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Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 definitions of abnormality?

A

Statistical Infrequency, Deviation from Social Norms, Failure to Function Adequately, Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

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2
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

Deviation from the statistical norm or average, individual human characteristics can be measured and plotted on a normal distribution, behaviours at either end abnormal

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3
Q

Give examples of statistical infrequency

A

IQ, mood, height, weight

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4
Q

What is deviation from social norms?

A

Society sets norms and values. Any behaviour that deviates from these norms is considered abnormal.

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5
Q

Give an example of deviation from social norms

A

Cannibalism

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6
Q

What is the failure to function adequately?

A

Unable to live a normal day to day life, do not possess a normal range of physical abilities, emotions or behaviours, disrupt a persons ability to work and form relationships.

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7
Q

Give an example of failures to function adequately

A

Disabilities, Eating disorders, phobias

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8
Q

What are Rosenhans and Seligmans Checklist of Dysfunction

A

Unpredictable behaviour, irrational behaviour , personal distress

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9
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Jahoda defines normal mental health characteristics. Abnormality is seen as anything which deviates from these characteristics.

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10
Q

Give examples of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Depression, hallucinations, anxiety

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11
Q

What is on Jahodas checklist of ideal mental health?

A

Can self actualise, can cope with stress, good self esteem

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12
Q

What is the issue/debate for the definitions of abnormality?

A

Cultural relativism

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13
Q

What is a phobia? (behaviourist)

A

An irrational fear that causes avoidance of the feared situation

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14
Q

What are the 2 behavioral characteristics of phobias?

A

Panic (Fight or flight, freeze or faint) and Avoidance

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15
Q

What are the 2 emotional characteristics of phobias?

A

Anxiety (extreme) and fear

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16
Q

What are the 2 cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A

Irrational beliefs, selective attention

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17
Q

Describe irrational beliefs in relation to phobias.

A

Resistant to rational arguments e.g. a person with arachnophobia feels spiders are dangerous/harmful, despite being aware no spiders are deadly in the UK

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18
Q

Describe selective attention in relation to phobias.

A

If presented with fear, the person will struggle to direct their attention elsewhere. Causes them to become fixated due to their irrational beliefs about the danger posed.

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19
Q

What are the two models in the two process model?

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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20
Q

Describe how classical conditioning initiates a phobia.

A

If a negative stimulus is associated with an object enough, then a fear of the object will eventually develop. This association becomes semi permanent .

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21
Q

What is extinction?

A

Negative association through classical conditioning will remain for some time but is not permanent.

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22
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removal of an unwanted negative state e.g. fear, leads to maintenance of behavior

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23
Q

How does operant conditioning maintain a phobia?

A

Individual learns that avoiding feared object is rewarding, so continues to do so and therefore they would prevent extinction of the fear so maintains the phobia long term. Negative reinforcement

24
Q

How can you treat phobias?

A

Through systematic desensitization or flooding

25
What were the 3 steps to systematic desensitisation?
Relaxation technique(on demand) , formation of anxiety hierarchy, counterconditioning (reassociation between fear and calmness), reciprocal inhibition
26
What is flooding?
Immediate exposure to worst version of fear (taught to relax), prevents avoidance, fear response becomes exhausted, extinction
27
What are the ethical safeguards of flooding?
Consent from patient needed, medical checks needed
28
What are the 2 behavioral characteristics of depression?
Change to activity levels (less socialization, withdrawal), disruption to sleep and eating behaviour
29
What are 2 emotional characteristics of depression?
Low mood (sadness, emptiness, low self esteem) and anger (towards others/self, paired with hurt feelings and desire to retaliate)
30
What are the 2 cognitive characteristics of depression?
Irrational thinking and poor concentration (a difficulty focusing on tasks)
31
Describe irrational thinking in relation to depression.
Negative thoughts about oneself, world and future. Guilt, sense of worthlessness, expectations for things to turn out badly. Irrational as not based on real life experience
32
What are the 2 cognitive explanations for depression?
Ellis' ABC Model and Becks Negative Cognitive Triad
33
What are the 4 sections of the ABC model
Activating event (unknown so schema fills in gaps,), beliefs (from schema rational or irrational), consequences (depressive behaviour), musturbatory thinking
34
Give the three examples of musturbatory beliefs.
I must do well or i'm worthless, i must be accepted by people i find important, the word must bring me happiness
35
What are the three sections of the negative triad?
Negative view of Self, World, Future
36
What causes the negative triad?
Cognitive errors - causes negative cognitive bias
37
Give all the cognitive errors.
Selective abstraction(choosing one out of lots), minimization(successes smaller), personalisation(its your fault), arbitrary inference(guessing), magnification, overgenerilisation (something small into big)
38
How can you cognitively treat depression?
Through CBT
39
What are the two types of CBT? (cognitive)
Ellis' ABCDE and Becks Treatment of Negative Automatic Thoughts (TNAT)
40
What are the 5 steps to REBT?
Dispute (challenging irrational thoughts), The effect is depressive characteristics reduced, Behavioral Activation (physically active), Unconditional Positive Regard(value/respect), Homework Tasks
41
What are the three types of disputing?
Empirical (evidence), Logical, Pragmatic (helpful?)
42
Describe the process of TNAT.
Identify cognitive errors, patient as a scientist (Test the validity of the irrational thoughts, homework tasks, cognitive reconstructing)
43
What are the behavioral characteristic of OCD?
Compulsions (repetitive behaviours, performed to reduce anxiety) and avoidance
44
What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?
Fear and anxiety, disgust (obsesssions concerning germs)
45
What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?
Obsessive thoughts (recurrent thoughts or impulses that are inappropriate,may be uncontrollable) and awareness of excessive anxiety
46
What are the 2 biological explanations for OCD?
Genetic explanations and Neural Explanations
47
What does the genetic explanation for OCD suggest?
Is polygenic - SERT gene and COMT gene, is triggered by diathesis stress
48
Describe the role of the SERT gene in OCD
High functioning SERT gene (controls reuptake) = not enough serotonin at synapse = anxiety and obsessions
49
Describe the role of the COMT gene in OCD
Low functioning COMT gene (controls reuptake) = too much dopamine at synapse = compulsive behaviours and reality issues
50
Describe diathesis stress
The role of the environment in triggering genes into their vulnerable states (stress or trauma)
51
Describe the neural explanation for OCD.
Have a damaged worry circuit. Orbital frontal cortex detects sensory info. the caudate nucleus perceives hazards as major or minor. Both used in impulse control or low serotonin/high dopamine. Both can be damaged
52
What are the 3 ways you can biologically treat OCD?
SSRI, SNRI, Benzodiazepines
53
How do SSRIs work?
Serotonin is released into the synapse, afterwards it gets reabsorbed. OCD means not enough serotonin is left in the cleft. SSRIs block their reuptake, so more left in cleft. No anxiety = no compulsions
54
How do SNRIs work?
Prevents the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, so more left in synapse, prolonging their activity
55
How do benzodiazepines work?
Slows down the activity of the CNS, enhancing activity of neurotransmitter GABA. Reacts with GABA receptors, opening channels for chloride to flow through. Makes it harder for other neurotransmitters to stimulate = slowing activity
56
What are the 3 evaluative points for drug therapy?
17 studies compare SSRI and placebos, all show SSRI more effective at reducing symptoms, side effects (ssri headaches, snri hallucinations, BZ LTM impairment, addiction), nature

Psychology (12 decks)

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