everything 2 Flashcards

Question

which tool measures the volume of an object?a. thermometerb. graduated cylinderc. balanced. barometer

Answer 1

b. graduated cylinder

Answer 2

A symbol, letter, or the combination of letters that represents a single sound. Such as d, k, m , sh, th, and ea

Answer 3

The relationship between symbols (letter in words) and sounds of a language

Answer 4

Tests that are given at certain points in time in order to determine what students know and don't know. Summative test are typically standardize ones and include state assessment district benchmarks semester or six weeks test and end of unit or chapter tests

Answer 5

Screenings, tests, and questions that are considered part of instructional process since they are given throughout the learning of new instructional objectives. They can be in the form of: Asking questions and or having students develop questionsObservations in the form of close monitoring and feedback while students are workingSelf and peer assessment

Answer 6

Thinking about your own thinking. And example might be to think about how to understand a certain chart with in the text. This says ... right under the chart so that must mean…

Answer 7

The way words are formed and are related to each other

Answer 8

The study of speech and sounds used in language

Answer 9

Setting, characters, theme, conflict, and resolution

Answer 10

Is the understanding and ability to hear individual words, syllables and sounds in spoken language apart from print. It is an umbrella term that includes - phonemic awareness- syllabication- rhyming- understanding spoken word

Answer 11

The ability to hear and use individual units of sounds, or phonemes in words and can be considered ear training

Answer 12

Is a set of rules that govern the construction of words in order to make phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Answer 13

The range of vocal expressions a reader uses when reading aloud including rhythm internation and stress patterns

Answer 14

The clear specific meaning of a word often derived from a dictionary

Answer 15

The study of word formation in a language including inflections, derivation and compound formations

Answer 16

two consonant letters that represent only one distinct speech sound (th, sh, ch, wh, gh, ck, ng)

Answer 17

combinations of two vowel letters together in words representing only one distinct speech sound (ee, oo, ie, ai)

Answer 18

defined as all sounds in a spoken syllable that come before the vowel sound. For example, str -- /s/-/t/-/r/-- in street or /f/ in fit are onsets

Answer 19

is the smallest unit of sound in a spoken word

Answer 20

smallest unit of meaning in language

Answer 21

involves connecting one’s background experiences, knowledge, interests, attitudes, and perspectives with spoken or written language to construct meaning

Answer 22

requires the sender of a message to “encode” or to put his or her thoughts into a symbolic form. Most often takes the form of spoken or written words but may also be represented visually through gestures, art, pictures, video, or dramatization

Answer 23

being able to state the name of the letter and not just the sound (saying the alphabet and not the sounds of the letters)

Answer 24

the belief that new knowledge is connected to related ideas one already knows

Answer 25

combinations of two vowels together in words producing a single, glided sound (oi in oil, oy in boy)

Answer 26

grasping the relationships between letters and sounds

Answer 27

a printed or visual symbol, usually a letter such as a, r, m, s, or o, that represents a phoneme

Answer 28

a free morpheme stands along as a word having meaning. Words like ball, peninsula, and chain consist of a single morpheme

Answer 29

a bound morpheme must be connected to another morpheme. Examples include –ocracy, -ante, and bio- as well as other prefixes and suffixes like re-, -ed, and –es.

Answer 30

are added suffixes or meaningful word endings, such as –s, -ed, -ing, and –est.

Answer 31

the spoken form of communication

Answer 32

requires the receiver of a message to “decode” or unlock the code of the spoken or written communication used by the sender in order to understand the message

Answer 33

combining two words with separate meanings together for example dog and house = doghouse, note and book = notebook, hair and spray = hairspray

Answer 34

when you encounter new language, your brain will often modify your existing knowledge network (schema) to “rewire itself” to accommodate new learning into permanent schema structures

Answer 35

involves an understanding of how words are combined into larger language structures, especially sentences

Answer 36

defined as the vowel sound and every other sound that follows the vowel sound in a spoken syllable. The spoken words, an, it, a, ok, and I all contain a rime that includes the vowel sound (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/) and the other sounds that follow the vowel sound

Answer 37

Students’ awareness of phonemes

Answer 38

is a critical insight that young children must achieve in learning to reach and write

Answer 39

Example -- telephone, elephant, bananaDescription -- kids take out a weak syllable, unstressed syllable

Answer 40

Example -- ball, dogDescription -- drop off last consonant of a word

Answer 41

Substitute one class of sounds for another1. fronting = back sound to front (key to tey, go to do)2. stopping = fricative becoming a stop (shoe to toe, sun to ton)3. gliding = (kelly to kewy, little to ylittle)

Answer 42

Sh, ch, gr, pl, sn, sw

Answer 43

This involves hearing a word, splitting it up into the phonemes that make it, using knowledge of GPCs to work out which graphemes represent those phonemes and then writing those graphemes down in the right order. This is the basis of spelling.

Answer 44

A syllable in which a single vowel is followed by a consonant. The vowel sound is usually short. (rab*bit, cam*el, ham*ster)

Answer 45

A syllable ending with a single vowel. The vowel is usually long. (me, ve*to)

Answer 46

A syllable with the long vowel-consonant-silent e pattern. (shape, cube, slide, be*have)

Answer 47

A syllable in which the vowel(s) is followed by the single letter r. The vowel sound is neither long nor short and when heard, sounds like it is controlled by the r. (chart, fern, pour, tar*get, whisp*er)

Answer 48

A syllable containing two letters that together make one vowel sound. The vowel sound can be long, short, or a diphthong. (plain, show, heav*y, boy, cow, cloud*y, boil*ing)

Answer 49

An unaccented final syllable containing a consonant plus –le. (ap*ple, tur*tle, ta*ble, lit*tle)

Answer 50

the ability to speak easily and smoothly -- related to reading reading with easy

Answer 51

the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry.

Answer 52

Reading words in text with no errors.

Answer 53

The speed at which a person reads.

Answer 54

Stage 1: Random Scribbling (ages 2-3)Stage 2: Controlled Scribbling (age 3)Stage 3: Mock Writing (ages 3-4)Stage 4: Writing Letters (ages 4-5)Stage 5: Writing Words (ages 5-6)

Answer 55

Stage 1. Ages 2-3. Child makes random contact with the paper and exhibits little muscular control

Answer 56

Stage 2. Age 3. Pretend writing is produced as child scribbles across paper in a linear fashion. Patterns may be repeated over and over. Shows increased muscular control.

Answer 57

Stage 3. Ages 3-4. Writing includes letter-like forms, often arranged in groups and word-like strings. Mock letters may include characteristics of familiar letters but may be misshapen, combined, reversed, or inverted.

Answer 58

Stage 4. Ages 4-5. Children name and write recognizable letters, although letters are frequently reversed.

Answer 59

Stage 5. Ages 5-6. Using invented spelling, children group letters to write many words. Mature writing grip has developed. Children write letters, including lowercased letters, more smoothly and automatically.

Answer 60

Levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality and clarity, and knowledge demands

Answer 61

Readability measures and other scores of text complexity

Answer 62

Reader variables (such as motivation, knowledge, and experiences) and task variables (such as purpose and the complexity generated by the task assigned and the questions posed)

Answer 63

A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event. Some types of primary sources include:ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable): Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official records CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings

Answer 64

A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them. Some types of seconday sources include:PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias Examples of secondary sources include:A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings A history textbook A book about the effects of WWI

Answer 65

To express the meaning of (the writer or speaker or something written or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity.

Answer 66

the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

Answer 67

encompasses the organization of sounds in language

Answer 68

encompasses both expressive (speaking) and receptive (listening) vocabulary

Answer 69

encompasses the smallest units of meaning in words

Answer 70

is the structure of language and words

Answer 71

focuses on the social cues or norms in language...this is often referred to as situations in language

Answer 72

focuses on speaking and listening skills in language

Answer 73

understanding the rules of language. Students have to see the letters or words to engage in phonics- focuses on graphemes/letters and their corresponding sounds- written language/print- both visual and auditory- reading and writing letters according to sounds, spelling, patterns, and phonological structureEx. In the word receive, students know the c makes an /s/ sound. They have to look at the letter c and understand that it is followed by an e, i, or y, and therefore, makes an /s/ sound

Answer 74

refers to the meaning in language that assists in comprehending texts including words, speech, signs, symbols, and other meaning-bearing forms, involves the learners' prior knowledge of languageex. We were so hungry we had a picnic in the park. - Picnic is a strange word, but the student can use the words hungry and park to figure out the word picnic.

Answer 75

involve the structure of the word as in the rules and patterns of language (grammar), and punctuation, as students read, they use structural cuesex. The student reads, "Joey sit in class yesterday."- In this case, the student mistakes the word sit for sat. Using syntactic cuing, the student will self-correct because the word yesterday indicates there needs to be a past tense verb - sat.

Answer 76

involve the letter-sound or sound-symbol relationships of language, readers identifying unknown words by relating speech sounds to letters or letter patterns are using this, often called decodingex. The student knows that the word make has a long a sound because of the vowel after the k. This is a consonant, vowel, consonant, vowel (CVCV) word.

Answer 77

comprises timing, phrasing, emphasis, and intonation that readers use to help convey aspects of meaning and to make their speech lively, includes stopping periods, pausing at commas, reading with inflection, and reading with expression

Answer 78

fast, effortless word recognition that comes with repeated reading practice, when students are reading at >95% accuracy, they have automaticity

Answer 79

the amount of words a student reads correctly- Typically, accuracy is measured by having students read aloud during a fluency read (also called a running record). The student reads and the teacher marks any words the student miscues

Answer 80

the speed at which students read words correctly, rate is typically expressed in correct words per minute (wpm)

Answer 81

this is multi-step, high-level thinking. students are stretching in their thinking to analyze, evaluate, interpret, and synthesize information to reach a conclusion or make a judgment

Answer 82

This requires students to create something by applying their skills. When students apply their skills, they are operating at a high cognitive level

Answer 83

Students look back on and reflect upon their learning process to promote abstract thinking and to encourage the application of learning strategies to new situations

Answer 84

a hierarchical model used to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The higher up the pyramid, the more complex the thinking skills. The skills are represented as verbs on the pyramid

Answer 85

thinking about thinking, when students have metacognition, they understand the processes in their minds and can employ a variety of techniques to understand text

Answer 86

asking students what they think will happen next

Answer 87

having students ask questions based on what they are reading

Answer 88

teacher or student reads and stops to think aloud about what the text means

Answer 89

asking students to summarize what they just read in their own words

Answer 90

random marks or scribbles often occur on a page with drawings, toddlers use the terms drawing and writing to describe their marks; however, 3- and 4-year-olds generally understand the difference between the twoex. children may say, "This says Tommy!" (child's own name)

Answer 91

children produce lines of wavy scribbles as they imitate adult cursive writing, children will often pretend they are writing something they have seen their parents write such as a grocery list or a letter

Answer 92

children attempt to form alphabetic representations, which also often appear in their drawings, writing in this stage is often vertical versus horizontal, children make shapes that resemble conventional letters

Answer 93

children begin to write letters, usually from their name or a family member's name, as children's mock letters become more and more conventional, real letters of the alphabet begin to appear, children will often create strings of letters across a page and "read" them as real sentences or a series of sentences

Answer 94

children write words using phonemic awareness, the words are not spelled correctly but do resemble the sounds of the wordsEx. invented spelling of the word was may be wuz, or the invented spelling of the word other may be uther

Answer 95

children's approximated spellings gradually become more and more conventional, the child's own name is usually written first, followed by words such as mom, dad, and love- Initially, children may incorrectly copy words. Eventually, words will be written correctly. Adults can support the child's move to conventional spelling by being patient and by continuing to serve as a good writing model

Answer 96

writing that persuades or convinces using support, details, and examples from the text in logical order- In early grades, this is called opinion writing

Answer 97

writing that informs, explains, or tells "how to" without using opinions (just the facts)

Answer 98

writing that describes or helps form a visual picture using sensory details and spatial order

Answer 99

a first-person account that tells a story as it happens using sensory details and chronological order

Answer 100

brainstorming, considering purpose and goals for writing, using graphic organizers to connect ideas, and designing a coherent structure for a writing piece

Answer 101

working independently to draft the sentence, essay, or paper

Answer 102

students evaluate each other's writing in the peer review process

Answer 103

reworking a piece of writing based on structure, tone, and clear connections

Answer 104

editing based on conventions and mechanics

Answer 105

incorporating changes as they carefully write or type their final drafts

Answer 106

producing and disseminating the work in a variety of ways, such as a class book, bulletin board, letters to the editor, school newsletter, or website

Answer 107

Refers to the overall feeling of the piece of writing. When writing a narrative vs. an opinion, the tone or position may be different depending on the content. The tone will convey a specific attitude toward the audience and the subject Ex. Pete the Cat by Eric Litwin and James Dean expresses an optimistic tone . Pete the Cat runs into various obstacles but is able to prevail by having a positive attitude

Answer 108

refers to the reason for the piece of writing, is the student writing to persuade, to entertain, or to explain? Ex. If a student is writing her state representative to pass a new law, the student should write a persuasive essay. However, if a student is writing to her grandmother to describe how summer camp is going, the student should write a narrative

Answer 109

refers to the individuals the writer expects to read the piece of writing, as explained above, a student will write very differently in a letter to her grandmother than she will in a letter to her congressional representative

Answer 110

noun, verb, adjective, adverb

Answer 111

non-sentences, phrases that do not have a subject and a predicate

Answer 112

The subject and the predicate must agreeEx. the girl run to the car should be the girl runs to the car

Answer 113

a broad set of skills that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language - parts such as phonemes in words, syllables, and onsets and rimes

Answer 114

the alphabetic principle is the understanding that letters represent sounds which form words; it is the knowledge of predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds

Answer 115

a factual written record of a person's conduct, based on succinct, spontaneous, and descriptive observations made by an onlooker. This constitutes the person's view of an individual - as opposed to specific assessments

Answer 116

information that is essential to understanding a situation or problem

Answer 117

to look closely at something in order to show likenesses and differences. compare is used for showing the likenesses between two or more things. compare these sofas for size and comfort. contrast is used for showing the differences and especially the characteristics which are opposite

Answer 118

a reading comprehension activity in which words are omitted from a passage and students are required to fill in the blanks. this procedure is incredibly useful in reading instruction because it can be easily done by any teacher and provides valuable reading comprehension information

Answer 119

an ability to understand the meaning or importance of something

Answer 120

the awareness of how print works including emerging knowledge about books, print, and written language, and how we use them

Answer 121

visual diagrams that connect abstract ideas. students use these to connect prior knowledge and experiences to new information. to create a concept web, draw a central circle

Answer 122

when a teacher is conferencing with a student or a small group of students, they are working on skills that need to be reinforced or skills that will provide enrichment. there are many benefits to conferencing with students: conferences provide individualized instruction for each student. conferences can provide insight into what the student is doing while reading and writing. conferences can help the teacher investigate student knowledge. conferencing can help assess the student. conferencing can provide reinforcement and/or enrichment of skills. conferencing can help students improve their reading level

Answer 123

hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words

Answer 124

a type of text often used in beginning reading instruction. decodable texts are carefully sequenced to progressively incorporate words that are consistent with the letters and corresponding phonemes that have been taught to the new reader

Answer 125

the ability to apply your knowledge of letter-sound relationships, including knowledge of letter patterns, to correctly pronounce written words. understanding these relationships gives children the ability to recognize familiar words quickly and to figure out words they haven't seen before

Answer 126

the practice of making a curriculum based on what students are able to do cognitively, physically and emotionally at a certain age

Answer 127

to interact with the text and to monitor (keep track of) comprehension, paying attention to points at which the material is not clear or the terms are not familiar: https://www.rit.edu/ntid/sea/processes/comprehension/process/during

Answer 128

a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. it is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. these difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. the 4 types of dyslexia include phonological dyslexia, surface dyslexia, rapid naming deficit, and double deficit dyslexia: https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_4_types_of_dyslexia/article.htm

Answer 129

the idea that learning literacy actually begins at a very early age, long before official lessons in school. this term is used to describe the knowledge a child has of reading and writing before reaching the age where those skills are taught. emergent literacy argues that right after birth, children are already in the process of becoming literate: https://study.com/academy/lesson/emergent-literacy-definition-theories-characteristics.html

Answer 130

non-fiction texts that give facts and information about a topic. these academic texts are common in subjects such as science, history and social sciences

Answer 131

the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. in order to understand what they read, children must be able to read fluently whether they are reading aloud or silently

Answer 132

a visual and graphic display that depicts the relationships between facts, terms, and or ideas within a learning task. graphic organizers are also sometimes referred to as knowledge maps, concept maps, story maps, cognitive organizers, advance organizers, or concept diagrams

Answer 133

a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

Answer 134

an individually-administered diagnostic tool that assesses a student's reading comprehension and reading accuracy. the IRI measures three reading levels: independent, instructional and frustrational: https://www.readingrockets.org/article/informal-reading-inventory-qualitative-reading-inventory

Answer 135

the process whereby children learn their native language. it consists of abstracting structural information from the language they hear around them and internalising this information for later use

Answer 136

the subjects (such as reading, spelling, literature, and composition) that aim at developing the student's comprehension and capacity for use of written and oral language

Answer 137

a broad term used to describe the differences between different languages and the ways that people communicate with each other. this mechanism has been instrumental in allowing humans to communicate with each other and form complex cultures and civilizations

Answer 138

the ability to read and write

Answer 139

an analytical procedure for assessing students' reading comprehension based on samples of oral reading

Answer 140

the study of words and their parts. morphemes, like prefixes, suffixes and base words, are defined as the smallest meaningful units of meaning. morphemes are important for phonics in both reading and spelling, as well as in vocabulary and comprehension

Answer 141

any text, story or narrative that tells a certain anecdote, that is, a succession of actions in a limited period of time. it can have literary or merely communicative purposes. in addition, narrative texts can have many forms and can be in different supports, both oral and written

Answer 142

the initial phonological unit of any word (e.g. c in cat)

Answer 143

the information that is stored in memory that tells us how to represent spoken language in written form: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10212-020-00464-7

Answer 144

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat: https://www.britannica.com/topic/phoneme

Answer 145

a subset of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest mental units of sound that help to differentiate units of meaning

Answer 146

a method of teaching people to read by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system

Answer 147

the awareness of and ability to work with sounds in spoken language, sets the stage for decoding, blending, and, ultimately, word reading. phonological awareness begins developing before the beginning of formal schooling and continues through third grade and beyond

Answer 148

a branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds (or constituent parts of signs, in sign languages). the term also refers to the sound or sign system of any particular language variety: https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/phonology/

Answer 149

a purposeful collection of student work that exhibits the student's efforts, progress, and achievements in one or more areas

Answer 150

post-reading strategies help readers summarize their learning, check for understanding, and organize their thoughts and ideas: http://www.balancingthesword.com/study_support/glossaryword.asp?ID=77&_Word=post-reading+strategies

Answer 151

a specific type of book used in the earliest stages of reading instruction. predictable texts are constructed to encourage beginning readers to memorize whole words and sentences and to use picture cues to ‘read’ unknown words. the texts have a repeated sentence or phrase on each page, typically with one variable word. a picture accompanies each sentence that allows the student to guess the variable word using the picture

Answer 152

an initial stage in the process of teaching a student to read; a skill seen as leading to the ability to read: https://www.theedadvocate.org/using-pre-reading-stage-to-develop-great-readers/

Answer 153

the information and educational context a learner already has before they learn new information. a learner's understanding of educational material can be improved by taking advantage of their prior knowledge before dealing with the new material

Answer 154

an environment in which children are exposed to books, read to daily, provide with writing materials, their writing is displayed at children's eye level, and meaningful reading and writing experiences are presented

Answer 155

the ease with which a reader can successfully decipher, process, and make meaning of the text read. typographical features of the text are critical; letter shape, size, and spacing all meaningfully impact fluency and comprehension

Answer 156

involves students orally reconstructing a story that they have read or has been read to them. a student's retell should include characters, settings, and events in the logical sequence of the story

Answer 157

the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants (e.g. at in cat)

Answer 158

help teachers measure students' progress, plan for future instruction, provide a way for students to understand their progress, and communicate progress to parents and the school community

Answer 159

reading a text quickly in order to find specific information

Answer 160

map that can visually display a word or phrase and a set of related words or concepts: https://vocabularyluau.com/how-to-use-semantic-maps-for-teaching-vocabulary/#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20Semantic%20Map,maps%E2%80%9D%20or%20webs%20of%20words.

Answer 161

the study of the meaning of language: https://study.com/learn/lesson/semantics-meaning-examples.html

Answer 162

a strategy that is used to facilitate decoding as students become more proficient readers. these advanced decoding strategies help students learn parts of words so they can more easily decode unknown multi-syllabic words. in structural analysis, students are taught to read prefixes and suffixes

Answer 163

a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word; e.g., there are two syllables in water and three in inferno

Answer 164

1. of or pertaining to syntax. 2. consisting of or noting morphemes that are combined in the same order as they would be if they were separate words in a corresponding construction. The word blackberry, which consists of an adjective followed by a noun, is a syntactic compound

Answer 165

a universal idea, lesson, or message explored throughout a work of literature

Answer 166

books published by a commercial publisher and intended for general readership. chapter, picture, fiction and non-fiction books are all examples of trade books.

Answer 167

refers to the collection of words that a person knows and uses. vocabulary development is the process of acquiring new words: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulary_development

Answer 168

when students engage in "word analysis" or "word study," they break words down into their smallest units of meaning — morphemes. each morpheme has a meaning that contributes to our understanding of the whole word

Answer 169

answer to an addition problem

Answer 170

answer to a subtraction problem

Answer 171

answer to a multiplication problem

Answer 172

answer to a division problem

Answer 173

two things you add up to equal something 3+5

Answer 174

two things multiplied together 3x5

Answer 175

top number you are dividing

Answer 176

what you are dividing by (bottom number)

Answer 177

17 less a number --> 17-n

Answer 178

17 less than a number --> n-17

Answer 179

17 is less than a number --> 17

Answer 180

arrows on both sides, labeled with one lower case letter or two upper case

Answer 181

two dots on both sides

Answer 182

two letters starting with end point

Answer 183

go on forever, in the same plane, and never cross paths

Answer 184

intersect at a right angle

Answer 185

0-89.9 degrees

Answer 186

90 degrees

Answer 187

91-179 degrees

Answer 188

180 degrees

Answer 189

181-359 degrees

Answer 190

middle number

Answer 191

number most often

Answer 192

highest minus the lowest point

Answer 193

point minus the average

Answer 194

Length•Width

Answer 195

Base•Height

Answer 196

1/2•base•height

Answer 197

1/2 (base1+base2)h

Answer 198

2(length+width+height)

Answer 199

Add up all sides together

Answer 200

Pie multiplied by diameter (3.14...)d

Answer 201

1/3(base)^2•height

Answer 202

4/3(pie)r^3

Answer 203

(Pie)r^2(height)

Answer 204

1/3 (pie)r^2(height)

Answer 205

Sedimentary

Answer 206

Milliliters

Answer 207

Primary Consumers

Answer 208

refraction

Answer 209

Cooking of an egg

Answer 210

Salamander

Answer 211

MercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiter SaturnUranusNeptune

Answer 212

From the range 7-14, a solution is basic. Whenever the value of pOH is greater than 7, then it is considered basic. At pH 7, the substance or solution is at neutral and means that the concentration of H+ and OH- ion is the same.From the range 1-7, a solution is acidic. So, whenever the value of a pH is less than 7, it is considered acidic.

Answer 213

An element is a substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons - i.e. the same atomic number.Elements are chemically the simplest substances and hence cannot be broken down using chemical methods. Elements can only be changed into other elements using nuclear methods.

Answer 214

any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Amphibia, comprising frogs and toads, newts and salamanders, and caecilians, the larvae being typically aquatic, breathing by gills, and the adults being typically semiterrestrial, breathing by lungs and through the moist, glandular skin.

Answer 215

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

Answer 216

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.

Answer 217

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.

Answer 218

Electrostatic attraction is the attraction between atoms of opposite charge that holds the atoms together in ionic bonds.

Answer 219

the property of matter by which it retains its state of rest or its velocity along a straight line so long as it is not acted upon by an external force.- resisting change!

Answer 220

Biotic factors are the living parts of an ecosystem---the animals, plants and microorganisms.

Answer 221

Abiotic factors are the non living parts of an ecosystem.

Answer 222

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

Answer 223

The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease.

Answer 224

The respiratory system (or ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.

Answer 225

The endocrine system refers to the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards a distant target organ.

Answer 226

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.

Answer 227

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light yields Glucose + Oxygen

Answer 228

Humans perceive pitch based on the frequency of the sound wave that is detected by the ear. High-frequency sound waves have a high pitch; low-frequency sound waves have a low pitch.

Answer 229

Biomes are regions of the world with similar climate (weather, temperature) animals and plants.

Answer 230

Ecology is the relationship of living things to each other and to what’s around them.

Answer 231

destroy bacteria through an oxidation reaction

Answer 232

moons rotation around the earth

Answer 233

a record of how life on earth has changed over time

Answer 234

because not all organisms get preserved and not all fossils are found

Answer 235

stationary hot spots that came from the outer core

Answer 236

the pacific tectonic plate moved over the course of thousands of years therefore creating multiple islands

Answer 237

sperm and egg cells

Answer 238

fertilized eggs

Answer 239

when you have 23 chromosomes (n)

Answer 240

when you have 46 chromosomes (2n)

Answer 241

Crust/Lithosphere, mantle, core

Answer 242

Outermost solid layer and made

Answer 243

not liquid, composed of aluminum, silicates, & plastic

Answer 244

outer most, rigid, earth's crust

Answer 245

not a liquid, soft plastic

Answer 246

material flows but at a slower rate, stiff plastic

Answer 247

layer of liquid iron and nickel, only layer of earth that is a true liquid

Answer 248

all water on earth in liquid form (lakes, rivers, oceans)

Answer 249

all ecosystems and living organisms

Answer 250

masses of frozen water (frozen lakes, rivers, oceans, glaciers)

Answer 251

lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere

Answer 252

gasses that surround the planet

Answer 253

nitrogen: 78%, oxygen: 21%, argon: 0.09%, helium: small traces, neon: small traces

Answer 254

crust, mantle, core

Answer 255

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

Answer 256

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

Answer 257

most weather occurs here, 0-12 km

Answer 258

ozone layer, 12-50 km, absorbs 97-99% of suns ultraviolent light

Answer 259

700-1000 km

Answer 260

geographic landscapes are formations made by rocks

Answer 261

mountains, volcanoes, canyons

Answer 262

formed from the tectonic plates smashing together

Answer 263

formed when magma from the earth's upper mantle erupts through the surface

Answer 264

formed by weathering and erosion caused by movements in rivers and by tectonic plate activity

Answer 265

by plates rubbing against each other in an opposite motion which causes rocks underground to break along the fault therefore this causes energy to be released causing seismic waves

Answer 266

3-4.9= minor or light, 5-6.9= moderate to strong, 7-7.9= major, 8 or more= great

Answer 267

primary (p waves), secondary (s waves), surface

Answer 268

fastest waves ( 3 miles per second), can travel through solid, liquid, gases

Answer 269

travel through earth's interior at half the speed of p waves (1.5 miles per second), can travel through rock but not liquid or gas

Answer 270

move along earth's surface, slowest waves

Answer 271

giant waves cause by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea

Answer 272

they build up to higher and higher heights as the depth of the ocean decreases

Answer 273

ocean depth

Answer 274

earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core

Answer 275

the plates move and separate causing earth to separate and change

Answer 276

divergent, convergent, and subduction

Answer 277

to pull apart

Answer 278

they come together

Answer 279

sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into the mantle beneath another plate

Answer 280

mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids that support life on earth

Answer 281

topsoil, subsoil, bedrock

Answer 282

the continuous circulation of water throughout earth and earth's atmosphere

Answer 283

hydrologic cycle

Answer 284

evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration

Answer 285

Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface (rain & snow)

Answer 286

when water turns from a liquid to a gas (water vapor)

Answer 287

gas (water vapor) turns back into a liquid, water collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it, forming clouds

Answer 288

plants suck water from the roots into the small pores in leaves which releases gas (water vapor) the atmosphere

Answer 289

4.5 billion years old

Answer 290

a very long period of time

Answer 291

4.5 billion

Answer 292

temperatures were extremely hot and volcanic activity

Answer 293

formed by debris around the solar protoplanetary disk

Answer 294

2.5 billion

Answer 295

prokaryote and other first forms of life

Answer 296

volcanic and greenhouse gasses

Answer 297

541 billion

Answer 298

eukaryote, multicellular organisms, bacteria began producing oxygen, plants, animals, early fungi formed

Answer 299

shaped the third & current of earth's atmosphere

Answer 300

complex life including vertebrates begin to dominate the ocean, familiar forms of plants, animals, and fungi, animals including humans evolve at the most recent phase

Answer 301

541 million- present

Answer 302

naturally occurring solid mass or aggerate of minerals or mineraloid matter

Answer 303

by minerals they include, chemical composition, and formation (origin)

Answer 304

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

Answer 305

lava & magma

Answer 306

glassy, smooth, gas, bubble holes, random arrangement of minerals

Answer 307

granite, pumice, obsidian

Answer 308

heat pressure

Answer 309

sparkly, crystals, ribbon like layers

Answer 310

marble, slate, gneiss

Answer 311

sand grains, visible pebbles fossils may be visible

Answer 312

deposition, cementation

Answer 313

conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale

Answer 314

third planet from the sun, densest planet, largest of the four terrestrial, only known object to harbor life

Answer 315

planetary system that orbits the sun, which includes 8 planets and their natural satellites, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, & particles of smaller debris

Answer 316

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Answer 317

My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles

Answer 318

chunks of ice and rock originating outside of the solar system

Answer 319

chunks of rock and metal in orbit between mars and jupiter

Answer 320

small asteriods

Answer 321

a unit of astronomical distance equal to the distance light travels

Answer 322

300,000 km/s

Answer 323

the seasons

Answer 324

it is warmer (summer)

Answer 325

it is colder (winter)

Answer 326

12 hrs of both daylight and darkness & september 23

Answer 327

maximum tilt towards the sun causing the longest period of daylight & june 22

Answer 328

12 hrs of both daylight and darkness & march 21

Answer 329

north pole is tilted furthest away from the sun causing the shortest period of daylight & december 21

Answer 330

scientific revolution

Answer 331

geocentric theory

Answer 332

that earth sat stationary at the center of the universe

Answer 333

Nicolaus Copernicus & the sun was at the center of the universe and earth rotates on its axis while revolving around the sun

Answer 334

affects the tides

Answer 335

illuminated on the right side

Answer 336

illuminated on the left side

Answer 337

luminous balls of gas, mostly hydrogen, held together by its own gravity

Answer 338

temperature

Answer 339

O, B, A, F, G, K, M

Answer 340

blue, 25,000 kelvin

Answer 341

blue, 11,000-20,000 kelvin

Answer 342

blue, 7,500-11,000 kelvin

Answer 343

blue to white, 6,000-7,500 kelvin

Answer 344

white to yellow, 5,000-6,000 kelvin

Answer 345

orange to red, 3,500-5,000 kelvin

Answer 346

red, under 3,500 kelvin

Answer 347

the earth comes first created a shadow on the moon called the umbra

Answer 348

the moon comes first

Answer 349

when the US was competing with Russia to be the first to put a man on the moon & began in 1957 when Russia launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite & then the US committed to getting to the moon before Russia

Answer 350

spins on its axis & makes one full revolution on its axis every 24 hours & revolves around the sun & 365 days to make one full revolution around the sun

Answer 351

these cause day, night, seasons, weather, phases of the moon, water cycle, and life cycle

Answer 352

some changes happen quick some happen slow & -ex: north american and european tectonic plates are separated by the mid-Atlantic ridge, the two continents are moving away from each other at about 1 inch per year

Answer 353

magnetic fields that extend from its interior to outer space

Answer 354

morph, push, and pull at one another

Answer 355

magnetic field S pole is earth's geographic north pole & magnetic field N pole is earth's geographic south pole

Answer 356

earth's continents were once one big land mass that separated or drifted apart over time because of tectonic plates

Answer 357

Alfred Wegener in 1912

Answer 358

asking questions and defining problems developing and using models & analyzing and interpreting data & using math and comcuptational thinking & constructing explainations and designing solutions & obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

Answer 359

students must be given the opportunity to interact with the concepts they are studying

Answer 360

ex: stuyding living organisms & students need to observe living organisms and have the opportunity to touch, observe, and interact

Answer 361

have physical entities and biological processes such as homeostasis, cell division, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis

Answer 362

all living things are composed of cells & all cells come from pre-exisiting cells & cell is the smallest unit of life

Answer 363

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms

Answer 364

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

Answer 365

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane bound organism

Answer 366

multicellular organism that contains a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane based organelles

Answer 367

floats freely throughout the cell

Answer 368

archaea and bacteria

Answer 369

the structure within the cell membrane or cell wall

Answer 370

cellular membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm

Answer 371

fluid, permeable outside covering of the cell, in plant cell this is a cell wall and its rigid

Answer 372

command center of the cell, it controls the rest of the cell

Answer 373

lives in the nucleus

Answer 374

powerhouse of the cell

Answer 375

water like substance in the cell

Answer 376

prokaryote

Answer 377

cellular respiration, which is the process of taking in food in the form of carbohydrates which makes energy in the form of ATP and removing waste

Answer 378

Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + water + energy (as ATP)

Answer 379

photosynthesis which is the process of making their own food by using carbon dioxide, sunlight, and turning them into carbohydrates

Answer 380

Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight -----> glucose (sugar) + oxygen

Answer 381

it becomes nutrients plants use to go through photosythesis

Answer 382

it becomes nutrients for animals to use to go through cellular respiration

Answer 383

symbiotic relationship

Answer 384

cell wall, chloroplasts, phtosythesis

Answer 385

plasma membrane, no chloroplasts, cellular respiration

Answer 386

sexual and asexual

Answer 387

2 parents, ech contribute a gamete (sex cells), male gamete: sperm, female gamete: ova (egg), occurs in both plants and animals

Answer 388

- involves 1 parent

Answer 389

binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis

Answer 390

single parent cell doubles its DNA then divides into 2 cells, usually occurs in bacteria

Answer 391

small growth on the surface of parent breaks off to continue growing into adulthood, usually occurs in yeast & some animals

Answer 392

piece of the organism breaks off and those pieces develop into new organism

Answer 393

when an embryo develops on unfertilized cell, this occurs in invertebrates as well as some fish, amphibians, and reptiles

Answer 394

sexual offspring's are genetically different, genetic diversity has more advantages because it allows populations to adapt and evolve

Answer 395

Interphase (not an actually phases but very important) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Answer 396

cell prepares for division, it pumps and replicates its DNA within the nucleus & DNA is uncoiled which is call chromatin & organelles double (structures within the cell membrane)

Answer 397

DNA tightly coils into chromosomes to make splitting efficient & the nuclear membrane dissolves -the microtubes or spindle fibers attach to each chromosome

Answer 398

chromosomes (tightly coiled DNA) move to the middle of the cell & the spindle fibers attach to each chromosome

Answer 399

spindle fibers begin to pull apart the chromosomes & bringing them to opposite sides of the cell for efficient splitting

Answer 400

with chromosomes at either side of the cell & two new cells pinch off forming two identical sister cells of the original cell

Answer 401

cytokinesis: when cell separate into two new cells during the final stage of mitosis

Answer 402

two step process that reduces the chromosome number by half, from 46 to 23 to form sperm and egg cells & -the sperm and egg cell each contribute 23 so the embryo will have 46

Answer 403

Trisomy 21

Answer 404

during cell division when the chromosomes spilt they did not spilt evenly

Answer 405

that each cell in the body has 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2 copies

Answer 406

hereditary material in living organisms

Answer 407

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Answer 408

Adenine Thymine & Cytosine Guanine

Answer 409

organic compounds that combine to form proteins

Answer 410

make protein that makes cell structures, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Answer 411

DNA unzips & free flowing nucleotides ( AT, GC) bind to the unzipped portion of the DNA & two identical DNA strands are the result

Answer 412

the each get two genes and 1 inherited from each parent

Answer 413

forms of the same gene with slight difference in the sequence of DNA bases

Answer 414

when the effect of one phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele

Answer 415

brown eye color is dominat over blue eyes, for a person to have blue eyes they must have both recessive alleles

Answer 416

Gregor Mendel

Answer 417

coined the terms dominant and recessive traits through the experiment of pea plants

Answer 418

Thomas Hunt Morgan & the idea that genes are located on chromosomes

Answer 419

process of transformation from immature form to be an adult form in 2 or more distinct stages

Answer 420

complete and incomplete

Answer 421

when insect goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, imago & ex: caterpillar to butterfly

Answer 422

insect hatches from the egg and then goes through several nymphal stages & ex: grasshopper gradually gets bigger but doesn't change into something else

Answer 423

types of changes that happen over thousands of years

Answer 424

organisms do not evolve, populations evolve through genetic mutations over lengthy periods of time

Answer 425

distribution of traits in a population that is matched to and can change with environment conditions

Answer 426

frog inherited genetic variations that result in camouflage, allowing the frog to survive and reproduce

Answer 427

traits passed down by offspring that allow organisms to adapt to the environment better than other organisms of the same species

Answer 428

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 429

the adaptations allow for genetic variations to give some members advantages in environment, but this genetic variation is often random which will lead to natural selection (survival of the fittest)

Answer 430

changes in DNA caused by mistakes during cell division or exposure to environmental factors

Answer 431

internal cues (hunger and internal temperature) & external cues (changes in environment)

Answer 432

tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment

Answer 433

no matter how hot or cold it is outside the human body is able to maintain a temperature of 98.6

Answer 434

cold and warm blooded

Answer 435

body temperature varies with that of the environment

Answer 436

maintain body temperature regardless of environment

Answer 437

amphibians, reptiles, fish, insects

Answer 438

mammals, birds

Answer 439

has a back bone

Answer 440

doesn't have a back bone