Attachment Flashcards
What is reciprocity?
The mutual exchange of responses between an infant and caregiver. Is frequent, requires attention
What is interactional synchrony?
The coordination of behaviours between an infant and their caregiver
What evidence is there for interactional synchrony?
Observed infants, Adults displayed one of three facial expressions, the babies copied
What are the 4 stages of attachment?
Asocial, Indiscriminate, specific, multiple
Describe the asocial stage of attachment.
Birth - 2 months, many stimuli produce a favourable reaction, few protests
Describe the indiscriminate stage of attachment.
2 months - 7 months, enjoy all human company, gets upset when not interacted with, no stranger anxiety
Describe the specific stage of attachment.
7 months +, express distress when separated from one individual, stranger anxiety
Describe the multiple stage of attachment.
By 1 year, attach to others
Describe Schaffer’s and Emersons Glasgow Study.
60 infants studies for a year, reported infants responses to situations, 4 stages found, by 32 weeks 60% had specific attachment, 3% of fathers specific attachment
What 3 factors affect the role of fathers in caregiving?
Quality of play, Level of Responsiveness, Role
Describe the impact quality of play from a father has on an infant.
Relates to the quality of the attachment with the father in adolescence,
What does the level of responsiveness suggest about the role of the father?
Gender doesn’t form attachments but responsiveness
Describe the role of the father.
Fathers have different roles to mothers. Fun v affection. However fathers can adopt behaviours seen in mothers.
What is imprinting?
An innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother during a specific time in development, if it doesn’t happen early it will probably never happen.
Describe Lorenz’s study.
Geese eggs, half hatched with mother, half in incubator where the first thing they saw was Lorenz, Control followed mother, others followed Lorenz, critical period 5 days
Describe Harlow’s study.
16 baby monkeys, contact comfort mother v food mother, sought comfort mother but never a real attachment, critical period 90 days
Which 2 ways is behaviour learnt as suggested by Learning Theory?
Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning
What is classical conditioning?
Learning a behaviour through association, Pavlov’s dogs, unconditioned/conditioned/neutral stimuli/response
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through consequences, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment
What is positive reinforcement?
When a behaviour produces a consequence that is pleasant it will increase the likelihood of it being repeated
Give an example of positive reinforcement
A baby is hungry, food provides comfort so is the primary reinforcer, the mother is the source of food so is the secondary reinforcer
What are the 5 factors of Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory of Attachment?
Adaptive behaviour, social releasers, critical period, monotropy, internal working model
Why are attachments adaptive?
As give our species an adaptive advantage making us more likely to survive, as if attachment formed with caregiver they’re more likely to keep as warm, fed and safe
What do social releasers do?
Unlocks the innate tendency of adults to care for infants, physical e.g. baby face or behavioral e.g. cooing
