everything 3 Flashcards
<p>what are some examples of warm blooded?</p>
<p>mammals, birds</p>
<p>What does vertebrate mean ?</p>
<p>has a back bone</p>
<p>What does invertebrate mean?</p>
<p>doesn't have a back bone</p>
<p>which kingdom do both vertebrate and invertebrate come from?</p>
<p>Animalia</p>
<p>what does a open circulatory system do?</p>
<p>blood is pumped into the body cavity and not enclosed in blood vessels</p>
<p>What does a closed circulatory system do?</p>
<p>blood is pumped by the heart and is enclosed in blood vessels</p>
<p>what animal types belong in open circulatory system?</p>
<p>most invertebrates, insects, crustaceans, most mollusks</p>
<p>what animal types belong in closed circulatory system?</p>
<p>most vertebrates, mammals, reptiles, fish, birds</p>
<p>what does the circulatory and respiratory system do?</p>
<p>is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen, and other gasses, and hormones to and from cells</p>
<p>what does a circulatory and respiratory system consists of?</p>
<p>heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pilmonary), arties, veins, coronary and portal vessels</p>
<p>what does a digestive and excretory system do?</p>
<p>responsible for taking in food and breaking it up into nutrients the body will use to fuel and responsible for removing the waste left over after food is processed</p>
<p>what does a digestive and excretory system consists of?</p>
<p>gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines), bladder, colon, kidneys (filter the blood)</p>
<p>what does the nervous, endocrine, and immune system do?</p>
<p>master control system</p>
<p>what does the nervous, endocrine, and immune system consists of?</p>
<p>brain: hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary, spinal cord, neurons, hormones</p>
<p>Who created the first classification of living things and what is it called?</p>
<p>Carl Linnaeus & Systema Naturae</p>
<p>what is the order of the classification of living things?</p>
<p>domains: archaea, eubacteria, eukaryotekingdom: plantae, Animalia, fungi, protists, eubacteria (monera), archaebacteriaphylumclassorderfamilygenusspecies</p>
<p>what are the functional level of species?</p>
<p>species, populations, communities, ecosystems</p>
<p>what is species?</p>
<p>group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups & ex: polar bear is a hypercarnivores bear whose native range lies largely within the artic circle</p>
<p>what is populations?</p>
<p>compromises all the individuals of a given species in a specific area or region at a certain time which can evolve over time because of genetic variation & ex: population includes all the polar bears in artic circle, polar bear species can reflect genetic variance</p>
<p>what is communities?</p>
<p>all populations in a specific area or region at a certain time, there are many interactions among species in a community (food webs)</p>
<p>what are ecosystems?</p>
<p>dynamic entities composed of the biological (living) community and the abiotic (nonliving) environment & ex: artic ecosystem is made up of water/ice, the animals, and the atmosphere in that area</p>
<p>what are producers?</p>
<p>produce their own food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, water</p>
<p>what are consumers?</p>
<p>eat their food</p>
<p>what are the four consumer groups?</p>
<p>primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary</p>
<p>what are primary?</p>
<p>herbivores who eat plants such as bunnies</p>
<p>what are secondary?</p>
<p>eat primary consumers such as snakes</p>
<p>what are tertiary?</p>
<p>eat secondary consumers such as birds</p>
<p>what are quaternary?</p>
<p>eat tertiary consumers, usually carnivores such as hawks, this is where the food chain ends</p>
<p>what are decomposers?</p>
<p>turn dead material such as animal carcass or dead tree into soil by recycling nutrients as food such as earthworms, small soil beetles, fungi, and bacteria</p>
<p>what are the interactions among organisms?</p>
<p>competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism</p>
<p>what is competition?</p>
<p>two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resources & ex: lions and cheetahs eat the same so they compete within their ecosystems</p>
<p>what is predation?</p>
<p>behavior of one animal feeding on another & ex: lion is predatory, and zebra is prey</p>
<p>what is mutualism?</p>
<p>symbolic relationship where both organisms benefit & ex: bacteria in digestive track keeps humans healthy, bacteria feds off what humans eat</p>
<p>what is commensalism?</p>
<p>a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one doesn't but is unharmed & ex: cattle egret sits on tip of the cattle and eats bugs that land on the cattle</p>
<p>what is parasitism?</p>
<p>symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one is harmed & ex: tick living on a dog benefits while the dog is harmed</p>
<p>What is carrying capacity?</p>
<p>maximum population of a particular organism that a given environment can support without detrimental effects</p>
<p>what is a solid?</p>
<p>particles are very close together</p>
<p>what is a liquid?</p>
<p>particles are closer together than gas but farther apart than solid</p>
<p>what is gas?</p>
<p>particles are very far apart</p>
<p>what are physical results of change in size and shape?</p>
<p>tearing, folding, melting, freezing, evaporating, cutting</p>
<p>what are the chemical results of any change that forms a new substance?</p>
<p>rotting, burning, cooking, rusting</p>
<p>how do changes in matter happen?</p>
<p>by removing or adding energy in the form of boiling, condensation, and evaporation</p>
<p>what is boiling?</p>
<p>rapid vaporation of a liquid (liquid to gas)</p>
<p>what is condensation?</p>
<p>water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is on contact with it (gas to liquid)</p>
<p>what is evaporation?</p>
<p>vaporation of liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase (liquid to gas)</p>
<p>what is temperature moderation?</p>
<p>when water evaporates, it leaves behind cooler air & ex: when you walk into a grocery store after you workout and you get chilly</p>
<p>what is a mixture?</p>
<p>a material system made up of two or more different substances that are mixed but not chemically combined</p>
<p>what are the two types of mixtures?</p>
<p>homogeneous and heterogeneous</p>
<p>What is a Homogenous mixture?</p>
<p>can't see the different parts of the mixture</p>
<p>homo=</p>
<p>can't</p>
<p>what are examples of a homogenous mixture?</p>
<p>creamy peanut butter, Kool-Aid</p>
<p>What is a heterogeneous mixture?</p>
<p>you can see the different parts of the mixture</p>
<p>hetero=</p>
<p>can</p>
<p>what are examples of heterogeneous mixture?</p>
<p>chicken noodle soup</p>
<p>what is colloid mixture?</p>
<p>one substances of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance & particles do not settle and cant be separated out by ordinary filtering</p>
<p>what kind of mixture is colloid mixture?</p>
<p>homogenous mixture</p>
<p>what is solution?</p>
<p>disolving agent is the solvent</p>
<p>what are some examples of solution?</p>
<p>salt water, sugar water</p>
<p>what is Suspension mixture?</p>
<p>contains solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation</p>
<p>what kind of mixture is solution?</p>
<p>homogenous mixture</p>
<p>what are examples of suspension mixture?</p>
<p>orange juice, salad dressing</p>
<p>what kind of mixture is suspension?</p>
<p>heterogeneous mixture</p>
<p>what does the PH scale do?</p>
<p>measures of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances</p>
<p>what are the ph values?</p>
<p>acidic: 0-6, neutral: 7, alkaline: 8-14</p>
<p>what are the acidic?</p>
<p>battery acid, stomach acid, vinegar, grape fruit, tomato juice, coffee, urine</p>
<p>what are the neutrals?</p>
<p>water</p>
<p>what are the alkaline?</p>
<p>salt water, baking soda, hand soap, ammonia, soapy water, bleach, drain cleaner</p>
<p>what are atoms?</p>
<p>Smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties</p>
<p>what are electrons?</p>
<p>they are negatively charged particles that circle around the nucleus</p>
<p>what are neutrons?</p>
<p>they are neutrally charged particles that are located in the atoms nucleus</p>
<p>what are protons?</p>
<p>Positively charged particles that are located in the atoms nucleus</p>
<p>what does the atomic number do on the periodic table?</p>
<p>how the elements are identified and the number of protons in the nuclei</p>
<p>what groups are the periodic table broken down into?</p>
<p>groups: vertical/columns, periods: horizontal/rows, metals: shiny, good conductors of electricity, nonmetals: dull, poor conductors of electricity, metalloids: dull or shiny, good semiconductors, noble gases: last column on the right of the table</p>
<p>what is the reactivity of metals and examples ?</p>
<p>reactivity increases down and to the left of the periodic table & ex: potassium (K) is more reactive than magnesium (Mg)</p>
<p>what is the reactivity of non metals and examples?</p>
<p>reactivity increases up and to the right of the periodic table & ex: fluorine (f) is more reactive than iodine (I)</p>
<p>Order of most reactive to least reactive:</p>
<p>potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (mg), Aluminum (Al), carbon ©, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), hydrogen (H), Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt)</p>
<p>what are molecules?</p>
<p>smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has chemical properties of that element or compound</p>
<p>characteristics of water:</p>
<p>polar molecule & has 2 hydrogen elements and 1 oxygen element</p>
<p>what properties does water have?</p>
<p>cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of evaporation, lower density of ice, and high polarity</p>
<p>what is cohension?</p>
<p>water is attracted to other molecules, two drops of water close together quickly combine</p>
<p>what is adhesion?</p>
<p>water is attracted to other molecules, allows water to stick to roots</p>
<p>what is high specific heat?</p>
<p>allows water to moderate temperature</p>
<p>What is high heat of evaporization?</p>
<p>gives off cooling effects, like sweat, it allows he evaporation of water to cool off the body</p>
<p>what is low density of ice?</p>
<p>water is less dense than ice, causing ice to float in water</p>
<p>\_\_\_\_ is less dense than \_\_\_\_, which allows the ice cube to float</p>
<p>ice is less dense than water, which allows the ice cube to float</p>
<p>what is high polarity?</p>
<p>makes water a powerful solvent</p>
<p>what are compounds?</p>
<p>two or more elements bonded together</p>
<p>what is important to understand about compounds?</p>
<p>all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds</p>
<p>what are compounds made up of?</p>
<p>the are made up of two different molecules (CO2) and single elements like O2</p>
<p>what are ions?</p>
<p>changed elements or molecules that has lost or gained one or more electrons</p>
<p>what are isotopes?</p>
<p>two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons</p>
<p>what is a force?</p>
<p>any interaction that when unopposed will change the motion of an object</p>
<p>what is fiction?</p>
<p>force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other</p>
<p>what are the 3 types of force?</p>
<p>push, pull, friction</p>
<p>What are Newton's Three Laws of Motion?</p>
<p>an object either remains at rest of continues to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a force, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, force is equal to the change in motion per change in time</p>
<p>What is equilibrium?</p>
<p>a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.</p>
<p>What is magnetism?</p>
<p>force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other</p>
<p>Opposite poles attract</p>
<p>N & S</p>
<p>same poles repel:</p>
<p>S & S, N & N</p>
<p>common units of measure in physics (unit, symbol, measure)</p>
<p>hertz- Hz- frequency, newton- N- force, weight, density- P- density, Joule- J- energy, work, watt- W- power, volt- V- electrical voltage, degree celsius- C- temperature, gram/kilogram- g/kg- mass</p>
<p>what is density?</p>
<p>the amount of matter an object has to its volume</p>
<p>density equation</p>
<p>D=m/v</p>
<p>what is energy?</p>
<p>property that can be transformed in between and among objects</p>
<p>what is kinetic energy?</p>
<p>object in motion, the actual movement of an object</p>
<p>what is an example of kinetic energy?</p>
<p>rock rolling down a hill</p>
<p>Where is the highest kinetic energy?</p>
<p>at the bottom</p>
<p>what is potential energy?</p>
<p>energy possessed by an object or an individual by virtue of its position relative to others</p>
<p>Where is the highest potential energy?</p>
<p>rock at the top of the hill has potential to roll down therefore it has potential energy OR a swing bring pulled to the top before it is released has potential energy</p>
<p>what are the types of energy?</p>
<p>mechanical, electrical, thermal</p>
<p>what is mechanical energy?</p>
<p>objects in motion</p>
<p>what is an example of mechanical energy?</p>
<p>swing</p>
<p>What is electrical energy?</p>
<p>moving through the wire</p>
<p>what is an example of electrical energy?</p>
<p>light bulb</p>
<p>What is chemical energy?</p>
<p>rearrangement of molecular structure</p>
<p>what is an example of a chemical energy?</p>
<p>lighting a match, photosynthesis</p>
<p>what is heat transfer?</p>
<p>exchange of thermal energy between physical systems</p>
<p>what is convection?</p>
<p>transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter</p>
<p>what is conduction?</p>
<p>transfer of heat from particle to particle</p>
<p>what happens when you place a cold spoon in hot soup?</p>
<p>the spoon will get hotter until the soup and spoon are the same temperature</p>
<p>what is radiation?</p>
<p>transfer of heat from electromagnetic waves through space</p>
<p>what do electrical circuits allow?</p>
<p>electricity to flow in a loop and power different things</p>
<p>what are the two types of circuits?</p>
<p>series and parallel</p>
<p>what is a series circuit?</p>
<p>components are arranged end to end, the electric current flows through the first component then through the next component and so on until it reaches the battery again</p>
<p>What is a parallel circuit?</p>
<p>circuit with branches that allow multiple applications to happen at once</p>
<p>what are conductors?</p>
<p>good for electricity</p>
<p>what are examples of conductors?</p>
<p>wire, metal, water</p>
<p>what insulators?</p>
<p>bad for electricity</p>
<p>what are examples of insulators?</p>
<p>rubber, clay, polystyrene (styrofoam)</p>
<p>what is lighting?</p>
<p>a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between the clouds, air, and ground</p>
<p>what does air do for lighting?</p>
<p>acts as the insulator between the positive and negative charges in the cloud</p>
<p>when does cloud to ground lighting occur?</p>
<p>between opposite charges, therefore there needs to be negative charge in the top of the cloud and a positive charge on the ground or vis verses</p>
<p>what are scientific theories?</p>
<p>based on a body of evidence and many experiments, trials, and tests</p>
<p>what are scientific explanations?</p>
<p>describe the mechanisms for natural events</p>
<p>what are scientific laws?</p>
<p>regulations or math descriptions or natural phenomena</p>
<p>What is a hypothesis?</p>
<p>an idea that many contribute important new knowledge for explanation of scientific theory (if/then statement)</p>
<p>What are the steps of the scientific method?</p>
<p>make observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, conduct an experiment</p>
<p>what are the 5 things students do in science?</p>
<p>observe, classify, predict, hypothesize, and investigate</p>
<p>what does observe mean?</p>
<p>employ the five senses to interact with phenomena and recording findings</p>
<p>what does classify mean?</p>
<p>arrange living and nonliving things based on attirbutes</p>
<p>what does predict mean?</p>
<p>make assumptions based evidence</p>
<p>what is hypothesize mean?</p>
<p>state a prediction based on evidence</p>
<p>what does investigate mean?</p>
<p>conduct experiments</p>
<p>What is the scientific method?</p>
<p>body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge</p>
<p>what is a experiment?</p>
<p>procedure carried out to refute or validate a hypothesis</p>
<p>an experiment helps student understand what kind of relationship and by doing what?</p>
<p>cause and effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated</p>
<p>what is an independent variable?</p>
<p>element changed in the experiment</p>
<p>what is a dependent variable?</p>
<p>what is being measured during the experiment</p>
<p>what is the control variable?</p>
<p>elements that they want to stay the same</p>
<p>what does a line graph show?</p>
<p>illustrates trends in data over a period of time or a particular correlation</p>
<p>what does a bar graph show?</p>
<p>used to compare variables and compare data</p>
<p>what does a pie graph show?</p>
<p>used to show percentages or proportional data</p>
<p>where are aquifers located? (which layer of earth)</p>
<p>earth's crust</p>
<p>what is the doppler effect?</p>
<p>A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both.</p>
<p>what is a period (sound wave)?</p>
<p>time between wave crests</p>
<p>what is frequency?</p>
<p>the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time</p>
<p>What is amplitude?</p>
<p>Height of a wave</p>
<p>what is wavelength?</p>
<p>The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.</p>
<p>What are mechanical waves?</p>
<p>waves that require a medium to travel through</p>
<p>What are traverse waves?</p>
<p>waves that vibrate up and down</p>
<p>What are longitudinal waves?</p>
<p>waves that travel through compression</p>
<p>what are the properties of energy waves?</p>
<p>Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, speed, phase</p>
<p>what is phase (sound wave)?</p>
<p>Position on a wave cycle at any given time</p>
<p>in a sound wave, loudness depends on what?</p>
<p>amplitude</p>
<p>what is pitch (sound wave)?</p>
<p>How high or low a sound is, frequency of the vibration</p>
<p>what does a lunar eclipse look like?</p>
<p>the earth is in the middle</p>
<p>what does a solar eclipse look like?</p>
<p>the moon is in the middle</p>
Rights of a citizen in a democracy
- Freedom to express yourself.- Freedom to worship as you wish.- Right to a prompt, fair trial by jury.- Right to vote in elections for public officials.- Right to apply for federal employment requiring U.S. citizenship.- Right to run for elected office.- Freedom to pursue “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Responsibilities of a citizen in a democracy
NAME?
United States Constitution
A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. It was drafted by the Constitutional Convention and later supplemented by the Bill of Rights and other amendments.
Declaration of Independence
The fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. The declaration was ordered and approved by the Continental Congress and written largely by Thomas Jefferson.
Gettysburg Address
A speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. Lincoln was speaking at the dedication of a soldiers’ cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony.
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States.
Fourteenth Amendment
An amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1868. It was primarily concerned with details of reintegrating the southern states after the Civil War and defining some of the rights of recently freed slaves.
Westward Expansion
the populating (by Europeans) of the land within the continental boundaries of the mainland United States, a process that began shortly after the first colonial settlements were established along the Atlantic coast.
Industrialization
The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services.
The Great Depression
the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.
Louisiana Purchase
The purchase by the United States from France of the huge Louisiana Territory in 1803. President Thomas Jefferson ordered the purchase negotiations, fearing that the French, then led by Napoleon, wanted to establish an empire in North America.
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.
Vietnam War
a conflict, starting in 1954 and ending in 1975, between South Vietnam (later aided by the U.S., South Korea, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand, and New Zealand) and the Vietcong and North Vietnam.
American Revolution
the war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775–83, by which the colonies won their independence.
Cultural diversity
the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society
Cultural diffusion
is the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another
Cultural adaptation
is the process of ensuring your message, whether translated into another language or not, is presented using cultural references and role models that your intended audience will identify with
Acculturation
is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group
Opportunity cost
the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen
Three-Fifths Compromise
was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. The debate was over if, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a state’s total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes. The issue was important, as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years, and to determine what percentage of the nation’s direct tax burden the state would have to bear
Truman Doctrine
the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War
Tariffs
A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers
Gettysburg Address
the notable short speech made by President Lincoln on November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the national cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa.
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States
The Trail of Tears
The route along which the United States government forced several tribes of Native Americans, including the Cherokees, Seminoles, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Creeks, to migrate to reservations west of the Mississippi River in the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s
where are the himalayas located? what is the name of the highest point?
Asia- Nepal, india china, Pakistan, and BhutanHighest point: Everest
where are the andes mountains located? what is the name of the highest point?
South America- Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Columbia, VenezuelaPeak: Aconcagua
where are the alps located? what is the name of the highest point?
Europe- France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, and LiechtensteinPeak: Mount Blanc
where are the rocky mountains located? what is the name of the highest point? why are they significant?
left side of the US: 3,000 miles north-to-south from new mexico, across the US into Montana, and well into CanadaPeak: Mount ElbertLongest mountain range in north America and second longest in the worldSmaller mountain ranges within include:-Big horn mountains, the front range, the Wasatch mountains, and the bitterroot range-National parks: yellowstone, rocky mountain, grand teton, and glacier
where are the appalachians located? what is the name of the highest point? why are they significant?
right side of the US- east coast; from northern Alabama to maineSmaller mountain ranges within include:-Smoky mountain, blue ridge mountains, green mountains, white mountains, Longfellow mountains, and the Berkshires
where are the sierra nevada mountains located? what is the name of the highest point? why are they significant?
west coast of the US; mostly in cali and some in NevadaPeak: mount whitneyHome to yosemite national park and lake tahoe
what are the names of the 5 great lakes?
(from left to right)SuperiorMichiganHuronEerieOntario
what are some of the geographical features that effected Napoleon and Hitler’s attempts to invade Russia?
(Hitler invaded Russia in WWII)Very poor road networkInclement weatherVery poor agricultural base
what is the panama canal? why is it important?
o Connects the pacific and atlantic oceans48 miles longImportant for international maritime tradeConstruction of the canal began in 1881 by France-There were engineering problems and too many people were dying due to disease-Construction stopped until the US took over in 1904 and it took 10 years to complete-The canal allowed ships to travel more safely and in half the time-In 1999 the Panamanian gov took control of the canal -Is one of the 7 wonders of the modern world-Many prospectors used this canal during the California gold rush
who is alexander the great? why is he important?
King of Macedonia (southeast Europe) from 336 to 323 BCHe united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian EmpireBecame king of Persia, Babylon and Asia, and created Macedonian colonies in the region
what were the Europeans motives for early exploration of North America?
Wealth and ReligionHowever, motives were different for Spanish, French, and English explorers, but all wanted to find the Northwest PassageNP: direct and efficient route to the Orient- home of spices, silks, and wealth-All wanted to lay claim to new land to expand their empires
what were the three groups of Europeans during the early exploration of North America?
spanishfrenchenglish
what were the spanish’s motives during early exploration of North America?
In search of mineral wealthLooking for El Dorado, city of goldAspired to spread Christianity
what were the french’s motives during early exploration of north america?
Also wanted to spread Christianity and find a new route by water to the east through North America
what were the english’s motives during early exploration of north america?
Motivated by a desire to colonize as much of the Americas as possible to add to the ever-increasing British Empire
why is christopher columbus important?
Sailed from Palos, Spain in search of a route to Asia and the Indies, instead- found the New World- the AmericasHis journey marked the beginning of centuries of transatlantic colonizationMade 4 trips across the atlantic ocean
what were the three regional identities during the colonial era?
new englandmid-atlantic/middlesouthernall relied on each other for certain items or skills
what were some of the characteristics of the new england people during the colonial era?
Primarily religious reformers and separatistsSeeking a new way of life to glorify God and for the greater good of their spiritual lifeHad skilled craftsman in the industry of shipbuildingFirst specialized in nautical/boating equipment- region later developed mills and factoriesEnvironment is ideal for water-powered machinery
what were some of the characteristics of the mid-atlantic/middle people during the colonial era?
Welcomed people from various and diverse lifestylesPresented a diverse workforce of farmers, fisherman, and merchantsHad rich farmland and moderate climateMore suitable place to grow grain and livestock than new EnglandEnvironment was ideal for small to large farmsCoastal lowlands and bays provided harbors- were able to provide trading opportunities where the three regions meet in market towns and cities
what are some characteristics of the southern people during the colonial era?
Were established as economic ventures and were seeking natural resources to provide material wealth to the mother country and themselvesPrimarily agricultural with few cities and limited schoolsHad fertile farmlands which contributed to the rise of cash crops (rice, tobacco, and indigo)Plantations developed as nearly subsistent communitiesSlavery allowed wealthy aristocrats and large landowners to cultivate huge tracts of land
what was the first permanent english colony founded in America?
Jamestown, VirginiaFounded as America’s first permanent English colony in 160713 years before Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Mass. Founded by the Virginia Company of London, a group of investors who hoped to profit from the ventureJohn Smith was the colony’s leader
what were the new england colonies?
Connecticut ColonyThe Colony of Rhode Island and Providence PlantationsMassachusetts Bay ColonyThe Province of New Hampshire
what is the french and indian war?
North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ WarBegan in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763-Peace treaty between the US and Britain that ended American Revolutionar WarProvided Great Britain with enormous territorial gains in North America, but fights over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war’s expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American RevolutionThe war was enormously expensive and british gov attempted to impose taxes on colonists to help cover these expenses and resulted in increasing colonial resentment of british attempts to expand imperial authority in the coloniesThe british also attempted to limit western expansion by colonists and inadvertent provocation of a major indian war further angered the British subjects living in the American colonies—–all led to colonial rebellion and a full-scale war for independence
what was the slave trade?
Africans were the immigrants to the british new world that had no choice in their destinations or destinies
what were some of the reasons for the declaration of independence?
July 4, 1776Explained to the whole world that the 13 british colonies were seeking to start their own country-Britain was taxing and mistreating the coloniesStated that the American colonies would no longer be a part of Great Britain and would form their own countryListed the colonists’ thoughts about freedom and what government should be like and the reasons why they thought the British were being unfair
what were some of the major battles during the war for independence?
Battle of Monmouth (June of 1778)Battle of King’s Mountain (October of 1780)Battle of Fort Ticonderoga (May of 1775)Battle of Cowpens (January of 1781)Battle of Saratoga (October of 1777)Battle of Bunker Hill (June of 1775)Battle of Fort Washington (November of 1776)Battles of Trenton and Princeton (Winter of 1776-77)Battle of Yorktown (October of 1781)-Last great battle of American revolutionary warBattles of Lexington and Concord (April of 1775)-The first battle of the revolutionary war
articles of confederation vs. the us constitution
Two most prominent documents to manifest during the American revolutionary warAOC-First successful effort of organizing and mobilizing the 13 colonies of the US-Gave the original colonial powers some added leverage in handling diplomatic affairs, including negotiating land deals with foreign governments-Established a unicameral legislature-Voting power was delegated to the states based on committees and each state* had one vote in the AOCUS Constitution-Adopted in 1789, replacing the AOC permanently-Created checks and balances between the three branches of government-Enumerated the relationship of the federal government and the states-Established the bill of rights-Eventual bicameral system -voting: allowed for a single vote for each legislative representative-created the executive branch of government, establishing a figurehead department of the government -did more to centralize authority in a single political entity, rather than rely on the more lax union created by the AOC
bill of rights
First 10 amendments of the constitutionWritten by James MadisonList several prohibitions on governmental power, in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties
founding the nation: two political parties
federalists and anti-federalists
federalists
Advocated for a strong national governmentArgued that the constitution did not need a bill of rights because the people and states kept any powers not given to the federal governmentThe constitution as it stood only limited the government and not the people
anti-federalists
Wanted power to remain with state and local governmentsHeld that a bill of rights was necessary to safeguard individual libertyWithout the bill of rights, the people would be at risk of oppression
western expansion: war of 1812
Aka: the second part of the American Revolutionary WarPresident was James MadisonAmerican Congress declared war against Great Britain three decades after the Treaty of Paris bc of these three factorsThe british were capturing ships and forcing American citizens to serve in their navy and army (impressment)Great Britain was holding territory by having troops and forts in the Northwest territoryThe US wanted land but Britain had troops were the Indians were, and they became friends with one another so they did not leaveThe battle of new Orleans was the last battle of the warServed as a turning point in the history of the young republicThe US developed a more distinctly American fashion after the War of 1812
western expansion: monroe doctrine (of 1823)
Best known U.S. policy towards the western hemisphereCornerstone of US foreign policy enunciated by President James MadisonSeparates spheres of European and American influenceDeclared that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain in different spheresUS promised to stay out of European business and told the Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere’s businessFour main points:-The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers-The US recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and the dependencies in the Western Hemisphere-The Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization-Any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the US
western expansion: manifest destiny
Held that the US was destined- by God, as advocated believed- to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continentLouisiana Purchase-Thomas Jefferson kicked off the country’s westward expansion in 1803 with this-High birth rate and brisk immigration, the US population exploded in the first half of the 19th century-This rapid growth, alongside two economic depressions, drove millions of americans westward in search of new land and new opportunitiesTexas Independence-Cries for the “re-annexation” of Texas increased after Mexico, having won its independence from Spain, passed a law suspending US immigration into Texas in 1830-It’s new leaders sought to join the US and ended up doing itBy the time Texas was admitted into the Union, the idea that the US must inevitably expand westward, all the way to the Pacific Ocean, had taken firm hold among people from different regions, classes, and political persuasionsThe phrase “Manifest Destiny” emerged as the best-known expression of this mindsetA treaty between Great Britain and the US partially resolved the question of where to draw the Canadian border, but left open the question of the Oregon TerritoryAs president, Polk wanted to issue resolved and his administration agreed to a compromise whereby Oregon would be split aklong the 49th parallel, narrowly avoiding a crisis with BritainBy the time the Oregon question was settled, The US had entered into an all out war with Mexico, driven by the spirit of the manifest destiny
causes of the civil war
Industry vs. Farming-Economies of many northern states had moved away from farming to industry-The southern states had maintain a large farming economy and this economy was based on slave labor-The north no longer relied on slaves but the south did heavilyStates Rights-There had been arguments about how much power the states should have vs. how much power the governmet should have since the constitution-The southern states felt that the fed. Gov was taking away their powers and rightsSlavery-The heart of much of the south’s issues- relied on slavery for labor to work in the fields-Many people in the north believed that slavery was wrong and evil- they were called abolitionists and wanted slavery to be illegal-^this made south fearful that their way of life would come to an endBleeding Kansas-First fighting over the slavery issue-The gov passed the Kansas-Nebraska act allowing the citizens of Kansas to vote on whether they wanted to be a slave state or a free state and the region was flooded with supporters on both sides-They fought over this issue for years-Eventually entered as a free stateAbraham Lincoln-The final straw for the south was AL becoming president-He was a member of the new anti-slavery republican party -South felt that since he was against slavery he was against the south tooSecession-When AL was elected, many southern states decided they no longer wanted to be apart of the US and that they had every right to leave-11 states would eventually leave the US and form the Confederate States of America-AL said that they did not have the right to leave the US and sent in troops to stop the south from leaving-The Civil War begunReconstruction-The union victory in the civil war may have given 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the south during the reconstruction period introduced lots of challenges-New southern state legislatures passed restrictive “black codes” to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans
what is reconstruction?
The union victory in the civil war may have given 4 million slaves their freedom, but the process of rebuilding the south during the reconstruction period introduced lots of challengesNew southern state legislatures passed restrictive “black codes” to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans
early battles of the civil war
Fort SumterFirst ManassasShilohSecond ManassasAntietam
radical reconstruction
Newly enfranchised blacks gained a voice in government for the first time in American history, willing election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. CongressRadical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whitesAlso believed that the confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil WarAt the heart of their beliefs was the notion that blacks must be given a chance to compete in a free-labor economy
the end of reconstruction
The compromise of 1877An informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 US presidential election. Resulted in the US fed government pulling the last troops out of the south and ending the reconstruction era
industrialization
The development of machine production of goods and new energy resources
positive effects of industrialization
Job opportunitiesNew machinery increased production speeds of goods and gave people the opportunity to transport raw materialsLed to urbanization-The movement of people into cities and city buildingWestern world went from rural and agricultural to urban industrialSteam engine-Provided cheap movement of goods through waterways- canals were built so resources could be transported with easeRailroad systemRoad transportationRaised the standards of living
negative effects of industrialization
Urban areas grew tremendously, leading to overcrowding in citiesFactory work was dirty and dangerousLarge populations caused many health problems- unsanitary cities and disease filled streetsBosses strictly disciplined employees and treated them harshly- were underpaid and overworked Child laborFatigue and illness
causes of the great depression
The stock market crashBanking panics and monetary contractionThe gold standard-As the US experienced declining output and deflation, it tended to run a trade surplus with other countries bcause americans were buying fewer imported goods, while American exports were relatively cheap-Such imbalances gave rise to significant foreign gold outflows to the US, which in turn threated to devalue the currencies of the countries whose gold reserves had been depletedDecreased international lending and tariffs-The US economy was still expanding, lending by US banks to foreign countries fell, partly because of the relatively high US interest rates-The drop off contributed to contractionary effects in some borrower countries, whose economies entered a downturn even before the beginning of the Great Depression in the US-American agriculture also suffered
the stock market crash
The stock market went under a historic expansion in the 1920’s Prices rose to unprecedented levels and investing in the stock market seemed like an easy way to make moneyEven people out of ordinary means used much of their disposable income or even mortgaged their homes to buy stockBy the end of the decade, 100’s of millions of shares were being carried on margin-Meaning that their purchase price was financed with loans to be repaid with profits generated from ever-increasing share pricesOnce prices began to decline, many shareholders fell into a panic and rushed to liquidate their holding, exacerbating the decline and engendering further panic
the new deal
Was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by FDR that aimed to restore prosperity to AmericansHe acted to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were sufferingOver the next eight years, the gov instituted a series of experimental programs and projects that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many AmericansIt fundamentally and permanently changed the federal `government’s relationship to U.S. citizens
monroe doctrine
Best known U.S. policy towards the western hemisphere Cornerstone of US foreign policy enunciated by President James Madison Separates spheres of European and American influence Declared that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain in different spheres US promised to stay out of European business and told the Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere’s business Four main points:• The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers• The US recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and the dependencies in the Western Hemisphere• The Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization• Any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the US
manifest destiny
Held that the US was destined- by God, as advocated believed- to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent Louisiana Purchase• Thomas Jefferson kicked off the country’s westward expansion in 1803 with this• High birth rate and brisk immigration, the US population exploded in the first half of the 19th century• This rapid growth, alongside two economic depressions, drove millions of americans westward in search of new land and new opportunities Texas Independence• Cries for the “re-annexation” of Texas increased after Mexico, having won its independence from Spain, passed a law suspending US immigration into Texas in 1830• It’s new leaders sought to join the US and ended up doing it By the time Texas was admitted into the Union, the idea that the US must inevitably expand westward, all the way to the Pacific Ocean, had taken firm hold among people from different regions, classes, and political persuasions The phrase “Manifest Destiny” emerged as the best-known expression of this mindset A treaty between Great Britain and the US partially resolved the question of where to draw the Canadian border, but left open the question of the Oregon Territory As president, Polk wanted to issue resolved and his administration agreed to a compromise whereby Oregon would be split aklong the 49th parallel, narrowly avoiding a crisis with Britain By the time the Oregon question was settled, The US had entered into an all out war with Mexico, driven by the spirit of the manifest destiny
legislative
makes lawscongress–>state–> house of reps
executive
carries out lawspresident–.VP–> cabinet
judicial
interprets lawssupreme court–?other federal courts
magna carta
“The Great Charter”; one of the most important documents in history as it established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial King John ruled England for almost two decades and was well known for being a heavy handed ruler He would often wage unnecessary wars and burden his subjects with heavy taxes to pay for them King John begrudgingly signed the Magna Carta because he needed the barons to fight his wars and collect his taxes
treaty of versailles
o The most important of the peace treaties that brought WWI to an endo Ended the state of war between Germany and the allied powers
norman conquest
o The military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive victory at the battle of hastings and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles
1st amendment
basic liberties
2nd amendment
gun
3rd amendment
quartering soldiers
13th amendment
abolishing slavery
14th amendment
equal rights
15th amendment
voting rights for blacks
18th amendment
prohibition
19th amendment
womens right to vote
emancipation proclomation
o Executive order issued by president Lincoln freeing all slaves held in geographical areas in rebellion against the US
topography
arrangement of the natural and artifical physical features of an era
ethnography
scientific description of the customs of individual people and cultures
