system
what does the nervous, endocrine, and immune system consists of?
brain: hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary, spinal cord, neurons, hormones
Who created the first classification of living things and what is it called?
Carl Linnaeus & Systema Naturae
what is the order of the classification of living things?
domains: archaea, eubacteria, eukaryotekingdom: plantae, Animalia, fungi, protists, eubacteria (monera), archaebacteriaphylumclassorderfamilygenusspecies
what are the functional level of species?
species, populations, communities, ecosystems
what is species?
group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups & ex: polar bear is a hypercarnivores bear whose native range lies largely within the artic circle
what is populations?
compromises all the individuals of a given species in a specific area or region at a certain time which can evolve over time because of genetic variation & ex: population includes all the polar bears in artic circle, polar bear species can reflect genetic variance
what is communities?
all populations in a specific area or region at a certain time, there are many interactions among species in a community (food webs)
what are ecosystems?
dynamic entities composed of the biological (living) community and the abiotic (nonliving) environment & ex: artic ecosystem is made up of water/ice, the animals, and the atmosphere in that area
what are producers?
produce their own food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, water
what are consumers?
eat their food
what are the four consumer groups?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
what are primary?
herbivores who eat plants such as bunnies
what are secondary?
eat primary consumers such as snakes
what are tertiary?
eat secondary consumers such as birds
what are quaternary?
eat tertiary consumers, usually carnivores such as hawks, this is where the food chain ends
what are decomposers?
turn dead material such as animal carcass or dead tree into soil by recycling nutrients as food such as earthworms, small soil beetles, fungi, and bacteria
what are the interactions among organisms?
competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
what is competition?
two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resources & ex: lions and cheetahs eat the same so they compete within their ecosystems
what is predation?
behavior of one animal feeding on another & ex: lion is predatory, and zebra is prey
what is mutualism?
symbolic relationship where both organisms benefit & ex: bacteria in digestive track keeps humans healthy, bacteria feds off what humans eat
what is commensalism?
a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one doesn't but is unharmed & ex: cattle egret sits on tip of the cattle and eats bugs that land on the cattle
what is parasitism?
symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one is harmed & ex: tick living on a dog benefits while the dog is harmed
What is carrying capacity?
maximum population of a particular organism that a given environment can support without detrimental effects
what is a solid?
particles are very close together
what is a liquid?
particles are closer together than gas but farther apart than solid
what is gas?
particles are very far apart
what are physical results of change in size and shape?
tearing, folding, melting, freezing, evaporating, cutting
what are the chemical results of any change that forms a new substance?
rotting, burning, cooking, rusting
how do changes in matter happen?
by removing or adding energy in the form of boiling, condensation, and evaporation
what is boiling?
rapid vaporation of a liquid (liquid to gas)
what is condensation?
water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is on contact with it (gas to liquid)
what is evaporation?
vaporation of liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase (liquid to gas)
what is temperature moderation?
when water evaporates, it leaves behind cooler air & ex: when you walk into a grocery store after you workout and you get chilly
what is a mixture?
a material system made up of two or more different substances that are mixed but not chemically combined
what are the two types of mixtures?
homogeneous and heterogeneous
What is a Homogenous mixture?
can't see the different parts of the mixture
homo=
can't
what are examples of a homogenous mixture?
creamy peanut butter, Kool-Aid
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
you can see the different parts of the mixture
hetero=
can
what are examples of heterogeneous mixture?
chicken noodle soup
what is colloid mixture?
one substances of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance & particles do not settle and cant be separated out by ordinary filtering
what kind of mixture is colloid mixture?
homogenous mixture
what is solution?
disolving agent is the solvent
what are some examples of solution?
salt water, sugar water
what is Suspension mixture?
contains solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation
what kind of mixture is solution?
homogenous mixture
what are examples of suspension mixture?
orange juice, salad dressing
what kind of mixture is suspension?
heterogeneous mixture
what does the PH scale do?
measures of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances
what are the ph values?
acidic: 0-6, neutral: 7, alkaline: 8-14
what are the acidic?
battery acid, stomach acid, vinegar, grape fruit, tomato juice, coffee, urine
what are the neutrals?
water
what are the alkaline?
salt water, baking soda, hand soap, ammonia, soapy water, bleach, drain cleaner
what are atoms?
Smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties
what are electrons?
they are negatively charged particles that circle around the nucleus
what are neutrons?
they are neutrally charged particles that are located in the atoms nucleus
what are protons?
Positively charged particles that are located in the atoms nucleus
what does the atomic number do on the periodic table?
how the elements are identified and the number of protons in the nuclei
what groups are the periodic table broken down into?
groups: vertical/columns, periods: horizontal/rows, metals: shiny, good conductors of electricity, nonmetals: dull, poor conductors of electricity, metalloids: dull or shiny, good semiconductors, noble gases: last column on the right of the table
what is the reactivity of metals and examples ?
reactivity increases down and to the left of the periodic table & ex: potassium (K) is more reactive than magnesium (Mg)
what is the reactivity of non metals and examples?
reactivity increases up and to the right of the periodic table & ex: fluorine (f) is more reactive than iodine (I)
Order of most reactive to least reactive:
potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (mg), Aluminum (Al), carbon ©, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), hydrogen (H), Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt)
what are molecules?
smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has chemical properties of that element or compound
characteristics of water:
polar molecule & has 2 hydrogen elements and 1 oxygen element
what properties does water have?
cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of evaporation, lower density of ice, and high polarity
what is cohension?
water is attracted to other molecules, two drops of water close together quickly combine
what is adhesion?
water is attracted to other molecules, allows water to stick to roots
what is high specific heat?
allows water to moderate temperature
What is high heat of evaporization?
gives off cooling effects, like sweat, it allows he evaporation of water to cool off the body
what is low density of ice?
water is less dense than ice, causing ice to float in water
____ is less dense than ____, which allows the ice cube to float
ice is less dense than water, which allows the ice cube to float
what is high polarity?
makes water a powerful solvent
what are compounds?
two or more elements bonded together
what is important to understand about compounds?
all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds
what are compounds made up of?
the are made up of two different molecules (CO2) and single elements like O2
what are ions?
changed elements or molecules that has lost or gained one or more electrons
what are isotopes?
two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
what is a force?
any interaction that when unopposed will change the motion of an object
what is fiction?
force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other
what are the 3 types of force?
push, pull, friction
What are Newton's Three Laws of Motion?
an object either remains at rest of continues to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a force, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, force is equal to the change in motion per change in time
What is equilibrium?
a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.
What is magnetism?
force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other
Opposite poles attract
N & S
same poles repel:
S & S, N & N
common units of measure in physics (unit, symbol, measure)
hertz- Hz- frequency, newton- N- force, weight, density- P- density, Joule- J- energy, work, watt- W- power, volt- V- electrical voltage, degree celsius- C- temperature, gram/kilogram- g/kg- mass
what is density?
the amount of matter an object has to its volume
density equation
D=m/v
what is energy?
property that can be transformed in between and among objects
what is kinetic energy?
object in motion, the actual movement of an object
what is an example of kinetic energy?
rock rolling down a hill
Where is the highest kinetic energy?
at the bottom
what is potential energy?
energy possessed by an object or an individual by virtue of its position relative to others
Where is the highest potential energy?
rock at the top of the hill has potential to roll down therefore it has potential energy OR a swing bring pulled to the top before it is released has potential energy
what are the types of energy?
mechanical, electrical, thermal
what is mechanical energy?
objects in motion
what is an example of mechanical energy?
swing
What is electrical energy?
moving through the wire
what is an example of electrical energy?
light bulb
What is chemical energy?
rearrangement of molecular structure
what is an example of a chemical energy?
lighting a match, photosynthesis
what is heat transfer?
exchange of thermal energy between physical systems
what is convection?
transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter
what is conduction?
transfer of heat from particle to particle
what happens when you place a cold spoon in hot soup?
the spoon will get hotter until the soup and spoon are the same temperature
what is radiation?
transfer of heat from electromagnetic waves through space
what do electrical circuits allow?
electricity to flow in a loop and power different things
what are the two types of circuits?
series and parallel
what is a series circuit?
components are arranged end to end, the electric current flows through the first component then through the next component and so on until it reaches the battery again
What is a parallel circuit?
circuit with branches that allow multiple applications to happen at once
what are conductors?
good for electricity
what are examples of conductors?
wire, metal, water
what insulators?
bad for electricity
what are examples of insulators?
rubber, clay, polystyrene (styrofoam)
what is lighting?
a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between the clouds, air, and ground
what does air do for lighting?
acts as the insulator between the positive and negative charges in the cloud
when does cloud to ground lighting occur?
between opposite charges, therefore there needs to be negative charge in the top of the cloud and a positive charge on the ground or vis verses
what are scientific theories?
based on a body of evidence and many experiments, trials, and tests
what are scientific explanations?
describe the mechanisms for natural events
what are scientific laws?
regulations or math descriptions or natural phenomena
What is a hypothesis?
an idea that many contribute important new knowledge for explanation of scientific theory (if/then statement)
What are the steps of the scientific method?
make observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, conduct an experiment
what are the 5 things students do in science?
observe, classify, predict, hypothesize, and investigate
what does observe mean?
employ the five senses to interact with phenomena and recording findings
what does classify mean?
arrange living and nonliving things based on attirbutes
what does predict mean?
make assumptions based evidence
what is hypothesize mean?
state a prediction based on evidence
what does investigate mean?
conduct experiments
What is the scientific method?
body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge
what is a experiment?
procedure carried out to refute or validate a hypothesis
an experiment helps student understand what kind of relationship and by doing what?
cause and effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated
what is an independent variable?
element changed in the experiment
what is a dependent variable?
what is being measured during the experiment
what is the control variable?
elements that they want to stay the same
what does a line graph show?
illustrates trends in data over a period of time or a particular correlation
what does a bar graph show?
used to compare variables and compare data
what does a pie graph show?
used to show percentages or proportional data
where are aquifers located? (which layer of earth)
earth's crust
what is the doppler effect?
A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both.
what is a period (sound wave)?
time between wave crests
what is frequency?
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
What is amplitude?
Height of a wave
what is wavelength?
The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
What are mechanical waves?
waves that require a medium to travel through
What are traverse waves?
waves that vibrate up and down
What are longitudinal waves?
waves that travel through compression
what are the properties of energy waves?
Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, speed, phase
what is phase (sound wave)?
Position on a wave cycle at any given time
in a sound wave, loudness depends on what?
amplitude
what is pitch (sound wave)?
How high or low a sound is, frequency of the vibration
what does a lunar eclipse look like?
the earth is in the middle
what does a solar eclipse look like?
the moon is in the middle
