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everything Flashcards

1
Q

assonance

A

repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds

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2
Q

meter

A

a recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that created a rhythm when spoken

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3
Q

lambic meter

A

an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

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4
Q

blank verse

A

unrhymed verse that consists of lines of iambic pentameter

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5
Q

free verse

A

lacks regular patterns of poetic feetBUT has more controlled rhythm than prose in terms of pace and pauses

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6
Q

phonological awareness

A

the ability to perceive sound structures in spoken word, such as syllables and the individual phonemes within syllables

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7
Q

phonemes

A

the sounds represented by the letters in the alphabet

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8
Q

teaching phonological awareness

A

language playan exposure to a variety of sounds and contexts of sounds

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9
Q

alphabetic principle

A

the use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds

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10
Q

developing language skills

A

interacting with othersexperiencing language in daily lifeunderstanding that speaking and listening are necessary for effective communication

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11
Q

what does KWL stand for

A

knowwonderlearn

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12
Q

what does KUD stand for

A

knowunderstand do

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13
Q

decoding

A

method used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce themstudents must know the relationships between letters and sounds, including:-letter patterns-words are constructed from phonemes-printed word represents a word that can be spoken

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14
Q

phonics

A

the process of learning to read by learning how spoken language is represented by letters

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15
Q

whole language approach

A

method of teaching children to read by recognizing words as whole pieces of languagebelieves that language should not be broken down into letters, combinations of letters, or decoded

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16
Q

fluency

A

the goal of literacy developmentthe ability to read and write accurately and quickly

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17
Q

affixes

A

syllables attached to the beginning or end of a word to make a derivative or inflectional form of a word

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18
Q

noun suffixes

A

type of suffixhas two types:argument: denotes the act of, state of, or quality ofauctioneer: denotes the doer, or one who does

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19
Q

verb suffixes

A

type of suffixdenote “to make” or “to perform the act of” (soften)

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20
Q

adjectival suffixes

A

type of suffixinclude suffixes such as “ful” which means “full of” ish, less, able

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21
Q

literal comprehension

A

the skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a textinvolves skills such as -identifying the topic sentence, main idea, important facts, and supporting details-using context clues to determine the meaning ofa word -sequencing events

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22
Q

critical comprehension

A

involves the prior knowledge and an understanding that written material (especially nonfiction) is the authors version and not necessarily anyone else’sinvolves analysis of meaning, evaluation, validation, questioning, and the reasoning skills a reader uses to recognize inferences and conclusions, purpose, tone, POV, themes, etc

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23
Q

metacognitive skills

A

awarenessplanningself-monitoringreflectiontaking an active role in readingrecognizing reading behaviorsrelating info to prior knowledgebeing aware of text structures

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24
Q

synecdoche

A

use of a part of something to signify the whole”boots on the ground”

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25
Q

metonymy

A

use of one term that is closely associated with another to mean the other

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26
Q

critical thinking tools while reading

A

summarizationquestion generationtextual marking

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27
Q

learning approach

A

a language development theoryassumes that language is first learned by imitating the speech of adults- then solidified in school through drills about the rules of language structures

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28
Q

linguistic approach

A

a language development theoryproposes that the ability to use a language is innatebiological approach- not baed on cognition or social patterning

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29
Q

cognitive approach

A

a language development theorychildren must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can acquire language

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30
Q

sociocognitive approach

A

a language development theorylanguage development is a complex interaction of linguistic, social, and cognitive influences

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31
Q

ad hominem

A

“against the person”attacks the character or behavior of a person taking a stand on the issue instead of the issue itself

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32
Q

hasty generalizations

A

condemnations of a group based on the behavior of one person or part

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33
Q

faulty causation

A

assigning the wrong cause to an event

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34
Q

bandwagon effect

A

if everyone else is doing it, it must be a good thing to do

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35
Q

inductive reasoning

A

using PARTICULAR FACTS to draw a general conclusionif every apple take out of the top of a barrel is rotten, the rest of the barrel is probably rotten too

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36
Q

deductive reasoning

A

using GENERAL FACTS or premises to come to a SPECIFIC conclusionif Susan is a sophomore and all sophomore take geometry, Susan takes geometry

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37
Q

gerund

A

verb form used as a noun

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38
Q

illustrative essay

A

explains a general statement through the use of examples

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39
Q

descriptive essay

A

appeals to the give senses to describe a person, place, or thing so that the readers can see the subject in their imaginations

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40
Q

process essays

A

“how-to”: gives step-by-step instructions”explanation”: tells how an event occurred or how something works

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41
Q

classification essay

A

type of essay that sorts information

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42
Q

imperative sentence

A

gives direction or command and may be punctuated by an exclamation point

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43
Q

bathos

A

an attempt to evoke pity, sorrow, or nobility that goes overboard and becomes ridiculous

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44
Q

malapropism

A

confusing one word with another

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45
Q

the five reasons for writing

A
  1. to tell a story2. to express oneself3. to convey information4. to make an argument5. to explore ideas
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46
Q

coordinating conjunction

A

a conjunction that can join two independent clauses by placing a comma and a coordinating conjunction between them

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47
Q

subordinating conjunction

A

a conjunction that joins a subordinate clause with an independent clause and establishes a relationship between them

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48
Q

top-down processing

A

listener refers to a background and a global knowledge to figure out the meaning of a message

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49
Q

bottom-up processing

A

listener figures out the meaning of a message by using “data” obtained from what is said

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50
Q

base maps

A

maps created from aerial and field surveysserve as the starting point for topographic and thematic maps

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51
Q

topographic maps

A

maps that show the natural and human-made surface features of the earthincluding:mountain elevationsriver coursesroadsnames of lakes and townscountry/state lines

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52
Q

thematic maps

A

maps that use a base of topographic maps as the foundation for showing data based on a themex. population, wildlife distribution, etc

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53
Q

15 degrees

A

each hour of time in the time zones is equivalent to this many degrees of longitude

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54
Q

prime meridian

A

greenwich, england is the location of this

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55
Q

international date line

A

the halfway point, at the 180th meridianthe place where each day begins and ends on Earth

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56
Q

cartography

A

the art and science of mapmaking

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57
Q

absolute location

A

the exact point where coordinates meet

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58
Q

Tropic of Cancer

A

the latitude that is 23.5 degrees north of the equator

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59
Q

Tropic of Capricorn

A

the latitude that is 23.5 degrees south of the equator

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60
Q

the tropics

A

the region between the tropic of cancer and capricorn

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61
Q

subtropics

A

the areas located between 23.5 and 40 degrees north/south of the equator

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62
Q

arctic circle

A

the latitude 66.5 degrees north of the equator

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63
Q

antarctic circle

A

the latitude 66.5 degrees south of the equator

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64
Q

the four main biomes

A

forestsgrasslandsdesertstundra

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65
Q

the five main climate zones

A

tropicaldrytemperatecontinentalpolar

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66
Q

climate

A

the long term average weather conditions of a place

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67
Q

orogeny

A

the process in which tectonic plates push up the crust to form mountains

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68
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum, sustained level of use an environment can incur without sustaining significant environmental deterioration that would eventually lead to environmental destruction

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69
Q

three different points of view that can be used to study history

A

spaceenvironmentchronology

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70
Q

the five themes of geography

A

locationplacehuman-environment interactionmovementregions

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71
Q

geomorphology

A

the study of landformsa science that considers the relationships between geological structures and surface landscape featuresprocesses that change features: erosion, deposition, plate tectonics

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72
Q

landforms

A

landscape featuresthe highest order are continents and oceans

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73
Q

foothills

A

low series of hills found between a plain and a mountain range

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74
Q

mesas

A

flat areas of upland

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75
Q

deltas

A

accumulation of silt deposited at the river mouths into the seabedeventually converted into very fertile, stable ground

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76
Q

basins

A

low areas that catch water from riverslarge hollows that dip to a central point and are surrounded by higher groundareas of inland drainage in a desert where water can’t reach the sea

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77
Q

marshes

A

wet lowlands with no trees are always wet because of frequent floods and poor drainage that leave shallow water;ex. grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, herbs

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78
Q

swamps

A

wet lowlands with trees and dry periodsthe water is very slow-moving and is usually associated with adjacent rivers or lakes

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79
Q

taiga

A

world’s largest forest regionlocation of huge mineral resources and fur-bearing animals

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80
Q

tundra

A

marshy plain in an area that has very cold climate and receives little snow

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81
Q

humid continental climate

A

has four seasons, including a cold winter and a hot summer, and sufficient rainfall for raising crops

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82
Q

prairie climates

A

found in the interiors of asia and north america where there are dry flatlands

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83
Q

subtropical climates

A

very humid areas in tropical areasthe moisture, carried by winds traveling over warm ocean currents, produces long summers and mild winters

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84
Q

marine climates

A

climates surrounded by water; warm ocean winds bring moisture, mild temperatures year round, and plentiful rain

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85
Q

physical geography

A

study of climate, water, and land and their relationship with each other and humanslocates and identifies the earth’s surface features and explores how humans thrive in various locations according to crop and goods production

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86
Q

cultural geography

A

study of the influence of the environment on human behaviors as well as the effect of human activities such as farming, building settlements, and grazing livestock on the environment

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87
Q

physical location

A

placement of the hemispheres and continents

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88
Q

political location

A

divisions within continents that designate various countries

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89
Q

natural resources

A

things provided by nature that have commercial value to humansex. minerals, timber, fish, wildlife, and landscape

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90
Q

renewable resources

A

resources that can be replenishedex. wind, solar radiation, tides, and water (with proper conservation)

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91
Q

nonrenewable resources

A

resources that cannot be replenishedcannot be replaced or reused once they are burnedex. fossil fuels such as oil and metal ores

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92
Q

commodities

A

natural resources that have to be extracted and purified rather than created

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93
Q

map projections

A

a system for representing the Earth’s curvatures on a flat surface through the use of a grid that corresponds to the lines of latitude and longitude

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94
Q

conical projections

A

type of map projection that superimposes a cone over the sphere of the earth

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95
Q

cylindrical projection

A

type of map projection in which meridians are mapped using equally spaced vertical lines and circles of latitude (parallels) are mapped using horizontal lines

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96
Q

azimuthal

A

stereographic projection onto a plane so centered at any given point that a straight line radiating from the center to any other point represents the shortest difference

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97
Q

sumer

A

established the first known writing systemadvanced the development of the wheel and irrigationurbanized their culture with cluster of cities

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98
Q

egypt

A

united by the nile riversettled in villages on the banksnational religion that held pharaohs as godscentral governmentwriting, libraries

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99
Q

indus valley

A

unified culture of luxury and refinementno known national governmentadvanced civic systemprosperous trade routes

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100
Q

common traits of early empires

A

strong militarycentralized governmentcontrol and standardization of commercemoneytaxesweight systemofficial language

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101
Q

greece

A

started as a group of city states that were united by Alexander the Great and joined to create an empire

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102
Q

middle ages

A

period that ran from approx. 500-1500 A.D. during this time, centers of European civilization moved from Mediterranean countries to France, Germany, and England

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103
Q

the crusades

A

recurring wars between european Christians and middle east muslims

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104
Q

charlemagne

A

created an empire across france and germany around 800 AD

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105
Q

protestant reformation

A

began as an attempt to reform the catholic church, but eventually led to the separation of it

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106
Q

martin luther

A

posted 95 Theses on the door of a church in Saxony

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107
Q

95 Theses

A

document posted by Martin Luther that criticized unethical practices, various doctrines, and the authority of the pope

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108
Q

Renaissance

A

renewal of interest in ancient Greek and Latin art, literature and philosophy14th-16th centuries

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109
Q

Jacques Cartier

A

French explorer that explored the St. Lawrence seaway

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110
Q

Samuel de Champlain

A

founded Quebecset up a fur empire on the St. Lawrence Seaway also explored the coasts of MA and RI

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111
Q

Fr. Jacques Marquette and Louis Joilet

A

the first Europeans to travel down the Mississippi

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112
Q

Rene-Robert de la Salle

A

Explored the Great Lakes and Illinois and Mississippi Riversclaimed all of the land from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachians to the Rockies for France

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113
Q

Juan Ponce de Leon

A

first European in Floridadiscovered the Gulf Streamsearched for the fountain of youth

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114
Q

Alonso Alvarez de Pineda

A

charted the gulf coast from Florida to Mexicoclaimed TX for Spain

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115
Q

Panfilo de Narvaez

A

claimed Florida for Spain, then sailed the Gulf Coast

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116
Q

Hernando de Soto

A

first European to explore the southeastern US from Tallahassee to Natchez

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117
Q

Sir Walter Raleigh

A

landed on Roanoke Island in 1585

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118
Q

Jamestown

A

first permanent English colony founded by Captain John Smith in 1607

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119
Q

pilgrims

A

name for the 24 puritan families sent by the virginia company to virginia on the mayflower

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120
Q

sons of liberty

A

protest group led by Sam Adams that incited the Revolution

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121
Q

Boston Massacre

A

march 1770soldiers fired on a crowd and killed people

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122
Q

committees of correspondence

A

set up throughout the colonies to transmit revolutionary ideas and create a unified response

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123
Q

first continental congress

A

held in 1774 to list grievances and develop a response; attached by all the colonies except Georgia

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124
Q

shot heard round the world

A

1775, Lexington and ConcordEnglish soldiers on their way to confiscate arms in Concord passed through Lexington

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125
Q

second continental congress

A

established the continental army and chose George Washington as its commanding generalalso allowed printing of money and created government offices

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126
Q

treaty of paris

A

1782signaled the official end of the revolutionary war

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127
Q

articles of confederation

A

had two major elements that proved unworkable-no centralized national government-no centralized power to tax or regulate trade with other nations or between statesdesigned to protect states’ rights over those of the national government

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128
Q

the federalist papers

A

written by James Madison

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129
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

1803, purchased by Thomas Jefferson for $15 millionto gain NOLAremove threat of french interference along MS riverdouble the territory of the US

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130
Q

war of 1812

A

causes of the war included-british attempts to restrict U.S. trade-the royal navy’s impressment of American seamen -America’s desire to expand its territorythough washington DC was captured and burned, American troops were able to repulse British invasions in NY, Baltimore, NOLA—- boasting national confidence and fostering a new spirit of patriotism

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131
Q

treaty of ghent

A

ended the war of 1812when the british ended the war with France, they negotiate for peace with the US as well

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132
Q

monroe doctrine

A

1823warned European power to cease colonization of Central and South America or face military intervention by the USin return, the US would not meddle in the political affairs of standing colonies in Europe

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133
Q

missouri compromise

A

an effort by congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permittedat the time, the US contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between 11 slave and 11 free-maine was bought on as a free state and the southern border of missouri was set as the northernmost line of any slave territory-western states could come in as free states-arkansas and floida could be slave states

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134
Q

manifest destint

A

popular belief during the 1840’s that it was the right and duty of the US to expand westward to the pacific

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135
Q

Andrew Jackson

A

the election of this president is seen as the beginning of the modern political party system as well as the start of the democratic party

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136
Q

Indian Removal Act of 1830

A

took natives out of territories that whites wanted to settle

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137
Q

trail of tears

A

removed cherokees from georgia and relocated them to oklahoma

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138
Q

nullification

A

the right of states to nullify any federal laws that they thought unconstitutional

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139
Q

whig party

A

party that started as an opposition to Jackson’s authoritarian policiesparticularly concerned with defending the supremacy of Congress over the executive branch, states rights, economic protectionism, and modernization

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140
Q

Susan B. Anthony

A

women’s rights and abolition activistshe lectured across the nation for suffrage, property and wage rights, and labor organizations for women

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141
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

created the first American asylums

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142
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

escaped slave who became an abolitionist leader, government official, and writer

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143
Q

william lloyd garrison

A

abolitionist and the editor of the Liberator, a leading anti-slavery newspaper

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144
Q

joseph smith

A

founded the latter day saints and wrote the book of mormon

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145
Q

horace mann

A

leader of the common school movement that made public education a right for all americans

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146
Q

elizabeth cady stanton

A

held the seneca falls convention in 1848demanding women’s suffrage and other reforms

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147
Q

compromise of 1850

A

calling upon the principle of popular sovereignty, allowed those who lived in Mexican cession to decide for themselves whether to be a slave or a free territory

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148
Q

fugitive slave law of 1850

A

allowed slave owners to go into free states to retrieve their escaped slaves

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149
Q

kansas-nebraska act of 1854

A

repealed the missouri compromise of 1820 and allowed the lands from the LA Purchase to settle the slavery issue by popular soverignty

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150
Q

dred scott vs. sanford

A

ruled that congress had no authority to exclude slavery from territories, which in effect, meant that the MO Compromise had been unconsitutionalupheld property rights over human rights in the case of a slave who had been transported to a free state by his master, but was still considered a slave

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151
Q

jefferson davis

A

the former US senator who was the president of the confederacy

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152
Q

robert e lee

A

led the army of northern virginia and the central confederate force

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153
Q

ulysses s. grant

A

received lee’s surrender at the appomattox court house in VA in april of 1865

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154
Q

reconstruction

A

period from 1865 to 1877 during which the South was under strict control of the U.S. governmentall state governments from the former confederacy were terminated and military occupation began

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155
Q

13th ammendment

A

declared slavery illegal

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156
Q

14th ammendment

A

made all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. citizens and forbade any state to interfere with their fundamental rights

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157
Q

15th ammendment

A

made it illegal to deny individuals the right to vote on the grounds of race

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158
Q

gilded age

A

period of enormous wealth and grossly opulent lifestyle enjoyed by a handful of powerful families

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159
Q

two dates between which the US population doubled due to immigration

A

1860-1890

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160
Q

progressive era

A

1890s-1920sreform-minded political leaders who wanted to export a just and rational social order (democracy, humanity, cleaning up city govs, improve housing, healthy, edu) to the rest of the world while increasing trade with foreign markets-national gov. strengthened, created lots of programs

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161
Q

spanish-american wars

A

resulted because america sided with cuba for its independence struggle against Spain; resulted with Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam becoming American territories + Hawaii

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162
Q

open door

A

policy that the US had with China in 1900

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163
Q

federal reserve system

A

1913established to supervise banking and commerce

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164
Q

fair trade commition

A

1914established to ensure fair competition in banking and commerce

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165
Q

19th ammendment

A

voting rights for women

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166
Q

18th ammendment

A

prohibition

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167
Q

decade of optimism

A

after WWIlife improved due to Henry Ford’s mass production, better roads, electric lights, airplanes, communications, etc

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168
Q

reasons for the stock market crash

A

increased credit buyingbank war debtshuge gap between the rich/poorbelief that the stock market would always go up

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169
Q

allies in WWI

A

britanfrancerussiagreeceitalyromaniaserbialater the US

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170
Q

central powers of WWI

A

germanyaustria-hungarybulgariaturkey

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171
Q

span of WWI

A

1914-1918

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172
Q

the year that wilson declared war and the US entered WWI

A

1917

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173
Q

axis powers WWI

A

germanyjapanitaly (until it changed to allied)

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174
Q

allied powers WWI

A

US (in 1941); britain, freeFrance/colonies, Russia

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175
Q

the truman doctrine

A

1947 policy designed to protect free peoples everywhere against oppression

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176
Q

marshall plan

A

1948 policy that devoted $12 billion to rebuild western europe and strengthen its defenses

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177
Q

the organization of the american states

A

established to bolster democratic relations in the Americas

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178
Q

the berlin blockade

A

soviets tried to starve out west berlin, so the US provided massive supply drops by air

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179
Q

north atlantic treaty organization

A

formed to militarily link the US and western Europe so that an attack on one was an attack on both

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180
Q

the cuban missile crisis

A

stand-off between the US and the Soviet Union over a build-up of missiles in Cubaeventually, soviets stopped their shipments and a nuclear war was averted

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181
Q

year president kennedy was assassinated

A

1963

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182
Q

year robert kennedy and MLK Jr were assassinated

A

1968

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183
Q

spiro t. agnew

A

vice president who resigned in october 1973

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184
Q

president appoints, senate ratification

A

process that is used to appoint a new VP

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185
Q

separation of powers

A

power is divided among the three government branches: legislative, executive, judicial

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186
Q

checks and balances

A

system that enforces the separation of powers and ensures that each branch has the authority and ability to restrain the powers of the other two branches

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187
Q

judicial review

A

judges in the federal courts ensure that no act of government is in violation of the Constitutionif an act is unconstitutional, the judicial branch has the power to nullify it

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188
Q

federalism

A

division of power between the central government and local governments, which limits the power of the federal government and allows states to deal with local problems

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189
Q

classical republic

A

representative democracysmall groups of elected leaders represent the interests of the electorate

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190
Q

oligarchy

A

small, usually self-appointed elite rules a region

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191
Q

liberal democracy

A

government based on the consent of the people that protects individual rights and freedoms from any intolerance by the majority

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192
Q

2nd amendment

A

right to bear arms

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193
Q

3rd amendment

A

no quartering of soldiers

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194
Q

4th amendment

A

search and seizure

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195
Q

5th amendment

A

provisions regarding prosecution

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196
Q

6th amendment

A

right to a speedy/public trial, calling of witnesses

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197
Q

7th amendment

A

right to trail by jury

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198
Q

8th amendment

A

freedom from excessive bail or cruel punishment

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199
Q

9th amendment

A

these rights are not necessarily the only rights

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200
Q

10th ammendment

A

powers not prohibited by the constitution are reserved to the states

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201
Q

national powers

A

can coin moneyregulate interstate and foreign traderaise and maintain armed forcesdeclare wargovern US territoriesadmit new statesconduct foreign relations

202
Q

concurrent powers

A

can levy and collect taxesborrow moneyestablish courtsdefine crimesset punishmentsclaim private property for public use

203
Q

state powers

A

can regulate trade/business within the stateestablish public schoolspass license requirementsregulate alcoholconduct electionsestablish local governments

204
Q

delegated powers

A

powers granted by the constitution

205
Q

enumerated powers

A

powers specifically spelled out in the constitution

206
Q

implied powers

A

powers not expressly stated in the constitution,but are reasonably suggested by the enumerated powers

207
Q

inherent

A

powers not expressed by the constitution but ones that the national govs have historically possessed, such as granting diplomatic recognition

208
Q

23 amendment

A

gave washington dc the power to vote

209
Q

21 amedment

A

ended prohibition

210
Q

26th amendment

A

set the minimum voting age at 18 years

211
Q

marbury v. madison

A

established judicial review as a power of the supreme court

212
Q

brown vs. board of education

A

1954 the court ruled that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause”separate but equal” was unconstitutional

213
Q

plessy v. furguson

A

ruled that segregation was permitted as long as the facilities were equal; “separate but equal”

214
Q

miranda vs. arizona

A

1966made the reading of miranda rights to those arrested for crimes the law–

215
Q

year of the gettysburg address

A

1863

216
Q

the fourteen points

A

made by woodrow wilson on january 18, 1918outlined the plans for peach and the league of nations

217
Q

brandenburg gate speech

A

made by ronald reagan in 1987contained the famous line “tear down this wall”

218
Q

northwest ordinance of 1787

A

established a government for the Northwest Territoryoutlines the process for admitting a new state to the unionguaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states

219
Q

washington’s farewell address

A

emphasized neutralityset precedent for two termswarned against political parties

220
Q

the alien and sedition acts

A

-made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen (naturalization act)-allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were deemed dangerous (alien friends act) or who were from a hostile nation (alien enemies act)-criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government (sedition act)

221
Q

homestead act

A

encouraged western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public landin exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land

222
Q

emancipation proclomation

A

delivered by Lincoln, declared that “all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free”

223
Q

supply

A

the amount of product or serve available to customers

224
Q

demand

A

how much consumers are willing to pay for the product or service

225
Q

command economy

A

the type of economy where the government controls what and how much is produced, the methods for production, and the distribution of goods and services

226
Q

market economy

A

where producers make decisions about methods and distribution on their ownchoices are made based on what will sell and bring in a profit in the marketplaceconsumers ultimately affect these decisions by choosing whether or not to buy certain goods and services. US.

227
Q

factor market

A

consists of people who exchange their services for wagespeople are sellers and companies are buyers

228
Q

product market

A

selling of products to the people who want to buy themthe people are buyers and the companies are sellerscreates a circular economic flow in which money goes from producers to work as wages, then flows back to producer in the form of payment for products

229
Q

information seeking behavior theory

A

students progress through levels of question specificity, from vague notions of the information needed to clearly defined needs or questions.students are more successful in the search process if they have a realistic understanding of the information system and problem

230
Q

empirical research

A

original data gathering and analysis through direct observation or analysis

231
Q

reflex angle

A

angle with a degree measure greater than 180 but less than 360

232
Q

full angle

A

an angle with a degree measure of exactly 360 degrees

233
Q

triangle inequality theorem

A

the sum of the measures of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the measure of the third side

234
Q

compound event

A

event that involved two or more independent events

235
Q

permutation

A

an arrangement of a specific number of a set of objects in a specific order

236
Q

combination

A

an arrangement of a specific number of a set of objects WITHOUT a specific order

237
Q

complement of an event

A

the probability that something will NOT happen

238
Q

conditional probability

A

the probability of an event once another event has already occurred

239
Q

expected value

A

method of determining expected outcome in a random situation

240
Q

empirical probability

A

number of times an outcome occurs in a particular experiment or a certain number of observed events

241
Q

theoretical probablility

A

based on what should happen

242
Q

discrete data

A

information that can only be expressed by a specific value (people can only be counted in whole numbers)

243
Q

continuous data

A

information that can be expressed by any value within a given range

244
Q

primary data

A

information that has been collected directly from a survey, investigation, or experiment

245
Q

secondary data

A

data that has been collected, sorted, and processed by the researcher

246
Q

standard deviation

A

expressed how spread out the values of a distribution are from the meanhigh= values are spread outlow= values are close together

247
Q

the five essential elements of literacy

A

phonological awarenessphonicsfluencyvocabulary comprehension

248
Q

fluency

A

the ability to read a text quickly, accurately, and with proper expression

249
Q

vocabulary

A

the knowledge of words and word meanings

250
Q

comprehension

A

alll of phonological awaress, phonics, fluency, and vocab

251
Q

graphemes

A

a small unit of written language that represents a speech sound (ex. a letter or a cluster of letters)

252
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest unit of speech, which makes a distinction between different words

253
Q

onset

A

the consonant/s preceding the vowel in a syllable; in a spoken syllable, the beginning consonant sound

254
Q

rime

A

in a spoken syllable, the vowel the consonant that comes after that vowel

255
Q

phonogram

A

rime written downsounds written down

256
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest meaningful part of a language

257
Q

unvoiced consonants

A

do not cause a vibration of the vocal chords when you say themex. “f” in fat and “c” in come

258
Q

long vowel

A

say their namesex. paint, bean

259
Q

short vowel

A

dont say their nameex. cap, beg

260
Q

vowel digraph

A

there are two vowel letters, but you only hear one sound

261
Q

vowel dipthong

A

there are two vowel sounds, but you hear a blend of the two sounds

262
Q

schwa sound

A

when a vowel does not make its usual sound

263
Q

r-controlled vowels

A

whenever it follows a vowel, it makes the “r” sound

264
Q

consonant digraph

A

when there are 2-3 consonants, but you do not hear both of the soundsex. “ch” in chair

265
Q

consonant blend

A

when there are 2-3 consonants but they blend together so that you are able to hear each soundex. “bl” in blend

266
Q

word recognition skills

A
  1. sight vocabulary (high frequency words and decodable words)2. decoding ability3. words from context
267
Q

voiced consonants

A

does cause a vibration of the vocal chords when you say themex. “v” in vat/voice; “g” in gum

268
Q

receptive vocabulary

A

words one can identify when heard or read

269
Q

expressive vocabulary

A

words one can use in speaking or writing

270
Q

denotation

A

the literal meaning of a word

271
Q

connotation

A

the associations or feelings that a word communicates in addition to its literal meaning, and that can be positive or negative

272
Q

general academic vocabulary

A

words that are encountered in a variety of academic contexts

273
Q

domain-specific vocabulary

A

words that occur almost exclusively in a specific academic context (mathematical processes, scientific terms, geographic labels, etc)

274
Q

reading comprehension

A

a multifaceted thinking process; making meaning

275
Q

literal comprehension

A

basic, picks out main ideas, sequence, note similarities and differences, and states reasons

276
Q

inferential comprehension

A

use clues in the text, imply information, use personal background knowledge, make predictions, determine authors purpose

277
Q

critical comprehension

A

analyze symbolic meaning, distinguish fact from opinion, draw conclusions

278
Q

evaluative comprehension

A

most sophisticated, judge the value of a text against criteria, detect bias, faulty reasoning, determine effectiveness

279
Q

informational texts

A

also called nonfictiona text presenting accurate information that was written to instruct readers

280
Q

literacy textss

A

use language that appeals to the senses far more than informational textsdiffer from informational texts in many wayscome in genres; have settings, characters, plots, and themes; and use language in unique ways

281
Q

close reading

A

attending carefully to and analyzing a text; this process involves several readings of the same text and is usually guided by a teacher to build greater understanding of how an author has structured ideas and developed arguments or a point of view

282
Q

tier 1 vocabulary

A

basic wordscommon words, usually socially low frequency words, domain specific

283
Q

tier 2 vocabulary

A

school words, used more frequently in written languagehigh frequency words, found in many content areas

284
Q

how many phonemes are in the english language?

A

44

285
Q

onset

A

the beginning consonant or consonant blend

286
Q

rime

A

includes the syllable’s vowel and it’s remaining consonants

287
Q

phonics

A

the study of the relationship between the spoken sounds in words and the printed letters that correspond to those soundsaka letter sound correspondence ^

288
Q

a teacher says “hat” and instructs the students to produce the sounds that they hear in the word. Which strategy is the teacher using to build phoneme awareness?a. phoneme blendingb. phoneme deletionc. phoneme segmentationd. phoneme substitution

A

c. phoneme segmentationthe strategy of phoneme segmentation requires students to separate the phonemes in a word

289
Q

root

A

typically derived from latin or greek and establish the bases of new words

290
Q

affix

A

added to words or roots to change their meaningsconsist of prefixes, added to the beginning of a word or root, and suffixes, added to the end of the word or root

291
Q

use roots and affixes to determine the meaning of the underlined word: monograph most nearly meansa. a mathematical conceptb. a written study of a single subjectc. an illness caused by a virusd. a boring piece of art

A

b. a written study of a single subjectthe prefix mono means one, and the root word graph means written

292
Q

use roots and affixes to determine the meaning of the underlined word: my sister is a polyglot, and comfortably travels all over the worlda. a person who speaks many languagesb. a person who loves to travelc. a person who is extremely intelligentd. a person who is unafraid of new places

A

a. the prefix poly means many and the suffix -glot means in a language or tongue

293
Q

reading fluency is composed of what three factors?

A

rate, accuracy, and prosody

294
Q

reading rate

A

the speed and fluidity with which a student can readdetermined by the number of words read correctly per minute or the length of time

295
Q

reading accuracy

A

refers to a student’s reading ability to recognize or decode words correctly

296
Q

prosody

A

encompasses the range of vocal expressions a reader uses when reading aloudit includes rhythm, intonation, and stress patterns

297
Q

which of the following is an example of prosody?a. using appropriate vocal clues when reading aloudb. decoding words correctly when reading aloudc. reading at an appropriate speed when reading aloudd. reading smoothly and steadily when reading aloud

A

a. using appropriate vocal clues when reading aloud

298
Q

what is an inference based on?a. facts and specific examples in the textb. details of the text and the reader’s knowledge of the topic of the textc. understanding the author’s purpose d. understanding the author’s tone

A

b. details of the text and the reader’s knowledge of the topic of the textin order to read between the lines, readers must use their own knowledge as well as draw on the information provided

299
Q

what is one way students could determine the central idea of a text?a. by summarizing the passageb. by crossing out all irrelevant detailc. by highlighting all sentences that mention the main topicd. by identifying the main points and deciding which one is supported by all of the points and details

A

d. by identifying the main points and deciding which one is supported by all of the points and details

300
Q

text leveling (complexity) is determined by what three factors?

A

quantitative measuresqualitative measuresreader and task considerations

301
Q

quantitative measures

A

include readability scores determined by computer algorithms that evaluate text elements such as word frequency and sentence length

302
Q

qualitative measures

A

include analysis of text elements such as structure, language clarity, and knowledge demands

303
Q

reader and task considerations

A

determined by the professional judgement of educators who match texts to particular students, classes, and/or tasks on their inherent needs

304
Q

which of the following is true of quantitative measures of text complexity?a. they are task considerations determined by professional judgementb. they are analytical measurements determined by knowledge demandsc. they are statistical measurements determined by computer algorithmsd. they are leveling measurements determined by text structure

A

c. they are statistical measurements determined by computer algorithmsquantitative measures are objective and based on statistics

305
Q

which of the following can be classified as persuasive writing?a. an advertisement for a new productb. a research paper on the effects of climate on ecosystemsc. a poem about the ocean on a foggy dayd. a short story with a suspenseful plot

A

a. an advertisement for a new productpersuasive writing aims to influence to the reader to agree with what is state and to act accordingly

306
Q

which of the following elements shapes each paragraph in the writing task?a. the thesisb. the topic sentencec. the drafting staged. the outline

A

b. the topic sentencethe topic sentence for each paragraph introduces the ideas that the paragraph will discuss

307
Q

primary sources

A

original materials that are representative of an even, experience, place, or time period

308
Q

secondary sources

A

inform about events, experiences, places, or time period, but the information is provided by someone who was not directly involved and who used primary sources to discuss the material

309
Q

which of the following is considered a reliable source for research about california?a. a personal blog about living in californiab. a research paper published by the state of californiac. an advertisement for california real estated. a letter to the editor about california roadways

A

b. a research paper published by the state of californiaa published study by a government institution is a reliable research source

310
Q

choose the correct verbyesterday, I (laid/lay) on the couch for hours

A

lay

311
Q

choose the correct verbwe (sat/set) the ladder upright

A

set

312
Q

choose the correct verbthe egg was (rising/raising) in the water as it boiled

A

rising

313
Q

list all of the adjectives used in the following sentence”Her camera fell into the turbulent water, so her frantic friend quickly grabbed the damp item”a. turbulent, frantic, dampb. turbulent, frantic, quickly, dampc. her, turbulent, her, frantic, dampd. her, the, turbulent, her, frantic, the, damp

A

d. her, the, turbulent, her, frantic, the, dampd. turbulent, frantic, and damp are adjectives; her is modifying first camera and then friend; and the is always a limiting adjective- the definite article

314
Q

list all of the pronouns used in the following sentence”Several of the administrators who had spoken clearly on the budget increase gave both of the opposing committee members a list of their ideas”a. several, of, theirb. several, who, bothc. several, who, both, theird. several, both

A

b. several, who, bothseveral is an indefinite plural pronoun; who is a relative pronoun introducing the adjectival clause who had spoken clearly on the budget increase; both is an indefinite plural pronoun

315
Q

prepositional phrase

A

begins with a preposition and ends with an object of the preposition

316
Q

verb phrase

A

is composed of the main verb along with its helping verbs

317
Q

noun phrase

A

consists of a noun and its modifiers

318
Q

appositive phrase

A

a particular type of noun phrase that renames the word or group of words that precedes itusually follow the noun they describe and are set apart by commas

319
Q

verbal phrases

A

begin with a word that would normally act as a verb but is instead filling another role within the sentencecan act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs

320
Q

complex sentence

A

has two or more independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

321
Q

compound-complex sentence

A

has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

322
Q

what is the LCM of the numbers 10 and 12?a. 2b. 24c. 60D. 120

A

c. 60write out the multiples for each number10: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 6020: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60

323
Q

cardinal directions

A

north, east, south, and west

324
Q

intermediate directions

A

between each point

325
Q

middle latitudes

A

from latitudes 23.5 to 55.5 north and southhave a greater variety of climates, determined more by proximity to water than by the exact latitude

326
Q

high latitudes

A

from latitudes 66.5 north and south of the polesare home to two climates: tundra and taiga

327
Q

low latitudes

A

from the equator to latitudes 23.5 north and south, have three distinct climates

328
Q

tundra

A

features extremely cold and long winters

329
Q

which of the following are major physical regions in the continental United States?a. humid continental, humid subtropical, Mediterranean, marine, desertb. humid continental, humid subtropical, taiga, tundra, Mediterranean c. humid continental, Mediterranean, marine, taiga, tropical rainforestd. the sun belt, the bible belt, the coasts

A

a. humid continental, humid subtropical, mediterranean, marine, desertthese are all major physical regions in North America

330
Q

which of the following is not an example of human geography?a. studying the importance of trade among Central American countriesb. examining regional differences in cuisine around the worldc. studying the distribution of fauna and flora in North Americad. deciding whether to build retail outlets based on local population

A

c. studying the distribution of fauna and flora in North Americastudying only fauna and flora is physical geography; the geographer is not studying human interactions with or impact on the Earth

331
Q

socialization

A

the process where individuals learn skills, beliefs, values, and behavior patterns of society and how these can influence their own norms and customs

332
Q

primary socialization

A

occurs when children learn the values, actions, and attitudes that are appropriate for members of their particular culture

333
Q

secondary socialization

A

occurs when an individual learns the appropriate values, actions, attitudes, and behaviors as a member of a smaller group within a larger society

334
Q

what are three major forms of social interactions?a. culture, counterculture, and subcultureb. celebrations, language, and belief systemsc. government, schools, and businessesd. cooperation, exchange, and conflict

A

d. cooperation, exchange, and conflictthese are the three primary forms of social interaction

335
Q

Sumerians

A

emerged in the near East (eventually expanding into parts of Mesopotamia)developed cuneiform, the earliest known example of writing to use characters as wordscuneiform allowed advanced government and administration

336
Q

the Code of Hammurabi

A

in the 18th century BCE, king Hammurabi developed courts and this early codified rule of lawmeted out justice on an equal basis- “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”

337
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

under the Zhou dynasty, China developed this conceptstates that the emperor had a divine mandate to rule, based on an understanding that the land was divinely inherited

338
Q

according to Confucianism, an ideal societya. is based on respect for authority and wisdom, making harmonious interaction a priorityb. allows respectful debate and discussion to encourage learning and the development of wisdomc. encompasses a diverse group of people, to gather wisdom from different culturesd. values hierarchy and enforces a caste system

A

a. is based on respect for authority and wisdom, making harmonious interaction a priorityconfucious taught others to respect authority (filial piety) and encouraged group harmony

339
Q

During the pax romana, the mediterranean region was all of the following except:a. experiencing a period of relative stability under roman ruleb. a center of commercial activityc. ruled by augustus caesard. under the control of a powerful Senate

A

d. under the control of a powerful Senateafter julius caesar took power from the Senate, Rome was ruled by a powerful emperor

340
Q

Pax Romana

A

period of stability in the Mediterranean regionrome reached the height of its powerrome controlled the entire mediterranean region, europe, and much of the middle east and northern africa

341
Q

in feudal Europe, the serfs werea. enslaved by the lords and the knightsb. bonded to the land and under the protection of the lordsc. forced to fight for the lordsd. able to eventually purchase their freedom from the knights in exchange for support fighting

A

b. bonded to the land and under the protection of the lordsserfs were bonded to the land- they had to work it for the lord- however, the lord was obligated to protect thempeasants, not slaves

342
Q

while the crusade enriched Europe in many ways, it did nota. bring new knowledge to the Westb. result in lasting land gainsc. provide religious indulgences for crusadersd. offer the opportunity to gain personal wealth

A

b. result in lasting land gainseuropean powers controlled some areas in the Levant but only temporarily

343
Q

the kingdom of mali developed due to itsa. control of the trans-Saharan trade routesb. ability to repel Islamic influences from the Northc. control over gold and salt resourcesd. control all of the trans-Saharan slave trade

A

c. control over gold and salt resources

344
Q

russia built its empire bya. strengthening its navy to colonize overseasb. overland expansion, moving eastward into Asia and Siberia, and westward into Europec. remaining isolated, avoiding expansion, and focusing on industrialization insteadd. converting Asian peoples from Islam to Russian Orthodox Christianity

A

b. overland expansion, moving eastward into Asia and Siberia and westward into EuropeRussia expanded to the East, taking control of Siberia. Russia also moved westward, controlling parts of Eastern Europe

345
Q

which of the following was a result of the rise of the Ottoman Turks?a. Christian Byzantines left Constantinople for Western Europe, bringing classical learning with themb. The ottomans were able to conquer large areas, establishing a vast Islamic empirec. the Ottomans represented an Islamic threat to European Christendomd. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

346
Q

major influences on the European Renaissance includeda. cultural discoveries in North Americab. African music and culturec. the ideas of the Greek Orthodox Churchd. scientific knowledge from the Islamic empires

A

d. scientific knowledge from the Islamic empiresscience and technology from the middle east during the crusades helped inspire the Renaissance

347
Q

slaves were originally brought to the americas as part of the triangular trade in order to do all of the following excepta. work on cotton plantationsb. work on sugar plantationsc. work in colonists’ homesd. work in textile factories

A

d. work in textile factoriesfactories developed during the industrial revolution, and so were not present in the colonies while the slave trade was active

348
Q

in south america, how was the inca empire able to consolidate its power?a. they used military tech to conquer neighboring peoplesb. they converted people to their own religion, gaining followers and loyal subjectsc. they used their mastery of high altitude transportation to expand their empired. they grew their empire of bringing in migrants from other parts of south america

A

c. they used their mastery of high altitude transportation to expand their empireadvanced transportation in high altitude terrain enabled the inca military to range widely throughout the Andes

349
Q

the power of the catholic church was diminished during the Reformation due toa. its unwillingness to protect the indigenous people of the americasb. the discoveries of the scientific revolutionc. the growth of islam in western europed. its failure to capture the holy land during the crusades

A

b. the discoveries of the scientific revolutionthe scientific revolution, humanism, and logic brought into question church teachings long regarded as fact, undermining church power

350
Q

which of the following best describes the motivation for the reformer martin luther?a. he originally sough to develop a new form of christianity separate from the catholic churchb. he tried to reform the catholic church because he was unhappy with its teachings and its corruptionc. he was influenced by european political leaders, who used him to limit the power of the churchd. he used to topple the catholic church, but believing it to have become too corrupt

A

b. he tried to reform the catholic church because he was unhappy with its teaching and its corruptionmartin luther and his followers opposed corruption in the church and wanted changes

351
Q

which of the following led to the french revolution?a. food shortages, heavy taxation of the peasants and bourgeoisie, and Enlightenment thoughtb. the rise of Napoleon and militarization of French culturec. the congress of vienna and shifting diplomatic alliances in Europed. the concentration of power under the monarchy that resulted from the reign of Louis XIV

A

a. food shortages, heavy taxation of the peasants and bourgeoisie, and Enlightenment thoughtthe peasants and bourgeoisie were dissatisfied with bearing the brunt of a heavy tax burden; meanwhile, poor harvests led to food shortages and panic in rural areas. these factors, along with englightenment thought and recent revolutions elsewhere, spurred the French revolution

352
Q

during the 1884 Berlin Conference, European imperial powersa. negotiated trade agreements with important Chinese citiesb. established Apartheid in south africac. determined which parts of africa would be controlled by which european powersd. formed the triple alliance

A

c. determined which parts of africa would be controlled by which european powersthe 1884 berlin conference determined the division of africa among the European imperial powers. this was done without regard for or consultation with Africans

353
Q

the Meiji Restoration wasa. a Japanese attempt to restore traditional Japanse cultural practicesb. a period of modernization and westernization in Japanc. the early stage of Japanese imperialism in Asia, where it invaded Koread. a cultural movement in Japan to restore Shintoism and traditional poetry

A

b. a period of modernization and westernization in Japanthe meiji restoration was a period of industrialization and westernization in Japan

354
Q

according to adam smith, in a free marketa. the government does not interfere with the economyb. workers own the means of productionc. wages and private property have been abolishedd. a dictatorship is necessary to maintain a strong economy

A

a. the government does not interfere with the economyin laissez-faire (or free market) theory, the government lets the invisible hand of the market correct problems in the economy

355
Q

while the beginning of the second world war is usually understood to be hitler’s invasion of poland, some scholars date it to even earlier. which of the following events do some scholars identify as the beginning of WWII?a. the rape of nanjingb. the japanese takeover of koreac. the japanese invasion of manchuriad. the chinese civil war

A

c. the japanese invasion of machuriagiven japan’s role as an axis power and the conflict in East asia, some historians believe that WWII began with Japan’s invasion of manchuria in 1931

356
Q

which of the following happened to jewish people under the nazi regime?a. their homes and businesses were attacked and destroyedb. they were forced to live in ghettoes, overcrowded neighborhoods with poor living conditionsc. they were sent to concentration camps and murderedd. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

357
Q

what was going on in Egypt around 2500 BCE

A

their civil institutions, administrative structure, written language art, and architecture were all becoming well developedthe religious framework of ancient egypt had become established, with a complex mythology of various godsalso developed astronomy and the twenty-four hour system of measuring timethe famous pyramids were erected at Giza

358
Q

the burial tombs in egypt were for who?

A

hatsheptsutthutmose IIIakhenatenramesses II

359
Q

____ architecture influenced many civilizations in the Western world

A

egyptian

360
Q

shang dynasty

A

first known dynasty in chinaemerged around the second millenium BCEdeveloped the earliest known chinese writing- helped unite chinese-speaking people all throughout the regionfeatured the use of bronze technology, horses, wheeled technology, walled cities, and more

361
Q

zhou dynasty

A

after the shangchina developed the mandate of heaven under this dynastyconfucious lived toward the end of this dynasty

362
Q

qin dynasty

A

(221-206 BCE)after zhou?characterized by central administration, expanded infrastructure, standardization in weights and measures, writing, currency, and strict imperial controlestablished by the first emperor Qin Shihuangdifoundation of Chinese administration in the 20th century

363
Q

Qin Shihuangdi

A

the administrative bureaucracy was established by him and it was the foundation of Chinese administration until the 20th centuryconstructed the Great Wall of Chinatomb is guarded by famous terracotta figurines

364
Q

Golden Age

A

athens was the strongest of many political bodies, and much of greece was unified under athens following the peloponnesian war between athens and spartamuch of hellenic art, architecture, and philosophy emerged- including the parthenonsocrates began teaching philosophy and later influenced plato and aristotle

365
Q

Julius Caesar

A

popular military leader widely supported by the Populare (the people)the roman people wanted a more democratic republicthe senate weakened due to its own corruption and JC, forced them to give him controlbegan to transition rome from a republic to what would become an empire consolidated and centralized imperial controlwas assassinated in 44 BCE

366
Q

Augustus Caesar

A

JC nephew, previously known as Octavianeventually gained control in 27 BCEbecame the first roman emperorrome reached the height of its power and the mediterranean region enjoyed a period of stability known as the Pax Romana

367
Q

Pax Romana

A

period of stability in the Mediterranean rome controlled the entire Mediterranean region, Europe, and much of the Middle East and North AfricaLatin literature flourished, as did art, architecture, philosophy, mathematics, science, international trade, etc

368
Q

Middle Ages

A

aka Dark Agesfall of Rome to about the 10th centuryunstable, chaotic, and unsafeany protection and stability was represented and maintained by the Catholic church and feudal system

369
Q

feudalism

A

a hierarchy where land and protection were offered in exchange for loyalty

370
Q

which of the following is an example of cross-cultural comparison?a. a chef studies variations in a recipe that are based on the diner’s preference for sweetsb. a thai husband learns different holiday traditions from his wife, who is chinesec. students compare the prices of groceries in different citiesd. a career coach helps clients determine their goals

A

b. a thai husband learns different holiday traditions from his wife, who is Chinesereviewing different holiday celebrations exemplifies studying different cultures

371
Q

all of the following contributed to the destruction of Native American populations in North America except:a. colonists overuse of natural resources such as bison and timberb. transfer of small pox from Europeans to Native Americansc. violent conflict over land and resources between Europeans and Native Americansd. geographical displacement by colonists

A

a. colonists overuse of natural resources such as bison and timbercolonists use of natural resources had little impact on the size of the Native American population

372
Q

the intolerable acts included all of the following except:a. the boston port actb. the quartering actc. the alien and sedition actsd. the massachusetts government act

A

c. the alien and sedition actsthe alien and sedition acts were implemented through john adam’s administration

373
Q

what advantage did the colonists have over the british in the american revolution?a. vast financial wealthb. superior weaponryc. strong leadership and knowledge of the terraind. a professional military and access to mercenaries

A

c. strong leadership and knowledge of the terrainthe colonial military did have strong leaders, and an intimate knowledge of the terrain, having been born there

374
Q

what did the missouri compromise accomplish?a. it admitted missouri as a free stateb. it admitted california as a free statec. it allowed slavery in new mexico and utah to be decided by popular soverigntyd. it banned slavery north of the thirty-sixth parallel

A

d. it banned slavery north of the thirty-sixth parallelthe missouri compromise prohibited slavery north of the thirty-sixth parallel in the new US territories, permitting slavery in missouri

375
Q

which of the following effectively repealed the missouri compromise?a. the dred scott decisionb. the compromise of 1850c. the kansas-nebraska actd. the fugitive slave act

A

c. the kansas-nebraska actthis act allowed slavery north of the thirty-sixth parallel throughout the plains and the western territories which the missouri compromise had previously forbidden

376
Q

what assets did the confederacy have during the civil war?a. the confederacy had superior weaponry and production resourcesb. the confederacy maintained brisk trade with Europe, enabling it to fund the warc. the confederacy benefited from strong military leadership and high moral among the populationd. the confederacy’s strong infrastructure allowed it to transport supplies and people efficiently throughout the south

A

c. the confederacy benefited from strong military leadership and high moral among the populationthe confederacy had excellent miltary leaders, and much of the population strongly believed in the right of the states to make decisions without federal interference

377
Q

in the emancipation proclamation, president lincoln declared an end to slavery….a. in kentucky and missourib. in the union onlyc. in slave states that had not seceded from the uniond. in the rebel states

A

d. in the rebel statesthe emancipation proclamation feed the slaves in the confederacy

378
Q

the reconstruction acts..a. immediately improved conditions for African Americans in the southb. immediately benefitted the Southern economyc. were widely considered fair in congress and by the southernersd. imposed northern military control over the south

A

d. imposed northern military control over the souththe reconstruction acts effectively placed the south under martial law

379
Q

even after the end of slavery, african americans in the rural south still suffered due to..a. sharecropping, which kept them in heavy debt, often to their former “masters”b. the colored farmer’s alliance, which was organized to limit their efforts to become independent farmersc. the reconstruction acts, which specifically punished southern blacks who did not join the Union armyd. labor unions, which advocated for the white workers’ rights in factories in urban areas and ignored rural issues

A

a. sharecropping, which kept them in heavy debt, often to their former “masters”sharecropping perpetuated racial inequality in the south

380
Q

the US entered WWI largely because of which of the following?a. the Zimmerman telegramb. the rise of the Nazi Germanyc. the assassination of Franz Ferdinandd. the attack on Lusitania

A

a. the Zimmerman telegramthe ZT, a German offer to assist Mexico in attacking the US, forced the US to enter WWI, following a series of other German provocations

381
Q

during FDR’s terms in office, which of the following was created?a. medicareb. social securityc. the federal reserved. all of the above

A

b. social securitythe social security act was part of the new deal

382
Q

segregation was found unconstitutional by which of the following supreme court decisions?a. brown vs. board of educationb. plessy vs. fergusonc. scott vs. sanfordd. korematsu vs. US

A

a. brown vs. board of educationthis found that keeping races separate (in this case, in segregated schools) could not ensure that all people would receive equal treatment, and that segregation was therefore unconstitutional

383
Q

how did martin luther king and other activists achieve civil rights for black Americans?a. through violet uprisingsb. using nonviolencec. with the help of the Soviet Uniond. by lobbying Congress only

A

b. using nonviolencenonviolence was a defining characteristic of the mainstream civil rights movement

384
Q

which of the following is an example of social liberal policy enacted during the presidency of barack obama?a. the passage of an equal rights amendment to the constitutionb. the legalization of same-sex marriage throughout the USc. reduction in rates of imprisonmentd. a more equitable, progressive income tax

A

b. the legalization of same sex marriage throughout the USsame-sex marriage became legal in the US in 2015

385
Q

which of the following is NOT one of the amendments in the bill of rights?a. citizens have the right to bear armsb. the senate must have equal representationc. citizens have the power of eminent domaind. the government cannot quarter troops in private homes

A

b. the senate must have equal representationthe bill of rights does not determine representation in congress

386
Q

implied powers are powers thata. are specifically listed in the constitutionb. belong to the statesc. are not specifically listed but are needed to perform other listed dutiesd. exist because the United States is a sovereign nation

A

c. are not specifically listed but are needed to perform other listed dutiespowers that are not listed but are necessary for the functioning of the government are called implied powers. they are made possible by the elastic cause

387
Q

which of the following terms best describes a situation in which the federal government prevents the only internet service company in a local community from raising its prices?a. economic regulationb. social regulationc. opportunity costd. scarcity

A

a. economic regulationin this instance of economic regulation, the gov. is controlling the prices by preventing a monopoly

388
Q

which of the following cannot shift a demand curve?a. changes in incomeb. price of related goodsc. production costsd. consumer tastes

A

c. production costs can impact the supply curve, but not the demand curve

389
Q

which of the following best descibes an independent variable?a. the amount of paint a painter needs to paint a roomb. the number of errors a student gets on a testc. the dosage and timing of an anti-inflammatory drug to test its impactd. how much time it will take to drive between Houston and San Antonio

A

c. the dosage and timing of an anti-inflammatory drug to test its impactthe doctor or scientist who carries out the experiment controls the timing and dose

390
Q

which of the following are examples of primary sources?a. original photographs, first-hand newspaper reports, textbooks, and interviewsb. memoirs, original photographs, first-hand newspaper reports, and diary entriesc. speeches, newspaper reports, essays, and reviewsd. essays, reviews, textbooks, and analytical papers

A

b. memoirs, original photographs, first-hand newspaper reports, and diary entries

391
Q

which of the following events contributed to the US’ entry into WWII?a. germany’s unrestricted submarine warfareb. the attack on pearl harborc. the battle of britainc. the battle of the bulge

A

b. the attack on pearl harboron dec 7, 1941, japan bombed pearl harbor, hoping to prevent the US from interfering with its intent to invade southeast Asia and other territories such as Guam and Hong Kong

392
Q

which of the following factors might contribute to inflation?a. high interest rates and a low amount of printed currencyb. high unemployment ratesc. a decrease in supply and a low amount of printed currencyd. a decrease in supply and a large amount of printed currency

A

d. a decrease in supply and a large amount of printed currencyinflation occurs when prices increase. both of these factors contribute to inflation

393
Q

luther and barbara wanted to start a business in the engineering field. they were trying to decide between hiring one staff member and using the leftover money to purchase new inventory, or hiring two staff members to increase their marketing research. these choices would be an example ofa. needsb. scarcityc. opportunity costd. supply and demand

A

c. opportunity costOC refers to the cost of the loss of one option when it is rejected for another (in this case, if Luther and Barbara choose to hire one staff member, they lose the marketing potential another employee would make possible, whereas if they choose to hire two, they lose the leftover money)

394
Q

which of the following continents is located in both the Eastern and Western hemispheres?a. europeb. africac. north americad. a and b

A

d. a and b

395
Q

which of the following events is recognized as the beginning of the american civil war?a. the battle of palmito ranchb. the battle of fort sumterc. the missouri compromised. the battle of yorktown

A

b. the battle of fort sumteron april 12, 1861, the confederate army attacked the union-controlled fort sumter in charleston, south carolina, triggering the US civil war

396
Q

which of the following most contributed to the fall of the ancient egyptians?a. the death of cleopatrab. alexander the great conquering the landc. severe droughtsd. canaanite settlers entering egypt

A

a. the death of cleopatraafter the death of cleopatra, ancient Egypt became part of the roman empire

397
Q

which of the following is most likely a lasting influence ancient romans had on modern society?a. the development of direct democracyb. the usage of columns in architecturec. the development of republican democracyd. literacy

A

c. the development of republican democracybefore it was an empire, rome was a republic led by senators elected to the senate

398
Q

which of the following is not a true statement about the ancient greek civilization?a. men and women lived in different parts of a houseb. they built aqueducts to carry water to public toiletsc. greek cities had an agorad. socrates was a famous greek philosopher

A

b. they built aqueducts to carry water to public toiletsthe ancient romans, not the ancient greeks, built aqueducts and developed public toilets

399
Q

which of the following terms describes the economic principle of allowing industry to grow without any government intervention?a. interdependenceb. free-market economyc. communismd. monopoly

A

b. free-market economyin a free-market economy, the price of goods and services are determined by sellers and consumers

400
Q

which of the following does not describe gender roles?a. gender roles feature behaviors considered appropriate by each sex by society, which generally acknowledges only male and femaleb. there is a consensus that gender roles are socially constructedc. gender roles center on the ideas of masculinity and feminityd. prevailing gender roles have been challenged

A

b. there is a consensus that gender roles are socially constructedthere is a debate over the degree to which gender is defined by physical features, social and cultural expectations, or both

401
Q

which of the following would be the most useful for studying population patterns within the state of texas over a period of time?a. a bar graph detailing population numbers over a period of thirty yearsb. a map with the number of people living in different parts of texas in the year 2000c. a photograph showing how many people were at a state faird. a bar graph detailing population percentages compared with other states

A

a. a bar graph detailing population numbers over a period of thirty yearsa bar graph that features the population over a number of years would help researchers analyze population patterns

402
Q

which of the following presidents were responsible for the new deal?a. herbert hooverb. rutherford hayesc. franklin d. rooseveltd. jimmy carter

A

c. franklin d. rooseveltFDR supported laws that helped those unemployed and impoverished due to the Great Depression

403
Q

which of the following is not a responsibility of the executive branch?a. approving lawsb. making lawsc. implementing lawsd. enforcing laws

A

b. making lawswhile the executive branch can approve them, only congress can make laws

404
Q

which of the following describes a significant effect on the depletion of the ozone layer?a. people get darker skinb. more UV rays enter the earthc. increased skin cancer rates, build up of greenhouse gases, and increased UV levelsd. increased build-up of greenhouse gases

A

c. increased skin cancer rates, build up of greenhouse gases, and increased UV levels

405
Q

which of the following constitutional amendments is NOT considered part of the bill of rights?a. the right to bear armsb. the right to address witnesses arranged by the government when on trial c. the right to equal protection under the lawd. freedom of speech

A

c. the right to equal protection under the lawthe bill of rights is composed of the first ten amendments. the 14th guarantees equal protection under the law

406
Q

antitrust law strengthens market forces to prevent monopolies. Which of the following terms best describes the implementation of the antitrust law?a. social regulationb. economic regulationc. health regulationd. social security

A

b. economic regulationantitrust law breaks up monopolies to allow fair competition within the economy

407
Q

which of the following is an example of human geography?a. studying climateb. studying the spread of christianity across the worldc. studying the effect of land features on animals and plantsd. studying continental movement over a period of time

A

b. studying the spread of christianity across the worldhuman geography studies the relationship between humans and the physical world; studying how christianity spread worldwide would need to address this relationship

408
Q

which of the following is a positive effect of urbanization?a. increased tenement housingb. sanitary conditionsc. political machinesd. increased employment opportunities

A

d. increased employment opportunitiesurbanization itself is the development of urban areas due to the arrival of job seekers; employment opportunities are themselves pull factors

409
Q

asking citizens to be civil minded and independent and making people as a whole sovereign is characteristic of..a. republicanismb. governmentc. economicsd. communism

A

a. republicanismrepublicanism also stresses natural rights as central values

410
Q

a map of france shows a small box around the Nice. Nice is portrayed in greater detail in a box at the bottom. which of the following terms describes this box?a. legendb. insetc. compassd. insert

A

b. insetan inset features details tat are considered important on a map

411
Q

which of the following did NOT contribute to the outbreak of the american revolution?a. the boston tea party, in which colonists threw 298 chests of tea into the seab. Britain banning further westward expansion with the proclamation of 1763c. general thomas gage ordering troops to capture thomas jefferson and samuel adamsd. charles townshend taxing glass, oil, lead, and paint

A

c. general thomas gage ordering troops to capture thomas jefferson and samuel adamswhile troops were ordered to capture samuel adams, they were not asked to capture thomas jefferson

412
Q

which of the following is an event that successfully ended the cold war?a. the august coupb. the fall of the berlin wallc. the cuban missle crisisd. the success of the sputnik program

A

a. the august coupthis 1991 event in which members of the Soviet government attempted to take control from Mikhail Gorbachev contributed to the dissolution of the USSR, effectively ending the Cold War

413
Q

which of the following established the concept of judicial review?a. the john peter zenger trialb. marbury v. madisonc. the dred scott cased. the scopes monkey trail

A

b. marbury v. madison

414
Q

which of the following is an example of the separation of powers?a. no members of congress can serve in another branch of govb. the president cannot vote on legislationc. checks and balancesd. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

415
Q

which of the following is a significant contribution of ancient china?a. mahjongb. toothbrushesc. gunpowderd. the animal zodiac

A

c. gunpowdergunpowder is one of the most important inventions of ancient china

416
Q

which of the following best exemplifies a global marketplace?a. a US freelancer goes on vacation in paris and does remote work for a US clientb. a business in the united states orders parts from taiwan, india, and mexico and then assembles the final product in germanyc. a commercial website purchases inventory from chinad. appliances share a standardized electrical system

A

b. a business in the united states orders parts from taiwan, india, and mexico and then assembles the final product in germanya global marketplace involves the exchange of good and labor around the world

417
Q

which of the following periods contributed to advancements of mathematics in ancient greece?a. the classical period (500-336 BC)b. the early bronze age (2900-2000 BC)c. the hellenistic period (336-146 BC)d. the archaic period (750-500 BC)

A

c. the hellenistic period (336-146 BC)this period in time saw advancements such as the pythagorean theorem and the calculation of the circumference of the earth

418
Q

Fred wants to write a paper on benjamin franklin and his influence on science. He wants to include franklin’s theories about electricity. Which of the following resources should he use?a. a chart depiciting what devices used electricity after the invention of the lightbulbb. an essay about the effects of lightningc. a newspaper report on Franklin’s many inventionsd. a draft specific report Frank wrote on electricity

A

d. a draft specific report Frank wrote on electricitythis is a primary resource that delves into the thought process behind franklin’s theories on electricity

419
Q

which of the following lands was acquired during the louisiana purchase?a. the land roughly bordered by the rocky mountains, the mississippi river, and the rio grande riverb. the land roughly bordered by the rocky mountains, the mississippi river, and the northern border of modern-day Texasc. the land between the rocky mountains and the missisippi river and modern-day georgiad. the land roughly bordered by the rocky mountains and the missisippi river, and including modern-day new mexico

A

b. the land roughly bordered by the rocky mountains, the mississippi river, and the northern border of modern-day Texasnapolean sold this section of land in 1803 to finance his european wars

420
Q

which of the following major events in US history led to a decline in immigration?a. the immigration act of 1965b. the immigration act of 1924 and the Great Depressionc. WWI, the great depression, and the immigration act of 1924d. the great depression only

A

b. the immigration act of 1924 and the Great Depression

421
Q

which of the following was NOT a consequence of the scarcity of oil that led to the energy crisis in the 1970’s?a. the president urged US citizens to heat only one room in their homes in the winterb. the automotive industry suffered as japan created more fuel-efficient vehiclesc. political leaders asked gas stations to close for one day a weekd. oil prices were high for most of the decade

A

a. the president urged US citizens to heat only one room in their homes in the winterthe british prime minister recommended limiting heat usage in winter; the US president did not

422
Q

which of the following is not a responsibility of the president of the US?a. setting foreign policyb. writing legislationsc. delivering the State of the Union addressd. pardoning felons

A

b. writing legislationsthe president is responsible for enforcing law, not creating it

423
Q

a sign on the freeway indicated that you are 150 miles from the city of pittsburg. this shows youra. absolute locationb. physical geographyc. geographic featured. relative location

A

d. relative locationthe purpose of the neutrality acts was to prevent direct and indirect US interference in armed conflict overseas

424
Q

why did congress pass the neutrality acts?a. only to prevent the United states from loaning any money to nations at warb. to help the united states have the best chance of winning a foreign warc. to prevent the united states from engaging in civil ward. to prevent direct and indirect US involvement from foreign conflict

A

d. to prevent direct and indirect US involvement from foreign conflictthe purpose of the NA was to prevent direct and indirect US interference in armed conflict overseas

425
Q

which of the following emerged during WWI?a. penicillinb. aircraft carriersc. radard. nuclear power

A

b. aircraft carriersthe first time an airplane flew from a ship was in 1912

426
Q

which of the following was a method people used to prevent risk of discovery when helping slaves escape through the underground railroad?a. escape routes were usually indirect in order to confuse pursuersb. escape routes were usually direct to get slaves to freedom more quicklyc. children stayed with their mothersd. information about routes was passed along by small notes

A

a. escape routes were usually indirect in order to confuse pursuersroutes were indirect to thwart pursuers chasing escapees and their allies

427
Q

which of the following historical figures was a major architect of the US constitution?a. thomas jeffersonb. george washingtonc. james madisond. patrick henry

A

c. james madisonmadison not only advocated the ratification of the Constitution; he had also helped to write the Federalist Papers

428
Q

which of the following protects freedom of religion in the US?a. separation of powersb. the first amendmentc. power of eminent domaind. popular soverignty

A

b. the first amendmentthe first amendment protects freedom of religion, as well as freedom of speech, assembly, the press, and the right of the people to petition the government

429
Q

which of the following amendents prevents the government from quartering troops in private homes?a. 7thb. 4thc. 3rdd. 9th

A

c. 3rdthe third forbids quartering troops in homes, an abuse suffered by Americans under British rule

430
Q

a project in which students research and explore significant contributions made by their community is an example ofa. questioning onlyb. collaborationc. data interpretation onlyd. inquiry-based learning

A

d. inquiry-based learningin inquiry-based learning, students gather relevant sources and interpret them in order to develop their own conclusion

431
Q

a student completes a research project on significant events of the american revolution. which of the following is an appropriate method to determine the credibility of the resources that he or she has used to conduct research?a. checking the author and date of researchb. reviewing website design and writing stylec. assuming all online resources are not credibled. reviewing website design and domain name

A

a. checking the author and date of researchthis helps to determine if the information is credible and up-to-date

432
Q

which of the following were part of the New England colonies?a. New York, Connecticut, and Massachusettsb. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshirec. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New Jerseyd. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

A

b. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire

433
Q

which of the following are considered geographical features on a map?a. plains, plateaus, valleys, and mountainsb. continents, plateaus, cardinal directions, and mountainsc. bodies of water, plains, plateaus, and contriesd. plains, plateaus, areas depicting agricultural products, and mountains

A

a. plains, plateaus, valleys, and mountainsgeographical features depict the physical aspects of a plane on a map

434
Q

which of the following ideas from Thomas Hobbes influenced the US Constitution?a. individual rights should take priority over collective rightsb. people should give up some of their rights and form a government to ensure order in societyc. communism is the only way to govern peopled. people should create a utopia to avoid the evils of government

A

b. people should give up some of their rights and form a government to ensure order in societyhobbes advocated governments creating and ensuring social order

435
Q

which of the following examples could be used to describe the theme of respect to elementary school students?a. defending ones beliefs even when they are unpopularb. paying a parking ticketc. returning a library book on timed. foregoing an opportunity to cut a line

A

d. foregoing an opportunity to cut a line

436
Q

which of the following is considered a negative consequence of the civil war?a. sharecropping in the southb, the south was forgiven for leaving the unionc. adding amendments to the constitution to address equal protection for people under the lawd. the Union helped the South rebuild roads and farms

A

a. sharecropping in the southsharecropping enabled landowners in the south to maintain control of former slaves

437
Q

which of the following statements best describes reconstruction in the US after the civil war?a. debates over legalizing slavery in the US were ongoingb. during its military occupation of the South, the Union developed Black Codes to appease disaffected Southern aristocrats who had lost slavesc. Northern troops occupied the south to ensure that laws were being followed and to help reunite the country after the civil ward. President Lincoln led reconstruction efforts

A

c. Northern troops occupied the south to ensure that laws were being followed and to help reunite the country after the civil warduring reconstruction, there were efforts to rebuild the devastated South, which was under Union military occupation following the civil war

438
Q

the framers instituted a system of checks and balances because they were concerned about a. one branch of government gaining too much powerb. mob rulec. the military taking over the governmentd. the states overpowering the national government

A

a. one branch of government gaining too much powerthe purpose of checks and balances was to prevent tyranny in any branch of the government

439
Q

which of the following is true about the Trail of Tears?a. the trail of tears drove native americans to indian territory (later, Oklahoma) because white settlers no longer required their assistance in agricultural productionb. removal treaties were enacted fairly and peacefullyc. the indian removal act of 1831 began the forced relocation of native americans that yeard. the cherokee nation was forced to give up land east of the mississippi river during andrew jackson’s presidency

A

d. the cherokee nation was forced to give up land east of the mississippi river during andrew jackson’s presidencythis series of events happened in 1838 and 1839

440
Q

which of these is a biome?a. desertb. cornfieldc. herd of bisond. beehive

A

a. deserta biome is a large ecological community that includes specific plants and animals.

441
Q

what is the name of the phenomenon when a star suddenly increases in brightness and then disappears from view?a. aurorab. galaxyc. black holed. supernova

A

d. supernovabefore a star collapses, the star burns brighter for a period of time and then fades from view. this is a supernova

442
Q

what term describes the resistance to motion caused by one object rubbing against another object?a. inertiab. frictionc. velocityd. gravity

A

b. frictionfriction occurs when motion is impeded because one object is rubbing against another object

443
Q

which plant orbits closest to earth?a. mercuryb. venusc. jupiterd. saturn

A

b. venusvenus’s orbit is closest to Earth. Venus is the second planet from the Sun and Earth is the third planet from the Sun

444
Q

which tool is used to measure the mass of an object?a. a thermometerb. a graduated cylinderc. a balanced. an abacus

A

c. a balance

445
Q

which organism has cells that contain mitochondria?a. whaleb. mushroomc. tulipd. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

446
Q

which condition can be diagnosed by an electrocardiogram (EKG)?a. diabetesb. torn ligamentsc. cancerd. tachycardia

A

d. tachycardiatachycardia is an abnormally fast heartrate, and electrocardiograms show the electrical activity of the heart

447
Q

what is an example of mechanical weathering?a. calcium carbonate reacts with water to form a caveb. an iron gate rustsc. tree roots grow under the foundation of a house and cause cracksd. bananas turn brown after they are peeled

A

c. tree roots grow under the foundation of a house and cause cracksmechanical weathering includes breaking a substance down without changing the composition of the substance

448
Q

what are the negatively charged particles inside an atom?a. protonsb. neutronsc. electronsd. ions

A

c. electronselectrons are negatively charges particles in an atom; electrons orbit the nucleus

449
Q

organisms in the same class are also in the same ____a. phylumb. orderc. genusd. species

A

a. phyluma kingdom is the largest group of living things. a kingdom is then subdivided into progressively smaller groups in the following order: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species (KPCOFGS: Keep Pots Clean or Family Gets Sick)

450
Q

which type of rock forms when lava cools and solidifies?a. igneousb. sedimentaryc. metamorphicd. sandstone

A

a. igneousigneous rock form when liquid rock cools and solidifies

451
Q

which unit measures pressure?a. kilometersb. gramsc. grams per secondd. pounds per square foot

A

d. pounds per square foot

452
Q

which organism regulates its body temperature externally?a. lobsterb. dolphinc. whaled. pelican

A

a. lobsterthe metabolic rate of crustaceans is too low to regular their temperature. crustaceans use behavioral techniques, such as moving to shallow water, to maintain body temperature.

453
Q

which organism is a decomposer?a. apple treesb. mushroomsc. goatsd. lions

A

b. mushroomsmushrooms are fungi. fungi break down organic material left by dead animals and plants, making them decomposers

454
Q

which pH level is classified as a base?a. 2b. 4c. 6d. 8

A

d. 8bases have a pH between 7 and 14

455
Q

which body system is responsible for the release of growth hormones?a. digestive systemb. endocrine systemc. nervous systemd. circulatory system

A

c. endocrine system

456
Q

which example illustrates physical change?a. water becomes iceb. batter is baked into a cakec. an iron fence rustsd. a firecracker explodes

A

a. water becomes icewhen water changes form, it does not change the chemical composition of the substance. once water becomes ice, the ice can easily turn back into water

457
Q

which energy source is nonrenewable?a. waterb. windc. coald. sunlight

A

c. coalcoal is nonrenewable because once coal is burned, it cannot be quickly replaced

458
Q

how long does it take the earth to rotate on its axisa. one hourb. one dayc. one monthd. one year

A

d. one dayearth takes approx. 24 hours to rotate on its axis

459
Q

which organism is a reptile?a. crocodileb. frogc. salamanderd. salmon

A

a. crocodilereptiles like crocodiles have scaly skin, are hatched from eggs on land, and are cold-blooded. amphibians are frogs (or salamanders) that are hatched from eggs in water, have gills but develop lungs, and become land animals as they mature

460
Q

by what process do producers make sugars and release oxygen?a. digestionb. chloroplastc. decompositiond. photosynthesis

A

d. photosynthesisdescribes the process by which plants convert the energy of the sun into stored chemical energy (glucose)

461
Q

which type of wave is a longitudinal wave?a. surface waveb. light wavec. sound waved. electromagnetic wave

A

c. sound wavessound waves are longitudinal because the vibrations travel in the same direction as the energy

462
Q

which example demonstrates refraction?a. rainbowb. echoc. mirrord. radio

A

a. rainbowthe light of the sun hits rain droplets and bends into a band of colors. the bending of waves is refraction

463
Q

which factor is an abiotic part of an ecosystem?a. producersb. consumersc. waterd. decomposers

A

c. waternonliving things in an ecosystem, like air and water, are abiotic factors

464
Q

what term describes a relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits to the detriment of the other organism?a. mutualismb. parasitismc. commensalismd. predation

A

b. parasitism

465
Q

which organelle makes proteins?a. mitochondriab. cytoplasmc. vacuoled. ribosomes

A

d. ribosomesmitochondria: release chemical energy from glucose to be used by the cellcytoplasm: provides support to the cellvacuole: stores water

466
Q

which statement is true?a. earth is much closer to the sun than it is to the other starsb. the moon is closer to venus than it is to Earthc. a certain times of the year, Jupiter is closer to the sun than Earth isd. mercury is the closest planet to earth

A

a. earth is much closer to the sun than it is to the other starsthe sun is the only star in our solar system. the sun is about 93 million miles away from Earth; the next closest star is about 25 trillion miles away

467
Q

which metal attracts magnets?a. ironb. copperc. silverd. gold

A

a. iron

468
Q

which example demonstrates electrostatic attraction?a. items in a car continue to move forward when the car stops suddenlyb. tides are affected by the moonc. the moon revolves around Earthd. plastic wrap sticks to a person’s hand

A

d. plastic wrap sticks to a person’s handelectrostatic force is an attraction between charged surfaces

469
Q

in which part of a plant does photosynthesis take place?a. the rootsb. the stemc. the leavesd. the flower

A

c. the leavesthrough photosynthesis, leaves use the sun’s energy to convert carbon dioxide into glucose (food)

470
Q

which example has the least amount of kinetic energy?a. a plane flying through the skyb. a plane sitting on the runwayc. a ladybug flying toward a flowerd. a meteorite falling to Earth

A

b. a plane sitting on a runwaysomething that is not moving has zero velocity; therefore it has no kinetic energy.

471
Q

which of the following is caused by geothermal heat?a. geysersb. glaciersc. tsunamisd. tornadoes

A

a. geysersgeysers are caused by geothermal heating of water underground

472
Q

which term describes space weather?a. supernovab. black holec. volcanic lighteningd. solar flares

A

d. solar flaressolar flares are huge explosions on the sun. space weather refers to conditions in the solar system that could potentially affect the work of astronauts in space and cause auroras on earth

473
Q

which gas is found in large quantities in Earth’s atmosphere?a. carbon monoxideb. brominec. nitrogend. flourine

A

c. nitrogennitrogen makes up 78% of the earth’s atmosphere

474
Q

which term describes an element?a. atomb. moleculec. protond. ion

A

a. atom

475
Q

which statement is true?a. mass and weight are the same thingb. mass is affected by gravitational pullc. weight is affected by gravitational pulld. mass is related to the surface area of an object

A

c. weight is affected by gravitational pull

476
Q

when earth moves between the moon and the sun, it is called a a. solar eclipseb. lunar eclipsec. black holed. supernova

A

c. lunar eclipse

477
Q

which element is most common in the universe?a. carbonb. lithiumc. potassiumd. titanium

A

a. carboncommon element found in every organic compound and in the atmosphere of some planets

478
Q

which storm is least likely to form over ocean water?a. hurricaneb. typhoonc. cycloned. tornado

A

c. tornadoestornadoes form when warm air masses collide with cold air masses over land

479
Q

which substance can be used to neutralize an acid spill?a. sodium bicarbonateb. citric acidc. cat litterd. water

A

a. sodium bicarbonate

480
Q

which gas is produced by burning fossil fuels?a. heliumb. oxygenc. nitrogend. carbon dioxide

A

d. carbon dioxideCD is formed when fossil fuels containing carbon are burned. Excess carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming

481
Q

a warm air mass moving into a cold air mass is called a a. warm frontb. cold frontc. isobard. tornado

A

a. warm front

482
Q

which of the following is NOT a cause of extinction?a. poor reproductionb. climate changec. habitat conservationd. over-exploitation by humans

A

c. habitat conservationHC restores the natural habitat of organisms, protecting a species

483
Q

which term describes the top layer of the Earth’s surface?a. stratosphereb. lithospherec. atmosphered. biosphere

A

b. lithosphere

484
Q

what term describes the speed and direction of a moving soccer ball?a. velocityb. momentumc. massd. energy

A

a. velocity velocity is the speed of an object in a certain direction

485
Q

which substance is a good thermal conductor?a. plasticb. rubberc. porcelaind. aluminum

A

d. aluminumaluminum is a good thermal conductor because heat energy can easily move through it

486
Q

which example demonstrates body systems working together to maintain homeostasis?a. Jessica’s tracheotomy opened a breathing obstructionb. Max’s muscles, tendons, and ligaments allow his joints to bendc. Kevin’s bones thicken from an excessive production of growth hormonesd. Stacy shivers from the cold

A

d. stacy shivers from the coldhomeostasis refers to the body systems working together to ensure that temperature, pH, and oxygen levels are optimal for survival. Sensors in Stacy’s nervous system trigger her muscular system to shiver in an attempt to warm her body

487
Q

what is the primary role of amino acids in cells?a. break down carbohydratesb. break down fatsc. build proteinsd. filter waste

A

c. build proteinsribosomes make proteins by building amino acid chains

488
Q

what part of the atom flows through a circuit to power a lightbulb?a. protonsb. neutronsc. electronsd. nucleus

A

c. electronselectrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that exist outside the nucleus of an atom. a power source forces moving electrons through a circuit

489
Q

what term is used when the moon moves between the earth and the sun?a. aurorab. lunar eclipsec. black holed. solar eclipse

A

d. solar eclipsewhen the moon moves between the earth and the sun, a solar eclipse occurs, blocking sunlight from the planet

490
Q

which process within the rock cycle creates metamorphic rock?a. compactionb. heat and pressurec. crystallizationd. weathering

A

b. heat and pressureH&P change the composition of sedimentary rock to create metamorphic rocks

491
Q

what is NOT a characteristic of a mineral?a. naturally occurringb. organicc. solidsd. crystalline structure

A

b. organica mineral is inorganic; only a rock may be composed of organic material

492
Q

the magnitude of an earthquake refers to itsa. powerb. energy releasec. destructive abilityd. depth

A

b. energy releasethe magnitude of an earthquake refers to the energy released during the earthquake

493
Q

the rhythmic movements of water caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun are calleda. tidesb. currentsc. glaciersd. waves

A

a. tidestides, the rise and fall of the ocean level at shorelines, are caused by the moon and sun

494
Q

which characteristic generally increases as altitude increases in the troposphere?a. temperatureb. pressurec. densityd. none of the above

A

d. none of the abovetemperature, pressure, and density all decrease as altitude increases

495
Q

which layer of the atmosphere absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the suna. the mesosphereb. the stratospherec. the troposhered. the thermosphere

A

b. the stratosphereit contains a sublayer called the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun

496
Q

enzymes are an example of which type of macromolecule?a. lipidsb. nucleic acidsc. carbohydratesd. proteins

A

d. proteinsan enzyme is protein that catalyzes a reactionlipids: fatsnucleic acid: contain DNA and RNAcarbohydrates: sugars

497
Q

the chromosomes of a eukaryotic organism are found in the a. chloroplastb. nucleusc. ribosomed. cytoplasm

A

b. nucleusthe nucleus is the organelle that carries the DNA of eukaryotic organisms

498
Q

a distinct difference between a plant cell and an animal cell is the presence ofa. ribosomesb. mitochondriac. cell walld. nucleus

A

c. cell walla plant cell is enveloped by a cell wall, but animal cells do not have cell walls

499
Q

mitosis produces two daughter cells that each have ____ number of chromosomes in the parent cella. a quarter of theb. half of thec. the samed. double the

A

c. the samemitosis creates daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

500
Q

which of the following is true of cellular respiration?a. two molecules of ATP are produced during electron transportb. thirty-four molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysisc. thirty-four molecules of ATP are produced during the Krebs cycled. thirty-eight molecules of ATP are produces during the entire process of cellular respiration

A

d. thirty-eight molecules of ATP are produces during the entire process of cellular respirationa total of 38 are produced: two molecules from glycolysis, two molecules from the Krebs cycle, and thirty-four from electron transport

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