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Schizophrenia 2 Flashcards

1
Q

State some facts about schizophrenia.

A

It is a mental disorder that affects male and females. It is usually diagnosed using the DSM from ages 15-35

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2
Q

State one way the DSM classifies schizophrenia

A

Delusions, hallucinations, negative symptoms, catatonic behaviour, disorganised speech for 1 month

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3
Q

What are the 2 positive symptoms?

A

Delusions (false beliefs, paranoid, inflated beliefs or power or influence)
Hallucinations (false perceptions, visual, auditory)

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4
Q

What are the 2 negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Avolition (a reduction in goal directed behaviour)
Speech Poverty (reduction in fluency and productivity)

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5
Q

What are the 3 biological explanations for schizophrenia?

A

Genetics, The Dopamine Hypothesis, Neural Correlates

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6
Q

What does genetics suggest schizophrenia is caused by?

A

Hereditary, polygenic, candidate genes e.g. PCMI

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7
Q

What are the 3 genetic studies?

A

Family studies, twin studies, adoption studies

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8
Q

Explain family studies.

A

Schizophrenia is more common between those biologically related than not biologically related. Closer related = higher risk

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9
Q

Explain twin studies

A

Monozygotic twins have a higher concordance for schizophrenia that dizygotic twins

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10
Q

Explain adoption studies

A

Separates the influence of genetics and the environment, as can study biologically related individuals who were reared differently

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11
Q

Name 2 evaluation points for genetics

A

Research support (46% concordance), nature (ignores environmental factors)

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12
Q

Define reliability

A

The consistency of a measuring tool for diagnosis of schizophrenia

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13
Q

What are the two types of reliability?

A

Test - retest reliability and inter rater reliability

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14
Q

Explain test - retest reliability.

A

Multiple doctors have to diagnose a patient at different times to ensure not labelled with a diagnosis that changes

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15
Q

Explain inter rater reliability

A

The concordance between two doctors diagnosis

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16
Q

Name 2 evaluative points for reliability.

A

Cultural differences (US69% V UK 2%)
Research support (12 hospitals, 7-52 days)

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17
Q

Define validity

A

The extent to which a diagnosis is accurate and meaningful

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18
Q

Name 3 evaluative points for validity

A

Gender bias (criteria, stereotypes, mentally healthy adult), symptom overlap (incorrect diagnosis), co-mobility (Two or more conditions occur, depression 50%)

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19
Q

Explain the dopamine hypothesis

A

Schizophrenics have too much dopamine in their synapse, so more bind with D2 receptors = easily fired = positive symptoms

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20
Q

What are the two versions of the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Hyperdopaminergia (excess = positive)
Hypodopaminergia (lack = negative)

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21
Q

What are the 2 evaluative points for the dopamine hypothesis

A

Research support - post mortem show increase in dopamine and D2 receptors in brain, individual differences - only 1/3 effected by drugs

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22
Q

What are the 5 neural correlates?

A

Ventricular space, avolition/ventral striatum, amygdala, superior temporal gyri, pre frontal cortex

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23
Q

Explain the role of ventricular space on schizophrenia.

A

Have more ventricular space = fluid filled cavatines = lighter brain

24
Q

Explain the role of the pre frontal cortex on schizophrenia

A

Lower activity in the pre frontal cortex causes delusions

25
What are the 2 evaluative points for neural correlates?
Empirical Methods (MRIs allows use of live brain images rather than post mortems Correlational Evidence (uncertain whether structural abnormalities cause schiz, or symptoms cause these changes)
26
What issue and debate can you use for the biological explanations?
Deterministic, presumes its inheritable and unavoidable, but no conclusive evidence so other explanations must be considered = diathesis stress model
27
What is the biological treatment for schizophrenia?
Drug therapy
28
What are the two types of drugs used on schizophrenia?
Typical (binds to D2 receptors but doesn't stimulate, 60-75%) Atypical (Bind to D2 receptors temporarily, both dopamine and serotonin, negative and positive)
29
What are the 3 evaluative points for drug therapy?
Research support (At >Ty, Ty>Placebo, 13 studies, meta, file draw theory) Side effects of typical (dizziness, weight gain, tardive dyskinesia - involuntary facial movements), nature
30
What are the two psychological explanations for schizophrenia?
Family dysfunction and Cognitive explanations
31
What are the three types of family dysfunction?
Schizophrenogenic mothers, expressed emotion, double bind theory
32
Explain schizophrenogenic mothers.
Is cold, rejecting and controlling. Creates a stressful environment. Leads to distrust, paranoia and delusions
33
Explain double bind theory.
Bad communication, mixed signals, when person does wrong punished by withdrawal of love = negative view of world and flattened affect
34
Explain expressed emotion.
High levels of emotional involvement, micromanaging, criticism, hostility = delusions as feels like being watched
35
What are the 3 evaluative points for family dysfunction?
Inconclusive support (no systematic evidence), social sensitivity (parent blaming), nurture (environment)
36
What are the 3 cognitive explanations for schizophrenia?
Dysfunctional thought processing, metarepresentation, central control dysfunction
37
Explain dysfunctional thought processing.
Schiz is disruption of normal thought processing. ventral striatum = negative or temporal gyri = hallucinations
38
Explain metarepresentation
Is the cognitive ability to reflect on your own thoughts and behaviours, dysfunction disrupts this ability to recognise actions as your own or someone elses
39
Explain central control dysfunction
Issue with suppressing automatic responses while performing deliberate actions = speech poverty, each word triggers associations
40
What are the 3 evaluative points for cognitive explanations?
Research support (30 with and without do stroop, 2x longer), reductionist (proximal as now, not distal as not looking at cause), nature and nurture (shown as psychological but also genetic)
41
What are the 2 psychological treatments for schizophrenia?
Cognitive behaviour therapy and family therapy
42
Explain Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Helps correct and identify faulty thinking, recognises and challenges these thoughts, offers distractions e.g. radio
43
Name the 3 evaluative points for cognitive behaviour therapy.
Effectiveness (34 show evidence of small effects on systems), appropriateness (low availability, length), idiographic (considers patients views)
44
Explain family therapy.
Supports carers to make family life less stressful, reduces expressed emotion
45
What are the 3 evaluative points?
Effectiveness (relapse 25% compared to 50% without AO1), appropriatness (benefits all members, lessens impact, better support for patient, but willingness), social sensitivity (labels, blaming, having family better)
46
What is token economy?
A management strategy for schizophrenia
47
How has token economy developed?
Used for hospitalised women to manage negative symptoms, awarded exchangeable token when desirable behaviours shown, based on operant conditioning
48
What are the two effects of token economy?
Quality of life improves within hospital setting, normalised behaviour to make people adapt better into life in community
49
What are the two types of reinforcers?
Primary (meaningful value by itself), secondary (have no value, only valuable if used to obtain primary e.g. tokens)
50
What are the 3 evaluative points for token economy?
Effectiveness (negative symptoms reduced, but file drawer), appropriateness (only used when primary reinforcers restricted), social sensitivity (ethical issues of control, choice of target behaviours, restriction of primary reinforcers)
51
What is the diathesis stress model?
Sees schizophrenia as a result of a combination of environmental and biological influences.
52
Define diathesis.
The genetic component
53
What are the stressors?
Childhood trauma or urbanised living
54
Explain Tienari's study of diathesis stress.
Studied two groups of children, one with schizophrenic mothers and one control. Found to become schizophrenic a schizophrenic mother and highly emotional environment needed
55
What is the interactionist treatment?
Drug therapy combined with CBT
56
What are the 2 evaluative points for the diathesis stress model?
Nature and nurture (a better explanation), reductionist (a single gene and schizophrenic mothers too simplistic)

Psychology (12 decks)

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