Schizophrenia

Question 1

Schizophrenia

Answer 1

disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion, and behavior [BET]

Question 2

Clinical Symptoms

Answer 2

Two or more of the following symptoms for a significant
portion of time for at least 1 month: delusions,
hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or
catatonic behavior, negative symptoms
- Social and occupational functioning have declined since
onset
- Signs of disturbance for at least 6 months; at least 1 month duration for delusions,hallucinations, disorganized
speech, disorganized catatonic behavior; during the remaining time either negative symptoms or other symptoms in attenuated form

Question 3

In Schizophrenia, the symptoms are divided into two types, what are they?

Answer 3

Positive and negative

Question 4

Positive Symptoms

Answer 4

comprise excesses and distortions, such as hallucinations and delusions

Question 5

Persecutory delusions

Answer 5

The belief that everybody hates you and are plotting to torment you. Including your friends, and everyone. Hence you feel angry and anxious.
persecutors have sophisticated listening devices that let them tune in on your most private conversations and gather evidence in a plot to discredit you.

Question 6

thought insertion.

Answer 6

A person may believe that thoughts that are not his or her own have been placed in his or
her mind by an external source

Question 7

Thoughts broadcasting

Answer 7

A person may believe that his or her thoughts are broadcast or transmitted, so that others
know what he or she is thinking

Question 8

Other delusion examples

Answer 8

believe that their thoughts are being controlled and they are being persecuted by the CIA

Question 9

grandiose delusions

Answer 9

a person has an exaggerated sense of his or her own importance, power, knowledge, or identity. So believe that they can control the wind.

Question 10

ideas of reference

Answer 10

overheard segments of
conversations are about them, that the frequent appearance of the same person on a street
where they customarily walk means that they are being watched, and that what they see
on television or read in magazines somehow refers to them.

Question 11

Define Hallucinations

Answer 11

sensory experiences in the absence

of any relevant stimulation from the environment. In skzo more auditory. Hallucinations are annoying and frightening

Question 12

What type of hallucination to be considered to diagnose clinically?

Answer 12

Hearing their own thoughts spoken by another voice
Other people may claim that they hear voices arguing,
and others hear voices commenting on their behavior

Question 13

Which part of the brain is associated with auditory hallucinations?

Answer 13

great activity in the broca’s area/productive language area of the brain. A problem in the connections
between the frontal lobe areas that enable the production of speech and the temporal lobe
areas that enable the understanding of speech.

Question 14

Negative Symptoms

Answer 14

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia consist of behavioral deficits; they include avolition,
alogia, anhedonia, flat affect, and asociality

Question 15

How does negative symptoms effect people?

Answer 15

the presence of many negative symptoms is a strong predictor of a poor quality of life (e.g., occupational impairment, few friends) 2 years following hospitalization (Ho et al., 1998).

Question 16

What is Avolition or Apathy?

Answer 16

refers to a lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities, including work or school,
self-care, hobbies, or social activities.

Question 17

Give me an example of avolition.

Answer 17

dirty nails, unbrushed teeth, Do nothing all day and have difficulty persisting at work, school and household chores,

Question 18

Alogia

Answer 18

refers to a significant reduction in the amount of speech.

Question 19

Give an example of alogia

Answer 19

Do not talk much. Give one or two word answers. Fail to elaborate when asked for additional information.

Question 20

What is anhedonia?

Answer 20

A loss of interest in or a reported lessening of the experience of pleasure

Question 21

What is consummatory pleasure?

Answer 21

refers to the amount of pleasure experienced in-the-moment or in the presence of something pleasurable. For instance, when you eat.

Question 22

Define anticipatory pleasure.

Answer 22

refers to the amount of expected or anticipated pleasure from future events or activities. For example pleasure thinking about killing others and them suffering.

Question 23

What do people with this disorder seem to have which pleasure and which not pleasure?

Answer 23

Have : consummatory pleasure

Not Have : anticipatory pleasure

Question 24

What is flat affect?

Answer 24

refers to a lack of outward expression of emotion.

Question 25

Give an example of flat affect.

Answer 25

-may stare vacantly,
-face is motionless.
- eyes = lifeless
- flat and toneless voice
- doesn’t look at the speaker when conversing
(Like they feel the emotions but doesn’t show it)

Question 26

Asociality

Answer 26

severe impairments in social relationships,

Question 27

Give an example of asociality

Answer 27

• have few friends,
• poor social skills,
• very little interest in being with other people.
• doesn’t desire close relationships.
• prefer to spend much of their time alone

Question 28

What does Disorganized symptoms include?

Answer 28

include disorganized speech and disorganized behavior.

Question 29

Define Disorganized Speech

Answer 29

A.k.a formal thought disorder

refers to problems in organizing ideas and in speaking so that a listener can understand

Question 30

loose associations, or derailment,

Answer 30

person may be more successful in communicating with a listener but has difficulty sticking to one topic.

Question 31

Disorganized behaviour

Answer 31

People with this symptom may go into inexplicable bouts of agitation, dress in unusual clothes, act in a childlike or
silly manner, hoard food, or collect garbage. have difficulty performing the tasks
of everyday living.

Question 32

Catatonia

Answer 32

Several motor abnormalities define catatonia

Question 33

Give me an example of catatonia

Answer 33

may gesture repeatedly, using peculiar and sometimes complex sequences of finger, hand, and
arm movements

Question 34

catatonic immobility

Answer 34

people adopt

unusual postures and maintain them for very long periods of time.

Question 35

waxy flexibility

Answer 35

another person can move the patient’s limbs into positions that the patient will then maintain for long periods of tim

Question 36

What is inappropriate affect? Give an example?

Answer 36

emotional responses are out of context.

Laugh upon hearing that mother just died or become enraged when asked a simple question about how a new jacket fits.

Question 37

Genes

Answer 37

Very much! especially the negative symptoms.

Question 38

Neurotrasmitter

Answer 38

dopamine receptors

are greater in number or are hypersensitive in some people with schizophrenia

Question 39

what is the dopamine theory?

Answer 39

There is Brain injury to prefrontal cortex.
Dopamine neuron underactive in prefrontal cortex causes negative symptoms
Release of mesolimbic dopamine neurons from
inhibitory control leads to positive symptoms

Question 40

Evaluation of dopamine theory?

Answer 40

It is unlikely that a single neurotransmitter could account for all of them

Question 41

Other neurotransmitters

Answer 41

Low levels of glutamate have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of people with schizophrenia

Question 42

In the brain what do they have?

Answer 42

enlarged ventricles = loss of brain cells.

Question 43

Prefrontal cortex is associated with what?

Answer 43

The prefrontal cortex is known to play a role in behaviors such as speech, decision making,
and goal-directed behavior,
All of this is disrupted in schizophrenia

Question 44

What does the patients have reduction in?

Answer 44

Grey matter

Question 45

What do they perform poorly on?

Answer 45

perform more poorly on neuropsychological tests designed to tap functions promoted by the prefrontal region, including working memory or the
ability to hold bits of information in memory

Question 46

They also have low what?

Answer 46

low metabolic rates in the prefrontal cortex and this leads to related to the severity of negative symptoms

Question 47

another birth cause?

Answer 47

birth abnormalities during birth. virus invades, lack of oxygen destroyes grey matter

Question 48

what does current research show?

Answer 48

reduction in cortical gray matter in both temporal and frontal regions.
reduced volume in basal ganglia
hippo campus and limbic structures

Question 49

How does psychological stress play?

Answer 49

Psychological stress plays a role by interacting with

a genetic or neurobiological vulnerability to produce this illness