everything 2 Flashcards
photosynthesis takes place in which organelle of a photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisma. nucleusb. chloroplastc. ribosomed. endoplasmic reticulum
b. chloroplastthe chloroplast houses the photosynthetic machinery
the process of organisms with advantageous traits surviving more often and producing more offspring than organisms without these advantageous traits describe which basic mechanism of evolution?a. gene flowb. genetic driftc. mutationd. natural selection
c. natural selectionthe mechanism of NS is rooted in the idea that there is variation in inherited traits among the population of organisms that there is differential reproduction as a result
which of the following is NOT a form of reproductive isolation that could lead to sympatric speciation?a. behavioral isolationc. mechanical isolationc. temporal isolationd. habitat isolation
d. habitat isolationsympatric speciation occurs to populations within the same habitat
which of the following taxonomic ranks is the most specific, consisting of organisms that only interbreed with one another?a. phylumb. speciesc. genusd. population
b. speciesspecies is a principal taxionomic rank
what is the primary function of the respiratory system?a. to create sound and speechb. to take oxygen into the body while removing carbon dioxidec. to transport nutrients to the cells and tissue of the bodyd. to act as a barrier between the body’s organ and foreign pathogens
b. to take oxygen into the body while removing carbon dioxideoxygen intake and carbon dioxide disposal are the primary functions of the respiratory system
which muscular organ processes food material into smaller pieces and helps mix it with saliva?a. pharynxb. tonguec. diaphragmd. stomach
b. tongue
the primary function of the root system is to a. anchor the plantb. prevent water lossc. deliver nutrients to all parts of the plantd. absorb water and nutrients from the soil
d. absorb nutrients from the soilthe roots primarily exist to continually grow towards water ad absorb it and other nutrients
which of the following is an evolutionary advantage of the angiosperms, giving them the competitive edge over other groups of plants?a. broad leaves that absorb more sunlight for photosynthesisb. the ability to be perennial, living and growing year after yearc. fruit that nourishes the developing seedd. flowers that attract pollinators, ensuring more successful plant fertilization
d. flowers that attract pollinators, ensuring more successful plant fertilizationthe attractive nature of the flower encourages animals to pollinate the plant
which organism is a primary consumer?a. mushroomb. cornc. cowd. lion
c. cowcows eat plants but do not eat other animals; therefore, cows are primary consumers.lions eat other consumers, which makes them a secondary or tertiary consumer
which of the following terrestrial biomes is tropical, dominated by grasses, and has poor soil?a. taigab. estuaryc. chaparrald. savanna
d. savannaa savanna is a tropical grassland with nutrient-poor soil
an atom has 5 electrons and 12 protons. what is the total charge of the atom?a. -17b. -7c. +7d. +17
c. +7this atom has a total charge of -5e+ 12e= 7e
which type of chemical reaction takes place when kerosene reacts with oxygen to light a lamp?a. oxidationb. neutralizationc. combustiond. convection
c. combustioncombustion is a chemical reaction that produces carbon dioxide and water. burning lamp oil (fuel) is combustion
the state of matter at which particles are most loosely packed isa. liquidb. gasc. solidd. plasma
b. gasgas is the state of matter in which atomic particles are most loosely packed, and the greatest amount of space exists among atoms
the rate at which velocity changes isa. powerb. forcec. displacementd. acceleration
d. acceleration
a box sliding down a ramp experiences all of the following forces EXCEPTa. tensionb. frictionc. gravitationald. normal
a. tensiontension is the force that results from objects being pulled or hung
which type of potential energy is stored in a compressed spring?a. chemical potential energyb. electric potential energyc. gravitational potential energyd. elastic potential energy
d. elastic potential energy
which process allows the transfer of heat to occur from the contact between two substances?a. conductionb. convectionc. radiationd. sublimation
a. conductionconduction is the transfer of heat from the contact of a solid or liquid to another solid or liquid
which measurement describes the distance between crests in a wave?a. amplitudeb. wavelengthc. frequencyd. period
b. wavelengthwavelength is the length of each cycle of the wave, which can be found by measuring between crests
two negative charges are held t a distance of 1 m from each other. When the charges are released, they willa. remain at restb. move closer togetherc. move farther apartd. move together in the same direction
c. move farther apartthe two charges are both negative, so they will repel each other and move apart
which medical technology can be used to detect cancerous tumors?a. MRIb. defibrillatorc. EKGd. patient monitor
a. MRIMRI stands for magnetic resonance imagine and is used to observe organs and internal structures
which is a nonrenewable natural resource?a. waterb. windc. coald. sun
c. coalcoal is a nonrenewable resource that comes from the remains of plants that lived in swamps millions of years ago
which step should students take before making a hypothesis in a scientific experiment?a. interpret datab. make a graphc. researchd. do the experiment
c. researchthey need to do research before making a reasonable and testable hypothesis
evolution is an example of which of the following?a. theoryb. lawc. hypothesisd. fact
a. theoryevolution is a scientific theory, which is a set of explanatory ideas sustained by evidence through repeated experiments and observations
which of the following is the variable in a scientific investigation that is manipulated by the researcher in order to test the hypothesis?a. controlb. experimentalc. dependentd. hypothetical
b. experimentalexperimental variables, aka independent variables, are the variables that are changed by the scientist
which tool measures the volume of an object?a. thermometerb. graduated cylinderc. balanced. barometer
b. graduated cylinder
Grapheme
A symbol, letter, or the combination of letters that represents a single sound. Such as d, k, m , sh, th, and ea
Graphophonemic
The relationship between symbols (letter in words) and sounds of a language
Summative assessment
Tests that are given at certain points in time in order to determine what students know and don’t know. Summative test are typically standardize ones and include state assessment district benchmarks semester or six weeks test and end of unit or chapter tests
Formative assessment
Screenings, tests, and questions that are considered part of instructional process since they are given throughout the learning of new instructional objectives. They can be in the form of: Asking questions and or having students develop questionsObservations in the form of close monitoring and feedback while students are workingSelf and peer assessment
Characteristics of a fluent reader
NAME?
Metacognition
Thinking about your own thinking. And example might be to think about how to understand a certain chart with in the text. This says … right under the chart so that must mean…
Morphology
The way words are formed and are related to each other
Phonology
The study of speech and sounds used in language
Story elements
Setting, characters, theme, conflict, and resolution
Phonological awareness
Is the understanding and ability to hear individual words, syllables and sounds in spoken language apart from print. It is an umbrella term that includes - phonemic awareness- syllabication- rhyming- understanding spoken word
Phonemic awareness
The ability to hear and use individual units of sounds, or phonemes in words and can be considered ear training
Syntax
Is a set of rules that govern the construction of words in order to make phrases, clauses, and sentences.
Prosody
The range of vocal expressions a reader uses when reading aloud including rhythm internation and stress patterns
Denotative meaning
The clear specific meaning of a word often derived from a dictionary
Morphology
The study of word formation in a language including inflections, derivation and compound formations
Consonant digraphs
two consonant letters that represent only one distinct speech sound (th, sh, ch, wh, gh, ck, ng)
Vowel Digraphs
combinations of two vowel letters together in words representing only one distinct speech sound (ee, oo, ie, ai)
Onset
defined as all sounds in a spoken syllable that come before the vowel sound. For example, str – /s/-/t/-/r/– in street or /f/ in fit are onsets
Phoneme
is the smallest unit of sound in a spoken word
Morpheme
smallest unit of meaning in language
Semantics
involves connecting one’s background experiences, knowledge, interests, attitudes, and perspectives with spoken or written language to construct meaning
Expressive
requires the sender of a message to “encode” or to put his or her thoughts into a symbolic form. Most often takes the form of spoken or written words but may also be represented visually through gestures, art, pictures, video, or dramatization
Letter name knowledge
being able to state the name of the letter and not just the sound (saying the alphabet and not the sounds of the letters)
Schema theory
the belief that new knowledge is connected to related ideas one already knows
Diphthongs
combinations of two vowels together in words producing a single, glided sound (oi in oil, oy in boy)
Phonics
grasping the relationships between letters and sounds
Grapheme
a printed or visual symbol, usually a letter such as a, r, m, s, or o, that represents a phoneme
Free Morpheme
a free morpheme stands along as a word having meaning. Words like ball, peninsula, and chain consist of a single morpheme
Bound Morpheme
a bound morpheme must be connected to another morpheme. Examples include –ocracy, -ante, and bio- as well as other prefixes and suffixes like re-, -ed, and –es.
Inflected Morpheme
are added suffixes or meaningful word endings, such as –s, -ed, -ing, and –est.
Oral language
the spoken form of communication
Receptive
requires the receiver of a message to “decode” or unlock the code of the spoken or written communication used by the sender in order to understand the message
Compound word
combining two words with separate meanings together for example dog and house = doghouse, note and book = notebook, hair and spray = hairspray
Neuroplasticity
when you encounter new language, your brain will often modify your existing knowledge network (schema) to “rewire itself” to accommodate new learning into permanent schema structures
Syntax
involves an understanding of how words are combined into larger language structures, especially sentences
Rime
defined as the vowel sound and every other sound that follows the vowel sound in a spoken syllable. The spoken words, an, it, a, ok, and I all contain a rime that includes the vowel sound (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/) and the other sounds that follow the vowel sound
Phonemic awareness
Students’ awareness of phonemes
Alphabetic principle
is a critical insight that young children must achieve in learning to reach and write
Weak Syllable Deletion
Example – telephone, elephant, bananaDescription – kids take out a weak syllable, unstressed syllable
Final Consonant Deletion
Example – ball, dogDescription – drop off last consonant of a word
Substitution
Substitute one class of sounds for another1. fronting = back sound to front (key to tey, go to do)2. stopping = fricative becoming a stop (shoe to toe, sun to ton)3. gliding = (kelly to kewy, little to ylittle)
Blending
Sh, ch, gr, pl, sn, sw
Segmenting
This involves hearing a word, splitting it up into the phonemes that make it, using knowledge of GPCs to work out which graphemes represent those phonemes and then writing those graphemes down in the right order. This is the basis of spelling.
Closed Syllables
A syllable in which a single vowel is followed by a consonant. The vowel sound is usually short. (rabbit, camel, ham*ster)
Open Syllables
A syllable ending with a single vowel. The vowel is usually long. (me, ve*to)
CVe Syllables
A syllable with the long vowel-consonant-silent e pattern. (shape, cube, slide, be*have)
R-Controlled Syllables
A syllable in which the vowel(s) is followed by the single letter r. The vowel sound is neither long nor short and when heard, sounds like it is controlled by the r. (chart, fern, pour, target, whisper)
Vowel Team Syllables
A syllable containing two letters that together make one vowel sound. The vowel sound can be long, short, or a diphthong. (plain, show, heavy, boy, cow, cloudy, boil*ing)
Consonant + le Syllables
An unaccented final syllable containing a consonant plus –le. (apple, turtle, table, little)
Flunecy
the ability to speak easily and smoothly – related to reading reading with easy
Prosody
the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry.
Accuracy
Reading words in text with no errors.
Rate
The speed at which a person reads.
Stages of Developmental Writing
Stage 1: Random Scribbling (ages 2-3)Stage 2: Controlled Scribbling (age 3)Stage 3: Mock Writing (ages 3-4)Stage 4: Writing Letters (ages 4-5)Stage 5: Writing Words (ages 5-6)
Random Scribbling Writing Stage
Stage 1. Ages 2-3. Child makes random contact with the paper and exhibits little muscular control
Controlled Scribbling Writing Stage
Stage 2. Age 3. Pretend writing is produced as child scribbles across paper in a linear fashion. Patterns may be repeated over and over. Shows increased muscular control.
Mock Writing Stage
Stage 3. Ages 3-4. Writing includes letter-like forms, often arranged in groups and word-like strings. Mock letters may include characteristics of familiar letters but may be misshapen, combined, reversed, or inverted.
Writing Letters Writing Stage
Stage 4. Ages 4-5. Children name and write recognizable letters, although letters are frequently reversed.
Writing Words Writing Stage
Stage 5. Ages 5-6. Using invented spelling, children group letters to write many words. Mature writing grip has developed. Children write letters, including lowercased letters, more smoothly and automatically.
Qualitative evaluation of the text
Levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality and clarity, and knowledge demands
Quantitative evaluation of the text
Readability measures and other scores of text complexity
Matching reader to text and task
Reader variables (such as motivation, knowledge, and experiences) and task variables (such as purpose and the complexity generated by the task assigned and the questions posed)
Primary Source
A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event. Some types of primary sources include:ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable): Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official records CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings
Secondary Source
A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them. Some types of seconday sources include:PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias Examples of secondary sources include:A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings A history textbook A book about the effects of WWI
Paraphrasing
To express the meaning of (the writer or speaker or something written or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity.
Plagiarizing
the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own.
Phonology
encompasses the organization of sounds in language
Vocabulary (semantics)
encompasses both expressive (speaking) and receptive (listening) vocabulary
Morphology
encompasses the smallest units of meaning in words
Grammar (syntax)
is the structure of language and words
Pragmatics
focuses on the social cues or norms in language…this is often referred to as situations in language
Discourse
focuses on speaking and listening skills in language
Phonemic Awareness
NAME?
Phonics
understanding the rules of language. Students have to see the letters or words to engage in phonics- focuses on graphemes/letters and their corresponding sounds- written language/print- both visual and auditory- reading and writing letters according to sounds, spelling, patterns, and phonological structureEx. In the word receive, students know the c makes an /s/ sound. They have to look at the letter c and understand that it is followed by an e, i, or y, and therefore, makes an /s/ sound
Semantic Cues
refers to the meaning in language that assists in comprehending texts including words, speech, signs, symbols, and other meaning-bearing forms, involves the learners’ prior knowledge of languageex. We were so hungry we had a picnic in the park. - Picnic is a strange word, but the student can use the words hungry and park to figure out the word picnic.
Syntactic Cues
involve the structure of the word as in the rules and patterns of language (grammar), and punctuation, as students read, they use structural cuesex. The student reads, “Joey sit in class yesterday.”- In this case, the student mistakes the word sit for sat. Using syntactic cuing, the student will self-correct because the word yesterday indicates there needs to be a past tense verb - sat.
Graphophonic Cues
involve the letter-sound or sound-symbol relationships of language, readers identifying unknown words by relating speech sounds to letters or letter patterns are using this, often called decodingex. The student knows that the word make has a long a sound because of the vowel after the k. This is a consonant, vowel, consonant, vowel (CVCV) word.
Prosody
comprises timing, phrasing, emphasis, and intonation that readers use to help convey aspects of meaning and to make their speech lively, includes stopping periods, pausing at commas, reading with inflection, and reading with expression
Automaticity
fast, effortless word recognition that comes with repeated reading practice, when students are reading at >95% accuracy, they have automaticity
Accuracy
the amount of words a student reads correctly- Typically, accuracy is measured by having students read aloud during a fluency read (also called a running record). The student reads and the teacher marks any words the student miscues
Rate
the speed at which students read words correctly, rate is typically expressed in correct words per minute (wpm)
Critical Thinking
this is multi-step, high-level thinking. students are stretching in their thinking to analyze, evaluate, interpret, and synthesize information to reach a conclusion or make a judgment
Creative Thinking
This requires students to create something by applying their skills. When students apply their skills, they are operating at a high cognitive level
Reflective Thinking
Students look back on and reflect upon their learning process to promote abstract thinking and to encourage the application of learning strategies to new situations
Bloom’s Taxonomy
a hierarchical model used to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The higher up the pyramid, the more complex the thinking skills. The skills are represented as verbs on the pyramid
Metacognition
thinking about thinking, when students have metacognition, they understand the processes in their minds and can employ a variety of techniques to understand text
Predicting
asking students what they think will happen next
Questioning
having students ask questions based on what they are reading
Read aloud/think aloud
teacher or student reads and stops to think aloud about what the text means
Summarizing
asking students to summarize what they just read in their own words
Scribbling
random marks or scribbles often occur on a page with drawings, toddlers use the terms drawing and writing to describe their marks; however, 3- and 4-year-olds generally understand the difference between the twoex. children may say, “This says Tommy!” (child’s own name)
Mock Handwriting or Wavy Scribble
children produce lines of wavy scribbles as they imitate adult cursive writing, children will often pretend they are writing something they have seen their parents write such as a grocery list or a letter
Mock Letters
children attempt to form alphabetic representations, which also often appear in their drawings, writing in this stage is often vertical versus horizontal, children make shapes that resemble conventional letters
Conventional Letters
children begin to write letters, usually from their name or a family member’s name, as children’s mock letters become more and more conventional, real letters of the alphabet begin to appear, children will often create strings of letters across a page and “read” them as real sentences or a series of sentences
Invented Spelling (also known as Approximated Spelling)
children write words using phonemic awareness, the words are not spelled correctly but do resemble the sounds of the wordsEx. invented spelling of the word was may be wuz, or the invented spelling of the word other may be uther
Conventional Spellings
children’s approximated spellings gradually become more and more conventional, the child’s own name is usually written first, followed by words such as mom, dad, and love- Initially, children may incorrectly copy words. Eventually, words will be written correctly. Adults can support the child’s move to conventional spelling by being patient and by continuing to serve as a good writing model
Opinion/argumentative
writing that persuades or convinces using support, details, and examples from the text in logical order- In early grades, this is called opinion writing
Informative/explanatory
writing that informs, explains, or tells “how to” without using opinions (just the facts)
Descriptive
writing that describes or helps form a visual picture using sensory details and spatial order
Narrative
a first-person account that tells a story as it happens using sensory details and chronological order
Pre-writing
brainstorming, considering purpose and goals for writing, using graphic organizers to connect ideas, and designing a coherent structure for a writing piece
Drafting
working independently to draft the sentence, essay, or paper
Peer review
students evaluate each other’s writing in the peer review process
Revising
reworking a piece of writing based on structure, tone, and clear connections
Editing
editing based on conventions and mechanics
Rewriting
incorporating changes as they carefully write or type their final drafts
Publishing
producing and disseminating the work in a variety of ways, such as a class book, bulletin board, letters to the editor, school newsletter, or website
Tone
Refers to the overall feeling of the piece of writing. When writing a narrative vs. an opinion, the tone or position may be different depending on the content. The tone will convey a specific attitude toward the audience and the subject Ex. Pete the Cat by Eric Litwin and James Dean expresses an optimistic tone . Pete the Cat runs into various obstacles but is able to prevail by having a positive attitude
Purpose
refers to the reason for the piece of writing, is the student writing to persuade, to entertain, or to explain? Ex. If a student is writing her state representative to pass a new law, the student should write a persuasive essay. However, if a student is writing to her grandmother to describe how summer camp is going, the student should write a narrative
Audience
refers to the individuals the writer expects to read the piece of writing, as explained above, a student will write very differently in a letter to her grandmother than she will in a letter to her congressional representative
Parts of Speech
noun, verb, adjective, adverb
Fragments
non-sentences, phrases that do not have a subject and a predicate
Subject verb agreement
The subject and the predicate must agreeEx. the girl run to the car should be the girl runs to the car
Phonological Awareness
a broad set of skills that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language - parts such as phonemes in words, syllables, and onsets and rimes
alphabetic principle
the alphabetic principle is the understanding that letters represent sounds which form words; it is the knowledge of predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds
anecdotal record
a factual written record of a person’s conduct, based on succinct, spontaneous, and descriptive observations made by an onlooker. This constitutes the person’s view of an individual - as opposed to specific assessments
background knowledge
information that is essential to understanding a situation or problem
compare and contrast
to look closely at something in order to show likenesses and differences. compare is used for showing the likenesses between two or more things. compare these sofas for size and comfort. contrast is used for showing the differences and especially the characteristics which are opposite
cloze procedure
a reading comprehension activity in which words are omitted from a passage and students are required to fill in the blanks. this procedure is incredibly useful in reading instruction because it can be easily done by any teacher and provides valuable reading comprehension information
comprehension
an ability to understand the meaning or importance of something
concept of print
the awareness of how print works including emerging knowledge about books, print, and written language, and how we use them
concept web
visual diagrams that connect abstract ideas. students use these to connect prior knowledge and experiences to new information. to create a concept web, draw a central circle
conferencing
when a teacher is conferencing with a student or a small group of students, they are working on skills that need to be reinforced or skills that will provide enrichment. there are many benefits to conferencing with students: conferences provide individualized instruction for each student. conferences can provide insight into what the student is doing while reading and writing. conferences can help the teacher investigate student knowledge. conferencing can help assess the student. conferencing can provide reinforcement and/or enrichment of skills. conferencing can help students improve their reading level
context clues
hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words
decodeable text
a type of text often used in beginning reading instruction. decodable texts are carefully sequenced to progressively incorporate words that are consistent with the letters and corresponding phonemes that have been taught to the new reader
decoding
the ability to apply your knowledge of letter-sound relationships, including knowledge of letter patterns, to correctly pronounce written words. understanding these relationships gives children the ability to recognize familiar words quickly and to figure out words they haven’t seen before
developmentally appropriate
the practice of making a curriculum based on what students are able to do cognitively, physically and emotionally at a certain age
during-reading
to interact with the text and to monitor (keep track of) comprehension, paying attention to points at which the material is not clear or the terms are not familiar: https://www.rit.edu/ntid/sea/processes/comprehension/process/during
dyslexia
a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. it is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. these difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. the 4 types of dyslexia include phonological dyslexia, surface dyslexia, rapid naming deficit, and double deficit dyslexia: https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_4_types_of_dyslexia/article.htm
emergent literacy
the idea that learning literacy actually begins at a very early age, long before official lessons in school. this term is used to describe the knowledge a child has of reading and writing before reaching the age where those skills are taught. emergent literacy argues that right after birth, children are already in the process of becoming literate: https://study.com/academy/lesson/emergent-literacy-definition-theories-characteristics.html
expository text
non-fiction texts that give facts and information about a topic. these academic texts are common in subjects such as science, history and social sciences
fluency
the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. in order to understand what they read, children must be able to read fluently whether they are reading aloud or silently
graphic organizer
a visual and graphic display that depicts the relationships between facts, terms, and or ideas within a learning task. graphic organizers are also sometimes referred to as knowledge maps, concept maps, story maps, cognitive organizers, advance organizers, or concept diagrams
inference
a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
informal reading inventory (IRI)
an individually-administered diagnostic tool that assesses a student’s reading comprehension and reading accuracy. the IRI measures three reading levels: independent, instructional and frustrational: https://www.readingrockets.org/article/informal-reading-inventory-qualitative-reading-inventory
language acquisition
the process whereby children learn their native language. it consists of abstracting structural information from the language they hear around them and internalising this information for later use
language arts
the subjects (such as reading, spelling, literature, and composition) that aim at developing the student’s comprehension and capacity for use of written and oral language
linguistically diverse
a broad term used to describe the differences between different languages and the ways that people communicate with each other. this mechanism has been instrumental in allowing humans to communicate with each other and form complex cultures and civilizations
literacy
the ability to read and write
miscue analysis
an analytical procedure for assessing students’ reading comprehension based on samples of oral reading
morphology
the study of words and their parts. morphemes, like prefixes, suffixes and base words, are defined as the smallest meaningful units of meaning. morphemes are important for phonics in both reading and spelling, as well as in vocabulary and comprehension
narrative text
any text, story or narrative that tells a certain anecdote, that is, a succession of actions in a limited period of time. it can have literary or merely communicative purposes. in addition, narrative texts can have many forms and can be in different supports, both oral and written
onset
the initial phonological unit of any word (e.g. c in cat)
orthographic knowledge
the information that is stored in memory that tells us how to represent spoken language in written form: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10212-020-00464-7
phoneme
any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat: https://www.britannica.com/topic/phoneme
phonemic awareness
a subset of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest mental units of sound that help to differentiate units of meaning
phonics
a method of teaching people to read by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system
phonological awareness
the awareness of and ability to work with sounds in spoken language, sets the stage for decoding, blending, and, ultimately, word reading. phonological awareness begins developing before the beginning of formal schooling and continues through third grade and beyond
phonology
a branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds (or constituent parts of signs, in sign languages). the term also refers to the sound or sign system of any particular language variety: https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/phonology/
portfolios
a purposeful collection of student work that exhibits the student’s efforts, progress, and achievements in one or more areas
post-reading
post-reading strategies help readers summarize their learning, check for understanding, and organize their thoughts and ideas: http://www.balancingthesword.com/study_support/glossaryword.asp?ID=77&_Word=post-reading+strategies
predictable text
a specific type of book used in the earliest stages of reading instruction. predictable texts are constructed to encourage beginning readers to memorize whole words and sentences and to use picture cues to ‘read’ unknown words. the texts have a repeated sentence or phrase on each page, typically with one variable word. a picture accompanies each sentence that allows the student to guess the variable word using the picture
prereading
an initial stage in the process of teaching a student to read; a skill seen as leading to the ability to read: https://www.theedadvocate.org/using-pre-reading-stage-to-develop-great-readers/
previous knowledge
the information and educational context a learner already has before they learn new information. a learner’s understanding of educational material can be improved by taking advantage of their prior knowledge before dealing with the new material
print-rich environment
an environment in which children are exposed to books, read to daily, provide with writing materials, their writing is displayed at children’s eye level, and meaningful reading and writing experiences are presented
readability
the ease with which a reader can successfully decipher, process, and make meaning of the text read. typographical features of the text are critical; letter shape, size, and spacing all meaningfully impact fluency and comprehension
retelling stories
involves students orally reconstructing a story that they have read or has been read to them. a student’s retell should include characters, settings, and events in the logical sequence of the story
rime
the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants (e.g. at in cat)
running record
help teachers measure students’ progress, plan for future instruction, provide a way for students to understand their progress, and communicate progress to parents and the school community
scanning
reading a text quickly in order to find specific information
semantic map
map that can visually display a word or phrase and a set of related words or concepts: https://vocabularyluau.com/how-to-use-semantic-maps-for-teaching-vocabulary/#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20Semantic%20Map,maps%E2%80%9D%20or%20webs%20of%20words.
semantics
the study of the meaning of language: https://study.com/learn/lesson/semantics-meaning-examples.html
structural analysis
a strategy that is used to facilitate decoding as students become more proficient readers. these advanced decoding strategies help students learn parts of words so they can more easily decode unknown multi-syllabic words. in structural analysis, students are taught to read prefixes and suffixes
syllable
a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word; e.g., there are two syllables in water and three in inferno
syntactic
- of or pertaining to syntax. 2. consisting of or noting morphemes that are combined in the same order as they would be if they were separate words in a corresponding construction. The word blackberry, which consists of an adjective followed by a noun, is a syntactic compound
theme
a universal idea, lesson, or message explored throughout a work of literature
trade books
books published by a commercial publisher and intended for general readership. chapter, picture, fiction and non-fiction books are all examples of trade books.
vocabulary development
refers to the collection of words that a person knows and uses. vocabulary development is the process of acquiring new words: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulary_development
word analysis
when students engage in “word analysis” or “word study,” they break words down into their smallest units of meaning — morphemes. each morpheme has a meaning that contributes to our understanding of the whole word
sum
answer to an addition problem
difference
answer to a subtraction problem
product
answer to a multiplication problem
quotient
answer to a division problem
addend
two things you add up to equal something 3+5
factors
two things multiplied together 3x5
dividend
top number you are dividing
divisor
what you are dividing by (bottom number)
less
17 less a number –> 17-n
less than
17 less than a number –> n-17
is less than
17 is less than a number –> 17
line
arrows on both sides, labeled with one lower case letter or two upper case
line segment
two dots on both sides
ray
two letters starting with end point
parallel lines
go on forever, in the same plane, and never cross paths
perpendicular lines
intersect at a right angle
acute angle
0-89.9 degrees
right angle
90 degrees
obtuse
91-179 degrees
straight angle/line
180 degrees
reflex
181-359 degrees
mean
average
median
middle number
mode
number most often
range
highest minus the lowest point
deviation
point minus the average
Area Formula of a square
Side ^2
Area of Rectangular formula
Length•Width
Area formula for Parallelogram
Base•Height
Area formula for Triangle
1/2•base•height
Area formula for Circle
3.14r^2
Area formula for Trapezoid
1/2 (base1+base2)h
Surface area for Rectangular Prizm
2(length+width+height)
Surface area formula for Sphere
4pieR^2
Surface area formula for Cube
6s^2
Surface Area formula for cylinder
2pieRh
Perimeter formula for Square
4s
Perimeter formula for Rectangle
2L•2W
Perimeter formula for any shape
Add up all sides together
Perimeter formula for Circle
Pie multiplied by diameter (3.14…)d
Volume Formula for Square pyramid
1/3(base)^2•height
Volume Formula for Cube
Side^3
Volume Formula for Sphere
4/3(pie)r^3
Volume Formula for Cylinder
(Pie)r^2(height)
Volume Formula for Cone
1/3 (pie)r^2(height)
What is the closest planet to the sun?
Mercury
The tendency of an object to resist change in motion is called?
Inertia
Fossils are most often found in what kind of rocks?
Sedimentary
Organisms that are in the same biological class must also be in the same?
Phylum
The density of a liquid is commonly expressed using what units?
Milliliters
What organism primarily regulates its internal body temperate by external means?
Butterfly
In the food chain, animals that primarily graze on grass as their food source are?
Primary Consumers
When light passes from the air into a glass lens, the light changes direction. This is known as:
refraction
What is an example of a mineral?
Diamond
The boundary where two air masses converge is called?
A front
What is an example of a chemical change?
Cooking of an egg
The DNA in an animal cell is found is what location?
Nucleus
What is an example of an amphibian?
Salamander
What is the most common gas in Earth’s atmosphere?
Nitrogen
What is the order of the planets?
MercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiter SaturnUranusNeptune
pH scale definition
From the range 7-14, a solution is basic. Whenever the value of pOH is greater than 7, then it is considered basic. At pH 7, the substance or solution is at neutral and means that the concentration of H+ and OH- ion is the same.From the range 1-7, a solution is acidic. So, whenever the value of a pH is less than 7, it is considered acidic.
What is the definition of an element?
An element is a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons - i.e. the same atomic number.Elements are chemically the simplest substances and hence cannot be broken down using chemical methods. Elements can only be changed into other elements using nuclear methods.
What is the definition of an amphibian?
any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Amphibia, comprising frogs and toads, newts and salamanders, and caecilians, the larvae being typically aquatic, breathing by gills, and the adults being typically semiterrestrial, breathing by lungs and through the moist, glandular skin.
What is the definition of natural selection?
the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.
What is the definition of a renewable energy resource?
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.
What is homeostasis?
the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.
What is electrostatic attraction?
Electrostatic attraction is the attraction between atoms of opposite charge that holds the atoms together in ionic bonds.
What is inertia?
the property of matter by which it retains its state of rest or its velocity along a straight line so long as it is not acted upon by an external force.- resisting change!
What are biotic factors?
Biotic factors are the living parts of an ecosystem—the animals, plants and microorganisms.
What are abiotic factors?
Abiotic factors are the non living parts of an ecosystem.
What is the nervous system?
the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
What is the immune system?
The immune system is the body’s defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease.
What is the respiratory system?
The respiratory system (or ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.
What is the endocrine system?
The endocrine system refers to the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards a distant target organ.
What is photosynthesis?
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.
What is the process of photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light yields Glucose + Oxygen
How do sound waves and pitch relate?
Humans perceive pitch based on the frequency of the sound wave that is detected by the ear. High-frequency sound waves have a high pitch; low-frequency sound waves have a low pitch.
What is a biome?
Biomes are regions of the world with similar climate (weather, temperature) animals and plants.
What is ecology?
Ecology is the relationship of living things to each other and to what’s around them.
A chlorine compound is added to swimming pools in order to…
destroy bacteria through an oxidation reaction
<p>what is the earths only natural satelite?</p>
<p>the moon</p>
<p>what are earth's months based on?</p>
<p>moons rotation around the earth</p>
<p>what do fossils give us?</p>
<p>a record of how life on earth has changed over time</p>
<p>what don't fossils give us complete evolution?</p>
<p>because not all organisms get preserved and not all fossils are found</p>
<p>How were the Hawaiian Islands formed?</p>
<p>stationary hot spots that came from the outer core</p>
<p>how did one hot spot in hawaii form all the islands?</p>
<p>the pacific tectonic plate moved over the course of thousands of years therefore creating multiple islands</p>
<p>what are gametes?</p>
<p>sperm and egg cells</p>
<p>what are zygotes?</p>
<p>fertilized eggs</p>
<p>What are haploid cells?</p>
<p>when you have 23 chromosomes (n)</p>
<p>what are diploid cells?</p>
<p>when you have 46 chromosomes (2n)</p>
<p>What are earth's compositional layers?</p>
<p>Crust/Lithosphere, mantle, core</p>
<p>crust (compositional layer)</p>
<p>Outermost solid layer and made</p>
<p>What material is in the Mantle (compositional layer)?</p>
<p>not liquid, composed of aluminum, silicates, & plastic</p>
<p>Lithosphere (mechanical layer)</p>
<p>outer most, rigid, earth's crust</p>
<p>What material is in the Asthenosphere (mechanical layer)?</p>
<p>not a liquid, soft plastic</p>
<p>What material is in the Mesosphere (mechanical layer)?</p>
<p>material flows but at a slower rate, stiff plastic</p>
<p>What material is in the outer core (mechanical layer)?</p>
<p>layer of liquid iron and nickel, only layer of earth that is a true liquid</p>
<p>What does the Hydrosphere contain? (Earth's Spheres)</p>
<p>all water on earth in liquid form (lakes, rivers, oceans)</p>
<p>What does the biosphere contain? (earth's sphere)</p>
<p>all ecosystems and living organisms</p>
<p>What does the cryosphere contain? (earth's sphere)</p>
<p>masses of frozen water (frozen lakes, rivers, oceans, glaciers)</p>
<p>What are Earth's Spheres?</p>
<p>lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere</p>
<p>What is in the atmosphere (earth's sphere)?</p>
<p>gasses that surround the planet</p>
<p>What gasses surround the planet?</p>
<p>nitrogen: 78%, oxygen: 21%, argon: 0.09%, helium: small traces, neon: small traces</p>
<p>What are the compositional layers?</p>
<p>crust, mantle, core</p>
<p>What are the mechanical layers?</p>
<p>lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core</p>
<p>What are Earth's atmosphere?</p>
<p>troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere</p>
<p>What occurs in the Troposphere?</p>
<p>most weather occurs here, 0-12 km</p>
<p>What occurs in the stratosphere? What does it absorb?</p>
<p>ozone layer, 12-50 km, absorbs 97-99% of suns ultraviolent light</p>
<p>How many km is the mesosphere?</p>
<p>50-80 km</p>
<p>How many km is the thermosphere?</p>
<p>80-700 km</p>
<p>How many km is the exosphere?</p>
<p>700-1000 km</p>
<p>what processes happen in the lithosphere?</p>
<p>geographic landscapes are formations made by rocks</p>
<p>What are the formations in the lithosphere?</p>
<p>mountains, volcanoes, canyons</p>
<p>how are mountains formed?</p>
<p>formed from the tectonic plates smashing together</p>
<p>How are volcanoes formed?</p>
<p>formed when magma from the earth's upper mantle erupts through the surface</p>
<p>How are canyons formed?</p>
<p>formed by weathering and erosion caused by movements in rivers and by tectonic plate activity</p>
<p>what causes earthquakes?</p>
<p>by plates rubbing against each other in an opposite motion which causes rocks underground to break along the fault therefore this causes energy to be released causing seismic waves</p>
<p>what are the magnitude ratings?</p>
<p>3-4.9= minor or light, 5-6.9= moderate to strong, 7-7.9= major, 8 or more= great</p>
<p>what are the types of seismic waves?</p>
<p>primary (p waves), secondary (s waves), surface</p>
<p>what are primary waves (p waves)?</p>
<p>fastest waves ( 3 miles per second), can travel through solid, liquid, gases</p>
<p>what are secondary waves (s waves)?</p>
<p>travel through earth's interior at half the speed of p waves (1.5 miles per second), can travel through rock but not liquid or gas</p>
<p>what are surface waves?</p>
<p>move along earth's surface, slowest waves</p>
<p>what are tsunamis?</p>
<p>giant waves cause by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea</p>
<p>what happens when tsunamis travel inland?</p>
<p>they build up to higher and higher heights as the depth of the ocean decreases</p>
<p>what does tsunamis speed depend on?</p>
<p>ocean depth</p>
<p>what is plate tectonic theory?</p>
<p>earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core</p>
<p>what does plate tectonic theory do?</p>
<p>the plates move and separate causing earth to separate and change</p>
<p>what are the types of plate tectonics?</p>
<p>divergent, convergent, and subduction</p>
<p>what does divergent mean?</p>
<p>to pull apart</p>
<p>what does convergent mean?</p>
<p>they come together</p>
<p>what does subduction mean?</p>
<p>sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into the mantle beneath another plate</p>
<p>what is soil?</p>
<p>mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids that support life on earth</p>
<p>what are layers of soil in order?</p>
<p>topsoil, subsoil, bedrock</p>
<p>what is the water cycle?</p>
<p>the continuous circulation of water throughout earth and earth's atmosphere</p>
<p>what is another name for the water cycle?</p>
<p>hydrologic cycle</p>
<p>what are the main stages of the water cycle?</p>
<p>evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration</p>
<p>What is precipitation?</p>
<p>Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface (rain & snow)</p>
<p>what is evaporation?</p>
<p>when water turns from a liquid to a gas (water vapor)</p>
<p>what is condensation?</p>
<p>gas (water vapor) turns back into a liquid, water collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it, forming clouds</p>
<p>What is transpiration?</p>
<p>plants suck water from the roots into the small pores in leaves which releases gas (water vapor) the atmosphere</p>
<p>how old in earth?</p>
<p>4.5 billion years old</p>
<p>what is an eon?</p>
<p>a very long period of time</p>
<p>When was the Hadean Eon formed?</p>
<p>4.5 billion</p>
<p>What were the temperatures and activities that formed in the Hadean Eon?</p>
<p>temperatures were extremely hot and volcanic activity</p>
<p>What kind of life was in the Hadean Eon?</p>
<p>no life</p>
<p>What was the Hadean Eon formed by?</p>
<p>formed by debris around the solar protoplanetary disk</p>
<p>what key feature formed in the Hadean Eon?</p>
<p>the moon</p>
<p>When was the Archean Eon formed?</p>
<p>2.5 billion</p>
<p>What kind of life was formed in the Archean Eon?</p>
<p>prokaryote and other first forms of life</p>
<p>What was the atmosphere composed of in the Archean Eon?</p>
<p>volcanic and greenhouse gasses</p>
<p>When was the Proterozoic Eon formed?</p>
<p>541 billion</p>
<p>What kinds of life were formed in the Proterozoic Eon?</p>
<p>eukaryote, multicellular organisms, bacteria began producing oxygen, plants, animals, early fungi formed</p>
<p>What did the Proterozoic Eon do for earth's atmosphere?</p>
<p>shaped the third & current of earth's atmosphere</p>
<p>What kinds of life formed in the Phanerozoic Eon?</p>
<p>complex life including vertebrates begin to dominate the ocean, familiar forms of plants, animals, and fungi, animals including humans evolve at the most recent phase</p>
<p>When was the Phanerozoic Eon formed?</p>
<p>541 million- present</p>
<p>what are rocks?</p>
<p>naturally occurring solid mass or aggerate of minerals or mineraloid matter</p>
<p>how are rocks categorized?</p>
<p>by minerals they include, chemical composition, and formation (origin)</p>
<p>what are the 3 categories of rocks?</p>
<p>igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary</p>
<p>what are igneous rocks made of?</p>
<p>lava & magma</p>
<p>what do igneous rocks look like?</p>
<p>glassy, smooth, gas, bubble holes, random arrangement of minerals</p>
<p>what are examples of igneous rocks?</p>
<p>granite, pumice, obsidian</p>
<p>what are metamorphic rocks made of?</p>
<p>heat pressure</p>
<p>what do metamorphic rocks look like?</p>
<p>sparkly, crystals, ribbon like layers</p>
<p>what are examples of metamorphic rock?</p>
<p>marble, slate, gneiss</p>
<p>what do sedimentary rocks look like?</p>
<p>sand grains, visible pebbles fossils may be visible</p>
<p>what are sedimentary rocks made of?</p>
<p>deposition, cementation</p>
<p>what are examples of sedimentary rocks?</p>
<p>conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale</p>
<p>characteristics of Earth:</p>
<p>third planet from the sun, densest planet, largest of the four terrestrial, only known object to harbor life</p>
<p>What does earth's tilt cause?</p>
<p>seasons</p>
<p>the \_\_\_\_\_ is the star at the center of the solar system and is earth's most important source of energy for life</p>
<p>sun</p>
<p>what is the solar system?</p>
<p>planetary system that orbits the sun, which includes 8 planets and their natural satellites, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, & particles of smaller debris</p>
<p>what other planet is similar to earth in size, density, and mass?</p>
<p>Venus</p>
<p>what other planet is like earth in terms of rotation and tilt on it's axis?</p>
<p>mars</p>
<p>What is the order of the planets from the sun?</p>
<p>Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune</p>
<p>how do you remember the order of the planets?</p>
<p>My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles</p>
<p>what are comets?</p>
<p>chunks of ice and rock originating outside of the solar system</p>
<p>what are asteriods?</p>
<p>chunks of rock and metal in orbit between mars and jupiter</p>
<p>What are meteorites?</p>
<p>small asteriods</p>
<p>what is light year?</p>
<p>a unit of astronomical distance equal to the distance light travels</p>
<p>If something is 4 light years away from earth how long will it take to be visible from earth?</p>
<p>4 years</p>
<p>what is speed of light?</p>
<p>300,000 km/s</p>
<p>what does earth's tilt cause?</p>
<p>the seasons</p>
<p>what happens when earth is tilted towards the sun?</p>
<p>it is warmer (summer)</p>
<p>what happens when earth is tilted away from the sun?</p>
<p>it is colder (winter)</p>
<p>characteristics of the fall & autumn equinox?</p>
<p>12 hrs of both daylight and darkness & september 23</p>
<p>characteristics of summer solstice</p>
<p>maximum tilt towards the sun causing the longest period of daylight & june 22</p>
<p>characteristics of the spring vernal equinox</p>
<p>12 hrs of both daylight and darkness & march 21</p>
<p>characteristics of winter solstice</p>
<p>north pole is tilted furthest away from the sun causing the shortest period of daylight & december 21</p>
<p>what marked the emergence of modern science and the heliocentric model regarding the universe?</p>
<p>scientific revolution</p>
<p>what theory was believed before the heliocentric theory?</p>
<p>geocentric theory</p>
<p>what is the geocentric theory?</p>
<p>that earth sat stationary at the center of the universe</p>
<p>what is the heliocentric theory and who introduced it?</p>
<p>Nicolaus Copernicus & the sun was at the center of the universe and earth rotates on its axis while revolving around the sun</p>
<p>what does the moon do?</p>
<p>affects the tides</p>
<p>what does a waxing moon look like?</p>
<p>illuminated on the right side</p>
<p>what does a waning moon look like?</p>
<p>illuminated on the left side</p>
<p>what are stars?</p>
<p>luminous balls of gas, mostly hydrogen, held together by its own gravity</p>
<p>what do star colors rely on?</p>
<p>temperature</p>
<p>what is the color of a hotter star?</p>
<p>blue</p>
<p>what is the color of a cooler star?</p>
<p>red</p>
<p>what are the types of stars?</p>
<p>O, B, A, F, G, K, M</p>
<p>what is the color and temperature of a O star?</p>
<p>blue, 25,000 kelvin</p>
<p>what is the color and temperature of a B star?</p>
<p>blue, 11,000-20,000 kelvin</p>
<p>what is the color and temperature of a A star?</p>
<p>blue, 7,500-11,000 kelvin</p>
<p>what is the color and temperature of a F star?</p>
<p>blue to white, 6,000-7,500 kelvin</p>
<p>what is the color and temperature of a G star?</p>
<p>white to yellow, 5,000-6,000 kelvin</p>
<p>what is the color and temperature of a K star?</p>
<p>orange to red, 3,500-5,000 kelvin</p>
<p>what is the color and temperature of a M star?</p>
<p>red, under 3,500 kelvin</p>
<p>What is a lunar eclipse?</p>
<p>the earth comes first created a shadow on the moon called the umbra</p>
<p>What is a solar eclipse?</p>
<p>the moon comes first</p>
<p>what is the space race?</p>
<p>when the US was competing with Russia to be the first to put a man on the moon & began in 1957 when Russia launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite & then the US committed to getting to the moon before Russia</p>
<p>what are earth's patterns?</p>
<p>spins on its axis & makes one full revolution on its axis every 24 hours & revolves around the sun & 365 days to make one full revolution around the sun</p>
<p>what are earth's cycles?</p>
<p>these cause day, night, seasons, weather, phases of the moon, water cycle, and life cycle</p>
<p>what are earth's changes?</p>
<p>some changes happen quick some happen slow & -ex: north american and european tectonic plates are separated by the mid-Atlantic ridge, the two continents are moving away from each other at about 1 inch per year</p>
<p>what are earth's magnetic poles?</p>
<p>magnetic fields that extend from its interior to outer space</p>
<p>what is calibrated by the magnetic poles?</p>
<p>compass</p>
<p>What does the magnetic field do?</p>
<p>morph, push, and pull at one another</p>
<p>magnetic poles on earth</p>
<p>magnetic field S pole is earth's geographic north pole & magnetic field N pole is earth's geographic south pole</p>
<p>what is the continental drift?</p>
<p>earth's continents were once one big land mass that separated or drifted apart over time because of tectonic plates</p>
<p>what is the big landmass in the continental drift called?</p>
<p>Pangea</p>
<p>Who proposed continental drift?</p>
<p>Alfred Wegener in 1912</p>
<p>the practice of science should be outline in these skills (VERY IMPORTANT):</p>
<p>asking questions and defining problems developing and using models & analyzing and interpreting data & using math and comcuptational thinking & constructing explainations and designing solutions & obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information</p>
<p>what does science is inquiry based?</p>
<p>students must be given the opportunity to interact with the concepts they are studying</p>
<p>what is an example of inquiry based?</p>
<p>ex: stuyding living organisms & students need to observe living organisms and have the opportunity to touch, observe, and interact</p>
<p>what are living things?</p>
<p>have physical entities and biological processes such as homeostasis, cell division, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis</p>
<p>what three components make up cell theory?</p>
<p>all living things are composed of cells & all cells come from pre-exisiting cells & cell is the smallest unit of life</p>
<p>what is the organization of life?</p>
<p>cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms</p>
<p>what are the six different kingdoms?</p>
<p>Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria</p>
<p>What is a prokaryote?</p>
<p>unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane bound organism</p>
<p>what is a eukaryote?</p>
<p>multicellular organism that contains a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane based organelles</p>
<p>what does DNA do in the prokaryote cell?</p>
<p>floats freely throughout the cell</p>
<p>what two domains are prokaryote cells divided into?</p>
<p>archaea and bacteria</p>
<p>what are organelles?</p>
<p>the structure within the cell membrane or cell wall</p>
<p>what are the main structure of the organelles?</p>
<p>cellular membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm</p>
<p>what is cellular membrane?</p>
<p>fluid, permeable outside covering of the cell, in plant cell this is a cell wall and its rigid</p>
<p>what is nucleus?</p>
<p>command center of the cell, it controls the rest of the cell</p>
<p>what does DNA do in a eukaryote cell?</p>
<p>lives in the nucleus</p>
<p>What is the mitochondria?</p>
<p>powerhouse of the cell</p>
<p>what is cytoplasm?</p>
<p>water like substance in the cell</p>
<p>what kind of cell are bacteria and virus?</p>
<p>prokaryote</p>
<p>what kind of cell are animals and plants?</p>
<p>eukaryote</p>
<p>What process do animal cells go through?</p>
<p>cellular respiration, which is the process of taking in food in the form of carbohydrates which makes energy in the form of ATP and removing waste</p>
<p>What is the equation for cellular respiration?</p>
<p>Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + water + energy (as ATP)</p>
<p>what process do plant cells go through?</p>
<p>photosynthesis which is the process of making their own food by using carbon dioxide, sunlight, and turning them into carbohydrates</p>
<p>What is the equation for photosynthesis?</p>
<p>Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight -----> glucose (sugar) + oxygen</p>
<p>what happens to the waste of animal cells?</p>
<p>it becomes nutrients plants use to go through photosythesis</p>
<p>what happens to the waste of plant cells?</p>
<p>it becomes nutrients for animals to use to go through cellular respiration</p>
<p>what kind of relationship do plants and animals have?</p>
<p>symbiotic relationship</p>
<p>plants have:</p>
<p>cell wall, chloroplasts, phtosythesis</p>
<p>animals have:</p>
<p>plasma membrane, no chloroplasts, cellular respiration</p>
<p>what are the 2 types of reproduction?</p>
<p>sexual and asexual</p>
<p>characteristics of sexual reproduction</p>
<p>2 parents, ech contribute a gamete (sex cells), male gamete: sperm, female gamete: ova (egg), occurs in both plants and animals</p>
<p>characteristics of asexual reproduction:</p>
<p>- involves 1 parent</p>
<p>what are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?</p>
<p>binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis</p>
<p>what is binary fission?</p>
<p>single parent cell doubles its DNA then divides into 2 cells, usually occurs in bacteria</p>
<p>what is budding?</p>
<p>small growth on the surface of parent breaks off to continue growing into adulthood, usually occurs in yeast & some animals</p>
<p>what is fragmentation?</p>
<p>piece of the organism breaks off and those pieces develop into new organism</p>
<p>what is parthenogenesis?</p>
<p>when an embryo develops on unfertilized cell, this occurs in invertebrates as well as some fish, amphibians, and reptiles</p>
<p>what are the benefits of sexual reproduction over asexual?</p>
<p>sexual offspring's are genetically different, genetic diversity has more advantages because it allows populations to adapt and evolve</p>
<p>what are the 4 phases of mitosis?</p>
<p>Interphase (not an actually phases but very important) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase</p>
<p>what is interphase?</p>
<p>cell prepares for division, it pumps and replicates its DNA within the nucleus & DNA is uncoiled which is call chromatin & organelles double (structures within the cell membrane)</p>
<p>what is prophase?</p>
<p>DNA tightly coils into chromosomes to make splitting efficient & the nuclear membrane dissolves -the microtubes or spindle fibers attach to each chromosome</p>
<p>what is metaphase?</p>
<p>chromosomes (tightly coiled DNA) move to the middle of the cell & the spindle fibers attach to each chromosome</p>
<p>what is anaphase?</p>
<p>spindle fibers begin to pull apart the chromosomes & bringing them to opposite sides of the cell for efficient splitting</p>
<p>what is telophase?</p>
<p>with chromosomes at either side of the cell & two new cells pinch off forming two identical sister cells of the original cell</p>
<p>what else happens in telophase?</p>
<p>cytokinesis: when cell separate into two new cells during the final stage of mitosis</p>
<p>In sexual reproduction what happens during meiosis?</p>
<p>two step process that reduces the chromosome number by half, from 46 to 23 to form sperm and egg cells & -the sperm and egg cell each contribute 23 so the embryo will have 46</p>
<p>what is another name for down syndrome?</p>
<p>Trisomy 21</p>
<p>What causes down syndrome?</p>
<p>during cell division when the chromosomes spilt they did not spilt evenly</p>
<p>what does down syndrome mean for the cells in the body?</p>
<p>that each cell in the body has 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2 copies</p>
<p>what is DNA?</p>
<p>hereditary material in living organisms</p>
<p>what are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?</p>
<p>adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine</p>
<p>What are the pairs of nitrogen bases in DNA?</p>
<p>Adenine Thymine & Cytosine Guanine</p>
<p>what are amino acids?</p>
<p>organic compounds that combine to form proteins</p>
<p>what do these chains of amino acid do?</p>
<p>make protein that makes cell structures, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms</p>
<p>what is the process of DNA replication?</p>
<p>DNA unzips & free flowing nucleotides ( AT, GC) bind to the unzipped portion of the DNA & two identical DNA strands are the result</p>
<p>what acts as instructions to make molecules called proteins?</p>
<p>Genes</p>
<p>how many copies of genes does each person get and where does it come from?</p>
<p>the each get two genes and 1 inherited from each parent</p>
<p>what are alleles?</p>
<p>forms of the same gene with slight difference in the sequence of DNA bases</p>
<p>what is dominance?</p>
<p>when the effect of one phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele</p>
<p>what is an example of dominance?</p>
<p>brown eye color is dominat over blue eyes, for a person to have blue eyes they must have both recessive alleles</p>
<p>who is the father of genetics?</p>
<p>Gregor Mendel</p>
<p>What did Gregor Mendel discover and how?</p>
<p>coined the terms dominant and recessive traits through the experiment of pea plants</p>
<p>Who discovered chromosome theory and what is it?</p>
<p>Thomas Hunt Morgan & the idea that genes are located on chromosomes</p>
<p>What is metamorphosis?</p>
<p>process of transformation from immature form to be an adult form in 2 or more distinct stages</p>
<p>what are the two types of metamorphosis?</p>
<p>complete and incomplete</p>
<p>what is complete metamorphosis?</p>
<p>when insect goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, imago & ex: caterpillar to butterfly</p>
<p>what is incomplete metamorphosis?</p>
<p>insect hatches from the egg and then goes through several nymphal stages & ex: grasshopper gradually gets bigger but doesn't change into something else</p>
<p>What is evolution?</p>
<p>types of changes that happen over thousands of years</p>
<p>what is important to note about evolution?</p>
<p>organisms do not evolve, populations evolve through genetic mutations over lengthy periods of time</p>
<p>What is adaptation?</p>
<p>distribution of traits in a population that is matched to and can change with environment conditions</p>
<p>what is an example of adaptation?</p>
<p>frog inherited genetic variations that result in camouflage, allowing the frog to survive and reproduce</p>
<p>what is natural selection?</p>
<p>traits passed down by offspring that allow organisms to adapt to the environment better than other organisms of the same species</p>
<p>Who developed natural selection?</p>
<p>Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace</p>
<p>how do adaptation and natural selection play a role together?</p>
<p>the adaptations allow for genetic variations to give some members advantages in environment, but this genetic variation is often random which will lead to natural selection (survival of the fittest)</p>
<p>what are mutations?</p>
<p>changes in DNA caused by mistakes during cell division or exposure to environmental factors</p>
<p>what is the behavior of individual organisms influenced by?</p>
<p>internal cues (hunger and internal temperature) & external cues (changes in environment)</p>
<p>What is homeostasis?</p>
<p>tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment</p>
<p>what is an example of homeostasis?</p>
<p>no matter how hot or cold it is outside the human body is able to maintain a temperature of 98.6</p>
<p>what are the types of organisms?</p>
<p>cold and warm blooded</p>
<p>What does cold-blooded mean?</p>
<p>body temperature varies with that of the environment</p>
<p>What does warm blooded mean?</p>
<p>maintain body temperature regardless of environment</p>
<p>what are some examples of cold blooded?</p>
<p>amphibians, reptiles, fish, insects</p>
<p>what are some examples of warm blooded?</p>
<p>mammals, birds</p>
<p>What does vertebrate mean ?</p>
<p>has a back bone</p>
<p>What does invertebrate mean?</p>
<p>doesn't have a back bone</p>
<p>which kingdom do both vertebrate and invertebrate come from?</p>
<p>Animalia</p>
