Schizophrenia

Question 1

classification of mental diosrder

Answer 1

the process of organisisng symptopms into categories based on which symptoms frequenly clsuter together

Question 2

What is schizophrenia

Answer 2

a severe mental disorder where contact wih reality and insight are impired an example of psychosis .

Question 3

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 3

typical symptoms experienced in addition to normal experiences. They include hallucinations and delusions .

Question 4

what are hallucinaitons

Answer 4

a positive symptom of shzophrenia . They are snesory eperiences that have either no basis inr ealit or are distored percpetions of things that are here .

Question 5

what are delusions

Answer 5

a positive sympto of shciozphrenia . They involve beliefs tht have no basis of relity , for example a person beleives they are someone else or tht thye are a vicitm of conspiracy .

Question 6

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 6

atypical experiences that represent he loss of a usual experience such as loss of cler thinking or loss of motoivation .

Question 7

what is speech pvoerty

Answer 7

a egative symtpom of shxiophreni it invovled reduced frequenc and quality of speech

Question 8

what is avoltion

Answer 8

a neagtive symtpom of shizophrenia it invovles loss of moviation to arry out taks and reuslts in lwoered activty lvels .

Question 9

what is co morbidity

Answer 9

the occurence of two disorders or conditions otgether , for example a person ahs both chizophrenia and a personality disorder , when two condtioins are frequently diagnosed otgether it calls into questio the validy of classifying two disoerders separately .

Question 10

what is symtpop overlap

Answer 10

occurs hwen two or ore conditons share ysmtpos . where conditons hsare manys mptoms this calls into quesition the validity of classifing the two disorders separetly .

Question 11

first way to classify a disorder

Answer 11

world health organisation international classification of disease ICD-10 , version 11 has been published but wont be used for diagnosis until 2022 , nd the american psychiatric dms5

-differ slightly in their classificaiton of shciozopehrina .

DSM5 sid one of the positiv euspmpps must be present.

Question 12

what is present dignosis

Answer 12

-resent diagsnosis wheres two or more negtive symptoms re sufficent under ICD .

Question 13

-previous editions of ICD and DSM recognsided subtypes of shizophrenia paranoid sho invoeld mainly pwoerful hallucoantions and eluciosn
what do both DMS 5 nd ICD 10 have

Answer 13

they have driooed subtypes bevause the tended to be inconsistent , someone with a diagnsos of paranoid shxiophrenia , would not necessairly show the same symtpoms a few yers ler .

Question 14

EVALUATION - issues in diagnosis and classifiction - GOOD RELIABILILTY

Answer 14

-One strength of the diagnosis of schizophrenia it is reliability . Reliability means constincey . A psychiatric diagnsois is said to be reliable when different diagnosisng clinicians , reach the same diagnosis , for the same individual (inter-ratre erlibaliti ) and when the same clincin reches the sam digsnosis for the sm eidnicudal on two occasions (test-retest reliabitlit ) .

Question 15

EVALUATION - issues in diagnosis and classifiction - GOOD RELIABILILTY (2)

Answer 15

Prior to DSM-5 , reliability , for schizophrenia diagnosis was low but htis has now improved . Flabio , report excellent reliability for the diagnosis , of shizophrenia , in 180 indicusals using the DSM-5 , pairs of interviewrs achieved inter raer reliabilit +.97 . and test reetest relaibility of +92 .

THIS MEANS that we can be reasonablys ur the diagnsois of schizoprhenia is constanltya pplied .

Question 16

EVALUATION - low validity

Answer 16

One limitation of the diagnosis of shizophrneia is its vlidity . In general validiry concerns , whether we assess what we are tryiing to asssess . One way to assess validity of a psychiatric diagnsoiss is criterion validity / Elli cHENIAUX Had two psyhitics independatly assess the same 100 clinets using icd - 10 , and dsm iv crtieria and found tht 68 were dignosed with schziophrenia , under the ICD ststems and 39 under DSM .

-THIS SUGGESTS that schizophreina is either over or undianosed according to the diagnositc sstem , either way this suggests that criterion valididy i lo .

Question 17

kiw vakuduty - COUNTERPOINT

Answer 17

In the sorion , et al study reported , above there was excellent agreement between clincians when they use two measures to diagnose schizophrenia both derived fromt he DSM system . This means that the criterion validity for diagnsoiss schizoprhenia is actually good provided it takes place within a single diagnositc system .

Question 18

EVALUATION - CO-momrbidity

Answer 18

another limitation of schizophrenia diagnosiis is its combrodbity with other conditons . I f conditions cocur otgther a lot of the tie then this calls into question the validity of their diagnosis , and classification because they might be a single ocndition .

Question 19

COMORBIDITY 2

Answer 19

Schizophrenia , is commonly diagnosed , with other conditions . For example one review found that about hald of those diagnsoed with schizoprhenia also had a diagnosis of depression or subsance abuse .
–THIS IS A PROBLEM , for classification , because it measn schzioprhenia may not exist a distinc condition , and is a problem , for diagnosis , as a lest some people diagnosed with shcizoprhenia my abe unsual conditions liek depression

Question 20

Gender bias in diagnosis - limitiation

Answer 20

• a further limitation , of schizophrenia diagnosis sis the existence of gender bias .
  -Since the 1980s men have been diagnosed with shcizophreina , is more commnly than women . On epossible explanation for this is that womena re less vulenrable than men pehrap becuase of geenic facotrs .

Question 21

gender bias in diagnosis (2)

Answer 21

however it seems , more likely that owmen are re underdiagnosed because they have cloer relationship and hence get support . This leads to women with schizoprhenia often functioning better than men . This underdiagnosis is a gender bias and means women may not therefore be receving better tretment servcies ight benef them

Question 22

Culture bias in diagnosis

Answer 22

a further limitiation , of schziophrenia is that exisence of culture bias .
-Some symptoms of schizoprheina particualry heairng voices have differen meanings in different cultures . For example , Haiti , some eople beliee the voices are communications from ancestors . Birtish affircan caribean origing nien time likely to receive diagnsois , as white brithish people . althoguh people lviing in africa n carribean coutnries are not ruling out a geneitc vultnebrailty .

Question 23

culture bias in diagnosis (2)

Answer 23

the most likle expalantion for this is culture bias in diagsnosis of clients by psychiarist froma diffeent ultural backrgound . This ppears to lad an overintpeatation of symtpops in black british people . This means that birtish african carirbena people may be discirmanted agisnt b a culturlaly biased diagnosic sytem .

Question 24

EVALUATION - symptom overlap

Answer 24

a fnal limtiaition of schizoprhenia diagnosis is symtopm overlap with toher condiosn . There is consdierable overlap ebtwen the sytmpos of schiozphenaio and he symtops of ther condiions . For exmpal eboth SCHIZO AND BIPOALR invovle POSITIVE YSMTPOS SUCH AS DEULSIONS

AND NAGAIV ESUCH AS AVOLTION .

Question 25

EVALUATION - symptom overlap (2)

Answer 25

-In terms of classification , this suggets that schzioprenia and bipolar diosrder may not be two different conditions but VARIATIONS of a single condition . INT ERM SOF DIGNSOIS , it means that shczoprhenia is HARD TO DISITNGUISH , from ipolar disorder

-AS WIHT COMBOBIIDTY , symtpom overlap emans that schziophrenia may not exist as a distinc condition nd hat even if it does it is ahrd to diagnose . SO BOTH ITS CLASSIFICATION ND DIAGNOSIS IS FLAWED .