Schizophrenia Flashcards
People with schizophrenia are _____ times more likely to die of suicide than people in the general population.
12
The lifetime prevalence for schizophrenia is slightly less than _____ percent of the population.
1
Acute episodes of schizophrenia are characterized by _____ symptoms.
positive
_____ are beliefs held contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence.
Delusions
Common hallucinations include each of the following EXCEPT:
beliefs of persecution.
Avolition, anhedonia, flat affect and alogia, are examples of _____ symptoms.
negative
The anhedonia deficit in schizophrenia appears to be in _____ pleasure, not in the presence of pleasurable things.
the experiencing of
Lewis is diagnosed with schizophrenia. While talking to his case manager, he is able to somewhat successfully communicate but has tremendous difficulty sticking to one topic. Lewis is exhibiting which symptom of schizophrenia?
Delairment
This symptom of schizophrenia, takes many forms - patients may go into inexplicable bouts of agitation, dress in unusual clothes, act in a childlike or silly manner, hoard food or collect garbage.
Disorganized behavior
All of the following are forms of delusions EXCEPT:
hearing voices arguing.
_____ are sensory experiences in the absence of any relevant stimulation from the environment.
Hallucination
In one sample of people with schizophrenia, 74 percent reported having _____ hallucinations.
auditory
Other categories of psychotic disorders included in the DSM-V, include all of the following disorders EXCEPT:
brief chaotic
The family, twin, and adoption methods employed in the research on schizophrenia, have led researchers to conclude that a predisposition to schizophrenia is
inherited
It is likely that schizophrenia is genetically _____, that is, the genetic diathesis may vary from case to case.
heterogeneous
These newer techniques in molecular genetics allow for the rapid scanning of a person’s entire genome to identify rare mutations, some of which are known to be associated with risk factors for schizophrenia.
genome-wide scan
Indirect support for the dopamine theory of schizophrenia came from the literature on _____ psychosis.
amphetamine
Evidence suggests that in people with schizophrenia, cognitive deficits supported by the prefrontal cortex, as well as symptoms of disorganization, may be connected to deficits involving
NMDA
Evidence as to the importance of the prefrontal cortex as it pertains to schizophrenia includes all of the following EXCEPT:
people with schizophrenia perform well on tests designed to tap functions promoted by the prefrontal region.
One developmental factor that perhaps contributes to the onset of schizophrenia symptoms in adolescence or early adulthood is that _____ activity peaks in adolescence.
dopamine
Stress _____ and a disrupted _____ axis likely contribute to the reductions in hippocampal volume observed in people with schizophrenia.
reactivity/HPA
Researchers in the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study, identified all of the following factors that predicted a greater likelihood of developing a psychotic disorder EXCEPT:
an increase in functioning.
_____ studies do a better job of separating genetic and environmental effects, providing support for the heritability of schizophrenia.
Adoption
Failure to show frontal brain activation is related to the severity of _____ symptoms.
negative
Recent findings suggest that reduced _____ volume in people with schizophrenia may reflect a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributing to the cause of schizophrenia.
hippocamal
This theory proposes that during the course of their developing illness, people with schizophrenia may drift into poor neighborhoods because their illness impairs their earning power and they cannot afford to live elsewhere.
social selection hypothesis.
Results from one study suggest that being _____ and being _____ are predictors of better insight into their condition for people in their first episode of schizophrenia.
female/older
First-generation antipsychotic drugs are able to reduce the _____ and _____ symptoms of schizophrenia but have little or no effect on the _____ symptoms.
positive/disorganized/negative
All of the following are side effects of antipsychotic medications EXCEPT:
improved vision
Second-generation antipsychotic drugs have been shown to be more effective than first-generation antipsychotics in all of the following areas EXCEPT:
reducing positive symptoms
A number of studies suggest that second-generation antipsychotic medications may be more effective than first-generation drugs at improving _____ functions such as short-term memory.
cognitive
A meta-analysis comparing first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs found that some second-generation drugs were modestly more effective than the first-generation drugs in reducing _____ symptoms and improving _____ deficits.
negative/cognitive
Studies have suggested that using this treatment, along with medications, can help to reduce hallucinations and delusions.
cbt
Recently developed treatments that seek to enhance basic cognitive functions, such as verbal learning ability, are referred to as
cognitive enhancement theory
_____ hold together and coordinate the range of medical and psychological services that people with schizophrenia need to keep functioning.
case managers
Some people with schizophrenia function too well to remain in a hospital and yet do not function well enough to live on their own or even within their family. These individuals would often live in a
residential treatment home.
_____ training is designed to teach people with schizophrenia how to successfully manage a wide variety of interpersonal situations, such as discussing their medications with their psychiatrist, ordering meals in a restaurant, filling out job applications, etc.
social skills
Family therapies have each of the following features in common EXCEPT:
hopelessness
The discharging of a large number of patients from mental hospitals in the 1960s is referred to as
deinstitutionalization.
This law, passed in 1990, prohibits employers from asking applicants if they have a history of serious mental illness.
Americans with Disabilities Act
