schizophrenia a01 Flashcards
What is schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions.
True or False: Schizophrenia affects only men.
False: Schizophrenia can affect both men and women.
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive symptoms include hallucinations and delusions. These are additional experiences beyond of those ordinary experience.
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Negative symptoms include speech poverty and avolition. These involve loss of usual abilities and experience.
What is the role of dopamine in schizophrenia?
Dopamine is believed to contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly positive symptoms.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schizophrenia? A) Hallucinations B) Euphoria C) Delusions D) speech poverty
B) Euphoria
Fill in the blank: The ______ model explains schizophrenia as a result of genetic and environmental factors.
diathesis-stress
What are some risk factors for developing schizophrenia?
Risk factors include family history, prenatal exposure to infections, and psychosocial stressors.
Multiple Choice: Which treatment approach is commonly used for schizophrenia? A) Cognitive behavioural therapy B) Medication therapy C) All of the above
C) All of the above
What medications are used to treat schizophrenia?
Antipsychotics
True or False: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for schizophrenia.
True: CBT can help manage symptoms and improve functioning.
What role does social support play in the treatment of schizophrenia?
Social support can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of relapse.
Fill in the blank: The ______ approach considers biological and psychological factors in understanding schizophrenia.
biosocial
What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in the general population?
Approximately 1% of the population is affected by schizophrenia.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common symptom of schizophrenia? A) Increased energy B) Hallucinations C) High self-esteem D) Improved social skills
B) Hallucinations
Fill in the blank: The ______ hypothesis suggests that schizophrenia is related to an excess of dopamine activity.
dopamine
What is one of the major challenges in treating schizophrenia?
Adherence to medication regimens can be a significant challenge.
True or False: Schizophrenia is curable.
False: Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that can be managed but not cured.
What is the importance of early intervention in schizophrenia?
Early intervention can improve long-term outcomes and reduce the severity of symptoms.
in what system is there positive and negative symptoms
DSM-5
hallucination means
These are unusual sensory experience. Hallucination can be experienced in relation to any senses.
delusions means
are irrational beliefs. Delusions can make a person behave in a way that makes sense to them but bizarre to others.
speech poverty means
it is the emphasis on reduction in the amount and quality of speech in sz. However now more emphasis on speech disorganisation (incoherent or speaker changes topic mid sentence) which is classified in DMS-5 as a positive symptom.
avolition means
finding it difficult to being or keep up with a goal directed activity.
what has confirmed that risk of schizophrenia increases in line with genetic similarity to a relative with those disorder
family studies
what is the candidate gene for sz
polygenic and these will ode for neurotransmitter including
Ripke et al (sz)
combined all previous data from genome wide studies and had concluded that there 108 separate genetic variation that associate with the slight increased risk of sz
family dysfunction
psychologists have attempt to link sz to childhood and adult experience of living in a dysfunctional family
what are the three studies that prove family dysfunction
schizophrenogenic mother, double bind theory and expressed emotions.
what study provides a psychodynamic approach
schizophrenogenic mother
schizophrenogenic mother
is cold, rejecting and controlling and tends to create a family characterised by tension and secrecy. This later leads to paranoid delusions.
double bind theory
refers to recieving contradictory info from a family member, such as being told they are love them whilst sneering them
expressed emotions
it is the emotional tone, attitudes, and behaviors of family members towards an individual with a mental illness, like schizophrenia. EE contains several elements:
- verbal critisims of the person
- hostility of towards the persons including anger.
Dysfunctional thinking
Dysfunctional thinking refers to cognitive processes that are distorted, irrational, or maladaptive. These are thoughts that do not align with reality and can lead to problems in perception, understanding, and response to the world
meta-representation dysfunction
meta-representation dysfunction means people with schizophrenia have trouble understanding what is real, what they are thinking, and what others might be thinking. This can lead to a disconnection from reality, causing the symptoms typically seen in schizophrenia, such as hallucination and delusions.
central control dysfunction
refers to impaired cognitive functions that help manage attention, decision-making, and behavior, and is thought to play a role in the disorganization observed in schizophrenia.
what are the 2 types of antipsychotic drugs
typical and atypical
typical antipsychotic
an example can be chlorpromazine. These work by acting as antagonists in the dopamine system. The antagonist are chemical which reduce the action of a neurotransmitter as dopamine antagonists work by blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses of the rain that reduces the action of dopamine. these reduce symptoms such as hallucination.
atypical antipsychotic
an example can be clozapine and risperidone. it is to improve the effectiveness of typical drugs and also reduce side effect.
psychological therapy sz
CBT and Family therapy
biological therapy for sz
antipsychotics
CBT
it helps a client make sense of how irrational cognitions (such as delusions and hallucinations) impact on their feeling and behaviour. This does not treat the cause but does help with the symptoms. They have 5-20 sessions.
token economy
these are a reward systems = which are used to manage the behaviour of people with sz.
tokens = are given to patients = they carry out desirable character - targeted for reinforcement. these tokens are secondary reinforcers and only have value once the patient has learned.
rewards = tokens have no value, but can be swapped for tangible rewards. this is operant conditioning as it manages the maladaptive behaviour
family therapy
it takes place with families rather than individual clients. This aims to improve the quality of communication and interaction between family members. Most family therapist are concerned with reducing stress within the family therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotions. the more family supports the more it helps the patients. This reduces expressed emotions, reduces chance of relapse.
maladaptive behaviour
prevents you from making adjustments that are in your own best interest
interactionist approach
this is also knows an bisocial. more of a holistic explanation for sz. It considers both biological elements and social factors that may contribute to the onset of sz. We refer to the by the diathesis - stress model. diathesis means genetic vulnerability and stress is the trigger.
genetic vulnerability interacts with stressful life events which trigger schizophrenia
in questions u can menthion what the genetic vunerability and the stressful events.
what was meehl’s original study
sz was entirely genetic , the result of a single ‘schizogene’. According to Meehl’s study, if a person has no schizogene then no amount of stress would lead to schizophrenia. however in carriers of gene, chronic stress through childhood and adolescence, in particular the scizophrogenic mother could result in the development of the disorder.
meehls modern understanding of diathesis
many gene appear to inc genetic vulnerability only slightly and no single schizogene. they also include a range of beyond the genetic, including the psychological trauma, so trauma becomes the diathesis rather than the stressor. Early and sever trauma (such as child abuse) can seriously affect many aspect of brain development for example hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) system can become overactive making a person much more vulnerable to later stress.
meehls modern understanding of stress
anything that risks triggering sz. most research found that cannabis is the stressor. this inc sz up to 7 times more. this is due to cannabis interfering with the dopamine system
treating according to interactionist approach
combining antipsychotic medications and CBT.
co-morbidity
where two conditions co-exist in the same individual at the same
time / have a tendency to co-exist alongside each other. so a person with schizophrenia might also at the same time be suffering from
another condition, e.g. personality disorder, depression, alcoholism, etc.
When 2 conditions are frequently diagnosed together this qs the validity of classifying the 2 disorders separately
system overlap
occurs when 2 conditions share systems. This qs the validity of classifying the 2 disorders separately. Therefore cn lead to an unreliable/incorrect diagnosis.
without antipsychotic drugs
DA would attach to the DA receptor
with antipsychotic drugs
DA would not attach to the DA receptor as the DA receptor would be attached to antipsychotic drug.
neural correlates
There is a correlation between brain structure and function and symptoms of
schizophrenia.
why are drug therapies preffered to other therapies
They are effective and cheap.
