everything 3 Flashcards

Question

what are primary?

Answer 1

herbivores who eat plants such as bunnies

Answer 2

eat primary consumers such as snakes

Answer 3

eat secondary consumers such as birds

Answer 4

eat tertiary consumers, usually carnivores such as hawks, this is where the food chain ends

Answer 5

turn dead material such as animal carcass or dead tree into soil by recycling nutrients as food such as earthworms, small soil beetles, fungi, and bacteria

Answer 6

competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Answer 7

two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resources & ex: lions and cheetahs eat the same so they compete within their ecosystems

Answer 8

behavior of one animal feeding on another & ex: lion is predatory, and zebra is prey

Answer 9

symbolic relationship where both organisms benefit & ex: bacteria in digestive track keeps humans healthy, bacteria feds off what humans eat

Answer 10

a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one doesn't but is unharmed & ex: cattle egret sits on tip of the cattle and eats bugs that land on the cattle

Answer 11

symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one is harmed & ex: tick living on a dog benefits while the dog is harmed

Answer 12

maximum population of a particular organism that a given environment can support without detrimental effects

Answer 13

particles are very close together

Answer 14

particles are closer together than gas but farther apart than solid

Answer 15

particles are very far apart

Answer 16

tearing, folding, melting, freezing, evaporating, cutting

Answer 17

rotting, burning, cooking, rusting

Answer 18

by removing or adding energy in the form of boiling, condensation, and evaporation

Answer 19

rapid vaporation of a liquid (liquid to gas)

Answer 20

water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is on contact with it (gas to liquid)

Answer 21

vaporation of liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase (liquid to gas)

Answer 22

when water evaporates, it leaves behind cooler air & ex: when you walk into a grocery store after you workout and you get chilly

Answer 23

a material system made up of two or more different substances that are mixed but not chemically combined

Answer 24

homogeneous and heterogeneous

Answer 25

can't see the different parts of the mixture

Answer 26

creamy peanut butter, Kool-Aid

Answer 27

you can see the different parts of the mixture

Answer 28

chicken noodle soup

Answer 29

one substances of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance & particles do not settle and cant be separated out by ordinary filtering

Answer 30

homogenous mixture

Answer 31

disolving agent is the solvent

Answer 32

salt water, sugar water

Answer 33

contains solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation

Answer 34

homogenous mixture

Answer 35

orange juice, salad dressing

Answer 36

heterogeneous mixture

Answer 37

measures of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances

Answer 38

acidic: 0-6, neutral: 7, alkaline: 8-14

Answer 39

battery acid, stomach acid, vinegar, grape fruit, tomato juice, coffee, urine

Answer 40

salt water, baking soda, hand soap, ammonia, soapy water, bleach, drain cleaner

Answer 41

Smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties

Answer 42

they are negatively charged particles that circle around the nucleus

Answer 43

they are neutrally charged particles that are located in the atoms nucleus

Answer 44

Positively charged particles that are located in the atoms nucleus

Answer 45

how the elements are identified and the number of protons in the nuclei

Answer 46

groups: vertical/columns, periods: horizontal/rows, metals: shiny, good conductors of electricity, nonmetals: dull, poor conductors of electricity, metalloids: dull or shiny, good semiconductors, noble gases: last column on the right of the table

Answer 47

reactivity increases down and to the left of the periodic table & ex: potassium (K) is more reactive than magnesium (Mg)

Answer 48

reactivity increases up and to the right of the periodic table & ex: fluorine (f) is more reactive than iodine (I)

Answer 49

potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (mg), Aluminum (Al), carbon ©, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), hydrogen (H), Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt)

Answer 50

smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has chemical properties of that element or compound

Answer 51

polar molecule & has 2 hydrogen elements and 1 oxygen element

Answer 52

cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of evaporation, lower density of ice, and high polarity

Answer 53

water is attracted to other molecules, two drops of water close together quickly combine

Answer 54

water is attracted to other molecules, allows water to stick to roots

Answer 55

allows water to moderate temperature

Answer 56

gives off cooling effects, like sweat, it allows he evaporation of water to cool off the body

Answer 57

water is less dense than ice, causing ice to float in water

Answer 58

ice is less dense than water, which allows the ice cube to float

Answer 59

makes water a powerful solvent

Answer 60

two or more elements bonded together

Answer 61

all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds

Answer 62

the are made up of two different molecules (CO2) and single elements like O2

Answer 63

changed elements or molecules that has lost or gained one or more electrons

Answer 64

two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Answer 65

any interaction that when unopposed will change the motion of an object

Answer 66

force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other

Answer 67

push, pull, friction

Answer 68

an object either remains at rest of continues to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a force, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, force is equal to the change in motion per change in time

Answer 69

a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.

Answer 70

force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other

Answer 71

S & S, N & N

Answer 72

hertz- Hz- frequency, newton- N- force, weight, density- P- density, Joule- J- energy, work, watt- W- power, volt- V- electrical voltage, degree celsius- C- temperature, gram/kilogram- g/kg- mass

Answer 73

the amount of matter an object has to its volume

Answer 74

property that can be transformed in between and among objects

Answer 75

object in motion, the actual movement of an object

Answer 76

rock rolling down a hill

Answer 77

at the bottom

Answer 78

energy possessed by an object or an individual by virtue of its position relative to others

Answer 79

rock at the top of the hill has potential to roll down therefore it has potential energy OR a swing bring pulled to the top before it is released has potential energy

Answer 80

mechanical, electrical, thermal

Answer 81

objects in motion

Answer 82

moving through the wire

Answer 83

light bulb

Answer 84

rearrangement of molecular structure

Answer 85

lighting a match, photosynthesis

Answer 86

exchange of thermal energy between physical systems

Answer 87

transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter

Answer 88

transfer of heat from particle to particle

Answer 89

the spoon will get hotter until the soup and spoon are the same temperature

Answer 90

transfer of heat from electromagnetic waves through space

Answer 91

electricity to flow in a loop and power different things

Answer 92

series and parallel

Answer 93

components are arranged end to end, the electric current flows through the first component then through the next component and so on until it reaches the battery again

Answer 94

circuit with branches that allow multiple applications to happen at once

Answer 95

good for electricity

Answer 96

wire, metal, water

Answer 97

bad for electricity

Answer 98

rubber, clay, polystyrene (styrofoam)

Answer 99

a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between the clouds, air, and ground

Answer 100

acts as the insulator between the positive and negative charges in the cloud

Answer 101

between opposite charges, therefore there needs to be negative charge in the top of the cloud and a positive charge on the ground or vis verses

Answer 102

based on a body of evidence and many experiments, trials, and tests

Answer 103

describe the mechanisms for natural events

Answer 104

regulations or math descriptions or natural phenomena

Answer 105

an idea that many contribute important new knowledge for explanation of scientific theory (if/then statement)

Answer 106

make observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, conduct an experiment

Answer 107

observe, classify, predict, hypothesize, and investigate

Answer 108

employ the five senses to interact with phenomena and recording findings

Answer 109

arrange living and nonliving things based on attirbutes

Answer 110

make assumptions based evidence

Answer 111

state a prediction based on evidence

Answer 112

conduct experiments

Answer 113

body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge

Answer 114

procedure carried out to refute or validate a hypothesis

Answer 115

cause and effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated

Answer 116

element changed in the experiment

Answer 117

what is being measured during the experiment

Answer 118

elements that they want to stay the same

Answer 119

illustrates trends in data over a period of time or a particular correlation

Answer 120

used to compare variables and compare data

Answer 121

used to show percentages or proportional data

Answer 122

earth's crust

Answer 123

A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both.

Answer 124

time between wave crests

Answer 125

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Answer 126

Height of a wave

Answer 127

The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Answer 128

waves that require a medium to travel through

Answer 129

waves that vibrate up and down

Answer 130

waves that travel through compression

Answer 131

Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, speed, phase

Answer 132

Position on a wave cycle at any given time

Answer 133

How high or low a sound is, frequency of the vibration

Answer 134

the earth is in the middle

Answer 135

the moon is in the middle

Answer 136

- Freedom to express yourself.- Freedom to worship as you wish.- Right to a prompt, fair trial by jury.- Right to vote in elections for public officials.- Right to apply for federal employment requiring U.S. citizenship.- Right to run for elected office.- Freedom to pursue “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

Answer 137

A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. It was drafted by the Constitutional Convention and later supplemented by the Bill of Rights and other amendments.

Answer 138

The fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. The declaration was ordered and approved by the Continental Congress and written largely by Thomas Jefferson.

Answer 139

A speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. Lincoln was speaking at the dedication of a soldiers' cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Answer 140

The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony.

Answer 141

The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States.

Answer 142

An amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1868. It was primarily concerned with details of reintegrating the southern states after the Civil War and defining some of the rights of recently freed slaves.

Answer 143

the populating (by Europeans) of the land within the continental boundaries of the mainland United States, a process that began shortly after the first colonial settlements were established along the Atlantic coast.

Answer 144

The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services.

Answer 145

the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

Answer 146

The purchase by the United States from France of the huge Louisiana Territory in 1803. President Thomas Jefferson ordered the purchase negotiations, fearing that the French, then led by Napoleon, wanted to establish an empire in North America.

Answer 147

The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.

Answer 148

a conflict, starting in 1954 and ending in 1975, between South Vietnam (later aided by the U.S., South Korea, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand, and New Zealand) and the Vietcong and North Vietnam.

Answer 149

the war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775–83, by which the colonies won their independence.

Answer 150

the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society

Answer 151

is the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another

Answer 152

is the process of ensuring your message, whether translated into another language or not, is presented using cultural references and role models that your intended audience will identify with

Answer 153

is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group

Answer 154

the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen

Answer 155

was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. The debate was over if, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes. The issue was important, as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years, and to determine what percentage of the nation's direct tax burden the state would have to bear

Answer 156

the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War

Answer 157

A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers

Answer 158

the notable short speech made by President Lincoln on November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the national cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa.

Answer 159

The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States

Answer 160

The route along which the United States government forced several tribes of Native Americans, including the Cherokees, Seminoles, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Creeks, to migrate to reservations west of the Mississippi River in the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s

Answer 161

Asia- Nepal, india china, Pakistan, and BhutanHighest point: Everest

Answer 162

South America- Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Columbia, VenezuelaPeak: Aconcagua

Answer 163

Europe- France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, and LiechtensteinPeak: Mount Blanc

Answer 164

left side of the US: 3,000 miles north-to-south from new mexico, across the US into Montana, and well into CanadaPeak: Mount ElbertLongest mountain range in north America and second longest in the worldSmaller mountain ranges within include:-Big horn mountains, the front range, the Wasatch mountains, and the bitterroot range-National parks: yellowstone, rocky mountain, grand teton, and glacier

Answer 165

right side of the US- east coast; from northern Alabama to maineSmaller mountain ranges within include:-Smoky mountain, blue ridge mountains, green mountains, white mountains, Longfellow mountains, and the Berkshires

Answer 166

west coast of the US; mostly in cali and some in NevadaPeak: mount whitneyHome to yosemite national park and lake tahoe

Answer 167

(from left to right)SuperiorMichiganHuronEerieOntario

Answer 168

(Hitler invaded Russia in WWII)Very poor road networkInclement weatherVery poor agricultural base

Answer 169

o Connects the pacific and atlantic oceans48 miles longImportant for international maritime tradeConstruction of the canal began in 1881 by France-There were engineering problems and too many people were dying due to disease-Construction stopped until the US took over in 1904 and it took 10 years to complete-The canal allowed ships to travel more safely and in half the time-In 1999 the Panamanian gov took control of the canal -Is one of the 7 wonders of the modern world-Many prospectors used this canal during the California gold rush

Answer 170

King of Macedonia (southeast Europe) from 336 to 323 BCHe united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian EmpireBecame king of Persia, Babylon and Asia, and created Macedonian colonies in the region

Answer 171

Wealth and ReligionHowever, motives were different for Spanish, French, and English explorers, but all wanted to find the Northwest PassageNP: direct and efficient route to the Orient- home of spices, silks, and wealth-All wanted to lay claim to new land to expand their empires

Answer 172

spanishfrenchenglish

Answer 173

In search of mineral wealthLooking for El Dorado, city of goldAspired to spread Christianity

Answer 174

Also wanted to spread Christianity and find a new route by water to the east through North America

Answer 175

Motivated by a desire to colonize as much of the Americas as possible to add to the ever-increasing British Empire

Answer 176

Sailed from Palos, Spain in search of a route to Asia and the Indies, instead- found the New World- the AmericasHis journey marked the beginning of centuries of transatlantic colonizationMade 4 trips across the atlantic ocean

Answer 177

new englandmid-atlantic/middlesouthernall relied on each other for certain items or skills

Answer 178

Primarily religious reformers and separatistsSeeking a new way of life to glorify God and for the greater good of their spiritual lifeHad skilled craftsman in the industry of shipbuildingFirst specialized in nautical/boating equipment- region later developed mills and factoriesEnvironment is ideal for water-powered machinery

Answer 179

Welcomed people from various and diverse lifestylesPresented a diverse workforce of farmers, fisherman, and merchantsHad rich farmland and moderate climateMore suitable place to grow grain and livestock than new EnglandEnvironment was ideal for small to large farmsCoastal lowlands and bays provided harbors- were able to provide trading opportunities where the three regions meet in market towns and cities

Answer 180

Were established as economic ventures and were seeking natural resources to provide material wealth to the mother country and themselvesPrimarily agricultural with few cities and limited schoolsHad fertile farmlands which contributed to the rise of cash crops (rice, tobacco, and indigo)Plantations developed as nearly subsistent communitiesSlavery allowed wealthy aristocrats and large landowners to cultivate huge tracts of land

Answer 181

Jamestown, VirginiaFounded as America’s first permanent English colony in 160713 years before Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Mass. Founded by the Virginia Company of London, a group of investors who hoped to profit from the ventureJohn Smith was the colony’s leader

Answer 182

Connecticut ColonyThe Colony of Rhode Island and Providence PlantationsMassachusetts Bay ColonyThe Province of New Hampshire

Answer 183

North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ WarBegan in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763-Peace treaty between the US and Britain that ended American Revolutionar WarProvided Great Britain with enormous territorial gains in North America, but fights over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war’s expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American RevolutionThe war was enormously expensive and british gov attempted to impose taxes on colonists to help cover these expenses and resulted in increasing colonial resentment of british attempts to expand imperial authority in the coloniesThe british also attempted to limit western expansion by colonists and inadvertent provocation of a major indian war further angered the British subjects living in the American colonies-----all led to colonial rebellion and a full-scale war for independence

Answer 184

Africans were the immigrants to the british new world that had no choice in their destinations or destinies

Answer 185

July 4, 1776Explained to the whole world that the 13 british colonies were seeking to start their own country-Britain was taxing and mistreating the coloniesStated that the American colonies would no longer be a part of Great Britain and would form their own countryListed the colonists’ thoughts about freedom and what government should be like and the reasons why they thought the British were being unfair

Answer 186

Battle of Monmouth (June of 1778)Battle of King’s Mountain (October of 1780)Battle of Fort Ticonderoga (May of 1775)Battle of Cowpens (January of 1781)Battle of Saratoga (October of 1777)Battle of Bunker Hill (June of 1775)Battle of Fort Washington (November of 1776)Battles of Trenton and Princeton (Winter of 1776-77)Battle of Yorktown (October of 1781)-Last great battle of American revolutionary warBattles of Lexington and Concord (April of 1775)-The first battle of the revolutionary war

Answer 187

Two most prominent documents to manifest during the American revolutionary warAOC-First successful effort of organizing and mobilizing the 13 colonies of the US-Gave the original colonial powers some added leverage in handling diplomatic affairs, including negotiating land deals with foreign governments-Established a unicameral legislature-Voting power was delegated to the states based on committees and each state* had one vote in the AOCUS Constitution-Adopted in 1789, replacing the AOC permanently-Created checks and balances between the three branches of government-Enumerated the relationship of the federal government and the states-Established the bill of rights-Eventual bicameral system -voting: allowed for a single vote for each legislative representative-created the executive branch of government, establishing a figurehead department of the government -did more to centralize authority in a single political entity, rather than rely on the more lax union created by the AOC

Answer 188

First 10 amendments of the constitutionWritten by James MadisonList several prohibitions on governmental power, in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties

Answer 189

federalists and anti-federalists

Answer 190

Advocated for a strong national governmentArgued that the constitution did not need a bill of rights because the people and states kept any powers not given to the federal governmentThe constitution as it stood only limited the government and not the people

Answer 191

Wanted power to remain with state and local governmentsHeld that a bill of rights was necessary to safeguard individual libertyWithout the bill of rights, the people would be at risk of oppression

Answer 192

Aka: the second part of the American Revolutionary WarPresident was James MadisonAmerican Congress declared war against Great Britain three decades after the Treaty of Paris bc of these three factorsThe british were capturing ships and forcing American citizens to serve in their navy and army (impressment)Great Britain was holding territory by having troops and forts in the Northwest territoryThe US wanted land but Britain had troops were the Indians were, and they became friends with one another so they did not leaveThe battle of new Orleans was the last battle of the warServed as a turning point in the history of the young republicThe US developed a more distinctly American fashion after the War of 1812

Answer 193

Best known U.S. policy towards the western hemisphereCornerstone of US foreign policy enunciated by President James MadisonSeparates spheres of European and American influenceDeclared that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain in different spheresUS promised to stay out of European business and told the Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere’s businessFour main points:-The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers-The US recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and the dependencies in the Western Hemisphere-The Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization-Any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the US

Answer 194

Held that the US was destined- by God, as advocated believed- to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continentLouisiana Purchase-Thomas Jefferson kicked off the country’s westward expansion in 1803 with this-High birth rate and brisk immigration, the US population exploded in the first half of the 19th century-This rapid growth, alongside two economic depressions, drove millions of americans westward in search of new land and new opportunitiesTexas Independence-Cries for the “re-annexation” of Texas increased after Mexico, having won its independence from Spain, passed a law suspending US immigration into Texas in 1830-It’s new leaders sought to join the US and ended up doing itBy the time Texas was admitted into the Union, the idea that the US must inevitably expand westward, all the way to the Pacific Ocean, had taken firm hold among people from different regions, classes, and political persuasionsThe phrase “Manifest Destiny” emerged as the best-known expression of this mindsetA treaty between Great Britain and the US partially resolved the question of where to draw the Canadian border, but left open the question of the Oregon TerritoryAs president, Polk wanted to issue resolved and his administration agreed to a compromise whereby Oregon would be split aklong the 49th parallel, narrowly avoiding a crisis with BritainBy the time the Oregon question was settled, The US had entered into an all out war with Mexico, driven by the spirit of the manifest destiny

Answer 195

Industry vs. Farming-Economies of many northern states had moved away from farming to industry-The southern states had maintain a large farming economy and this economy was based on slave labor-The north no longer relied on slaves but the south did heavilyStates Rights-There had been arguments about how much power the states should have vs. how much power the governmet should have since the constitution-The southern states felt that the fed. Gov was taking away their powers and rightsSlavery-The heart of much of the south’s issues- relied on slavery for labor to work in the fields-Many people in the north believed that slavery was wrong and evil- they were called abolitionists and wanted slavery to be illegal-^this made south fearful that their way of life would come to an endBleeding Kansas-First fighting over the slavery issue-The gov passed the Kansas-Nebraska act allowing the citizens of Kansas to vote on whether they wanted to be a slave state or a free state and the region was flooded with supporters on both sides-They fought over this issue for years-Eventually entered as a free stateAbraham Lincoln-The final straw for the south was AL becoming president-He was a member of the new anti-slavery republican party -South felt that since he was against slavery he was against the south tooSecession-When AL was elected, many southern states decided they no longer wanted to be apart of the US and that they had every right to leave-11 states would eventually leave the US and form the Confederate States of America-AL said that they did not have the right to leave the US and sent in troops to stop the south from leaving-The Civil War begunReconstruction-The union victory in the civil war may have given 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the south during the reconstruction period introduced lots of challenges-New southern state legislatures passed restrictive “black codes” to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans

Answer 196

The union victory in the civil war may have given 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the south during the reconstruction period introduced lots of challengesNew southern state legislatures passed restrictive “black codes” to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans

Answer 197

Fort SumterFirst ManassasShilohSecond ManassasAntietam

Answer 198

Newly enfranchised blacks gained a voice in government for the first time in American history, willing election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. CongressRadical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whitesAlso believed that the confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil WarAt the heart of their beliefs was the notion that blacks must be given a chance to compete in a free-labor economy

Answer 199

 The compromise of 1877An informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 US presidential election. Resulted in the US fed government pulling the last troops out of the south and ending the reconstruction era

Answer 200

 The development of machine production of goods and new energy resources

Answer 201

Job opportunitiesNew machinery increased production speeds of goods and gave people the opportunity to transport raw materialsLed to urbanization-The movement of people into cities and city buildingWestern world went from rural and agricultural to urban industrialSteam engine-Provided cheap movement of goods through waterways- canals were built so resources could be transported with easeRailroad systemRoad transportationRaised the standards of living

Answer 202

Urban areas grew tremendously, leading to overcrowding in citiesFactory work was dirty and dangerousLarge populations caused many health problems- unsanitary cities and disease filled streetsBosses strictly disciplined employees and treated them harshly- were underpaid and overworked Child laborFatigue and illness

Answer 203

The stock market crashBanking panics and monetary contractionThe gold standard-As the US experienced declining output and deflation, it tended to run a trade surplus with other countries bcause americans were buying fewer imported goods, while American exports were relatively cheap-Such imbalances gave rise to significant foreign gold outflows to the US, which in turn threated to devalue the currencies of the countries whose gold reserves had been depletedDecreased international lending and tariffs-The US economy was still expanding, lending by US banks to foreign countries fell, partly because of the relatively high US interest rates-The drop off contributed to contractionary effects in some borrower countries, whose economies entered a downturn even before the beginning of the Great Depression in the US-American agriculture also suffered

Answer 204

The stock market went under a historic expansion in the 1920’s Prices rose to unprecedented levels and investing in the stock market seemed like an easy way to make moneyEven people out of ordinary means used much of their disposable income or even mortgaged their homes to buy stockBy the end of the decade, 100’s of millions of shares were being carried on margin-Meaning that their purchase price was financed with loans to be repaid with profits generated from ever-increasing share pricesOnce prices began to decline, many shareholders fell into a panic and rushed to liquidate their holding, exacerbating the decline and engendering further panic

Answer 205

Was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by FDR that aimed to restore prosperity to AmericansHe acted to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were sufferingOver the next eight years, the gov instituted a series of experimental programs and projects that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many AmericansIt fundamentally and permanently changed the federal `government’s relationship to U.S. citizens

Answer 206

 Best known U.S. policy towards the western hemisphere Cornerstone of US foreign policy enunciated by President James Madison Separates spheres of European and American influence Declared that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain in different spheres US promised to stay out of European business and told the Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere’s business Four main points:• The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers• The US recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and the dependencies in the Western Hemisphere• The Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization• Any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the US

Answer 207

 Held that the US was destined- by God, as advocated believed- to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent Louisiana Purchase• Thomas Jefferson kicked off the country’s westward expansion in 1803 with this• High birth rate and brisk immigration, the US population exploded in the first half of the 19th century• This rapid growth, alongside two economic depressions, drove millions of americans westward in search of new land and new opportunities Texas Independence• Cries for the “re-annexation” of Texas increased after Mexico, having won its independence from Spain, passed a law suspending US immigration into Texas in 1830• It’s new leaders sought to join the US and ended up doing it By the time Texas was admitted into the Union, the idea that the US must inevitably expand westward, all the way to the Pacific Ocean, had taken firm hold among people from different regions, classes, and political persuasions The phrase “Manifest Destiny” emerged as the best-known expression of this mindset A treaty between Great Britain and the US partially resolved the question of where to draw the Canadian border, but left open the question of the Oregon Territory As president, Polk wanted to issue resolved and his administration agreed to a compromise whereby Oregon would be split aklong the 49th parallel, narrowly avoiding a crisis with Britain By the time the Oregon question was settled, The US had entered into an all out war with Mexico, driven by the spirit of the manifest destiny

Answer 208

makes lawscongress-->state--> house of reps

Answer 209

carries out lawspresident--.VP--> cabinet

Answer 210

interprets lawssupreme court--?other federal courts

Answer 211

 “The Great Charter”; one of the most important documents in history as it established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial King John ruled England for almost two decades and was well known for being a heavy handed ruler He would often wage unnecessary wars and burden his subjects with heavy taxes to pay for them King John begrudgingly signed the Magna Carta because he needed the barons to fight his wars and collect his taxes

Answer 212

o The most important of the peace treaties that brought WWI to an endo Ended the state of war between Germany and the allied powers

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o The military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive victory at the battle of hastings and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles

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basic liberties

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quartering soldiers

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abolishing slavery

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equal rights

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voting rights for blacks

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prohibition

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womens right to vote

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o Executive order issued by president Lincoln freeing all slaves held in geographical areas in rebellion against the US

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arrangement of the natural and artifical physical features of an era

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scientific description of the customs of individual people and cultures