EXTRA Reading - Memory Flashcards
Do it if you want , not necessary
why is henry such a noteworthy amnesic patient
-beccause he showed that the removal of the hippocampus area CAUSES AMNESIA .
-and also because he was studies so intensively .
Henry molaision
-Had head injruy at the age of seven . That had started a lifetime of elipecitic seizures .
-These seizures got worse over the years having grand uncontrolled mal attacks (health threatening seizures ).
-Was proposed to attempt brain operation to cure the epilepsy .
-after operation the epilepsey didng disappear disappear but improved signifntly ,
HM - the damage
his damage was cicumrbised than we see in other amneic patients . Becuase it as CAUSED by a PRECISE SURGICAL INTERVENTUIOn - not a brain diswase .
-HIS OTHER INTELLECUTL FUCNTIONS were intact–> his lnguge nd perceptgul kill were norml .
-his IQ qas consisenlty baove average with no psychitric symptom s.
he was evaulted for how many years
50 years
what we learned from henry
-he was firslt living porof u can have a dreadful memory and still be an intelligen person . This tells us that memory is processed by specialsied brain circuits that memory is comparmtnetalised .
-SECOND , he showed us that the abililty to form ne mrmoeis is localsied to speicifc prt of the brain ; the hippocampu and the cortext surroudnign it .These structuresare in the inner part of the temporal lobe .
-befoe HM , we did NOT uderstnd that the hippopcampal region is essnential for estblishemnt of LTM .
-thIRD CONTRIBUTION
-Was the disvocery thatnot all kins of learning and memory are mapired ina mensia .
-henrys case inaugurated thousnd of studies in pateins andhealthy people showing that htere aee different kinds of memory with different addresses int h e brain l.
What Henry couldnt do
-Henry’s declaritive memorhy was profoundly impaired ut his non declarative learning was preserved .
-EPSIDOIC MEMORY - henrys severe impairement in event learning (episiodc memory ) was apparnet when the est stimuolli were verbaland hwen htey were non - vebral .
-there were deficfeits in wasalso apparent in tests using visual stimuli .
–he was aunable to acuuire nw new facts cocnepts and vocabulrly . (semantic memory )
What henry could do
-henry also taught us the suprising lessson that amnesia spares some kinds of memory .
-he could remember informtion he learned without conscious awareness . and perceptul skills
hm + ethics
-hms oepration has been carried out severla time sbfor and therefore the reslts would ahve been resonably expected .
-the sugreon ha sbeen pioneerrign this technique on sphciatirsts patients an new the likel consequences .
-BUT hm did not know what ws being done ogt him or who was doin t iy hi IS this groun breakign science or cruele xplotaion of a man whose lie fws uried by edxperiemntal brin surgeey ?
rian now kept in uin of california and sliced up itno sections but who agreed to dothis .
Declarative memory
A further category of declaritivs memory referred to as autobiographical memory , is sometimes distinguished although really it is just one area of episodic memory .
Autobiographical memory
Refers to a memory system consisting of episodes and recollected from an individuals own life , often based on a combination of episodic memory (personal experiences and specific objects , people and events experienced at particular times and places ) and semantic memory (general knowledge and facts about the world ).
One specific type of autobiographical memory us a FLASHBULB MEMORY
A highly detailed , sxpsdionallg vivid “snapshot” of a moment of circumstances in which surprising and consequential (of emotionally arousong ) news as ahead examole 9/11
Declarative memory
Such memories are believed by some to be highly resistant to forgetting , possibly due to the strong emotions that are typically associated with them .
-however , a number of studies also suggest that flashbulb memories are actually not especially accurate , despite apparently being experienced with great vicidnsss and confidence .
Flashbulb Memory
-A flashbulb memory is a detailed and video memory of an event that is stored after one occasion and lasts a lifetime .
-often life-changing events such as births , deaths or those assioadiwd with improtant historical events such as 9/11 .
the mutltistroe model was extremel influenitsl bu id no longer regarded as providing aceuate account of human memory . 2wq
-model was proposed to be very oberly simpelfied .
-especially assumptions that there is a single short- term memory sytem and a single long-term memorys sytem ahve been shwon to be wrong .
-the model is also limitied that it attches far too much importance to rehersal , (your rley enage in rehersal
limitiation of three types of long term memeory approach
-is that the thre types is too neat and itdy
-you csn ivnovle mixture of long term memories at ocne .
importamce of the central executive
-most component of the working memorys ytem , BECAUSE IT IS INVOVLED EVERYTIME WE NEAGE WITH A TASK .
–CAN SEE the signigficance of the central exectuive by looking at individuals that suffer with dysexectuive syndrome
-such people find it very hard cocnentrate to lokc out incorrrect reposnses and plan ahaes .
-therefore hard in rvrtfys igr .
three different functions that are assoicted withtthe central execuitve
-there is the inhibiton function , usd to rpevent our atterntion from irrelevant stimuloi .
-second ,t here is the hsifting function , used sto swtich our attention between different takss .
-third there is the updating function , that is used ot monitor and engange in rapidly adding or deleting info from wworking memory model . (when ur fin better info thn us tarted )
improtance of models
-a mdoel is a representation of an ide , process or object .
-It ttempts to describe compelx phenomena ina way that will alow researches to sudy how they interact .
-that is the idea , the compelx phenomena shouldbe explained in the simpelst terms possible .
-Models ten to focus ona signel level of expalantion ..
USUEFUL THING ABOUT MSSM
-the sms gives us a lanague for discugin aand researching hwo emroy s strucuted , But the lac of compelxirit leaaves the medel with los of uesions . u
the msm suggests that memories are made thoruh ttentiona nd rehearsal .
-howeveer to devlep a more compregescue theory psyholgiss idnirtfy the vairales that are unaccounted for n carry out research to test the role of these vairbles i memoryc retin .
example flashbulb memories re ecxremly emotionsl snapshots .
high lrvel sof emtione xpereicnesd paritcpnts remeemeber more .
even if the story hs no perosnal conenction .
-CHECK EXTRA READING but the research obeserivairons above hsow tat mdoel onl provides a starting point for helpign us to understnsd compex psychological pehenoemna .
-CHallenging a model’s assumptiosn and searchng for appropriate evidence to suport these chalagnes is how psychogolosyst smke scienits progress .
state d[enedeant frgetting
state dependent forgetting occurs when your mood or phsyciological state during recall is different fromt he mood youw ere in when you were lerning .
viking smells and viking ememories
-almost everyone has had the epxeirenc fo smell or aste suddenly brignign ack to mind seemingly forgotten memories and forogtten .
-prossut effect like tasting somehing childhood memoru .
Elizabeth Loftus - ethicl
Methodological issues with a loft to study
So this was a controller department used a real signature, I got film footage of a car accident. However, the situation was still artificial because participants were aware that they had to pay attention. In real life I would assess instant witnesses will not be prepared.
