EXTRA Reading - Memory

Question 1

why is henry such a noteworthy amnesic patient

Answer 1

-beccause he showed that the removal of the hippocampus area CAUSES AMNESIA .
-and also because he was studies so intensively .

Question 2

Henry molaision

Answer 2

-Had head injruy at the age of seven . That had started a lifetime of elipecitic seizures .
-These seizures got worse over the years having grand uncontrolled mal attacks (health threatening seizures ).
-Was proposed to attempt brain operation to cure the epilepsy .
-after operation the epilepsey didng disappear disappear but improved signifntly ,

Question 3

HM - the damage

Answer 3

his damage was cicumrbised than we see in other amneic patients . Becuase it as CAUSED by a PRECISE SURGICAL INTERVENTUIOn - not a brain diswase .

-HIS OTHER INTELLECUTL FUCNTIONS were intact–> his lnguge nd perceptgul kill were norml .
-his IQ qas consisenlty baove average with no psychitric symptom s.

Question 4

he was evaulted for how many years

Answer 4

50 years

Question 5

what we learned from henry

Answer 5

-he was firslt living porof u can have a dreadful memory and still be an intelligen person . This tells us that memory is processed by specialsied brain circuits that memory is comparmtnetalised .

-SECOND , he showed us that the abililty to form ne mrmoeis is localsied to speicifc prt of the brain ; the hippocampu and the cortext surroudnign it .These structuresare in the inner part of the temporal lobe .

-befoe HM , we did NOT uderstnd that the hippopcampal region is essnential for estblishemnt of LTM .

-thIRD CONTRIBUTION
-Was the disvocery thatnot all kins of learning and memory are mapired ina mensia .
-henrys case inaugurated thousnd of studies in pateins andhealthy people showing that htere aee different kinds of memory with different addresses int h e brain l.

Question 6

What Henry couldnt do

Answer 6

-Henry’s declaritive memorhy was profoundly impaired ut his non declarative learning was preserved .

-EPSIDOIC MEMORY - henrys severe impairement in event learning (episiodc memory ) was apparnet when the est stimuolli were verbaland hwen htey were non - vebral .
-there were deficfeits in wasalso apparent in tests using visual stimuli .

–he was aunable to acuuire nw new facts cocnepts and vocabulrly . (semantic memory )

Question 7

What henry could do

Answer 7

-henry also taught us the suprising lessson that amnesia spares some kinds of memory .

-he could remember informtion he learned without conscious awareness . and perceptul skills

Question 8

hm + ethics

Answer 8

-hms oepration has been carried out severla time sbfor and therefore the reslts would ahve been resonably expected .

-the sugreon ha sbeen pioneerrign this technique on sphciatirsts patients an new the likel consequences .

-BUT hm did not know what ws being done ogt him or who was doin t iy hi IS this groun breakign science or cruele xplotaion of a man whose lie fws uried by edxperiemntal brin surgeey ?
rian now kept in uin of california and sliced up itno sections but who agreed to dothis .

Question 10

Declarative memory

Answer 10

A further category of declaritivs memory referred to as autobiographical memory , is sometimes distinguished although really it is just one area of episodic memory .

Question 11

Autobiographical memory

Answer 11

Refers to a memory system consisting of episodes and recollected from an individuals own life , often based on a combination of episodic memory (personal experiences and specific objects , people and events experienced at particular times and places ) and semantic memory (general knowledge and facts about the world ).

Question 12

One specific type of autobiographical memory us a FLASHBULB MEMORY

Answer 12

A highly detailed , sxpsdionallg vivid “snapshot” of a moment of circumstances in which surprising and consequential (of emotionally arousong ) news as ahead examole 9/11

Question 13

Declarative memory

Answer 13

Such memories are believed by some to be highly resistant to forgetting , possibly due to the strong emotions that are typically associated with them .
-however , a number of studies also suggest that flashbulb memories are actually not especially accurate , despite apparently being experienced with great vicidnsss and confidence .

Question 14

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 14

-A flashbulb memory is a detailed and video memory of an event that is stored after one occasion and lasts a lifetime .
-often life-changing events such as births , deaths or those assioadiwd with improtant historical events such as 9/11 .

Question 15

the mutltistroe model was extremel influenitsl bu id no longer regarded as providing aceuate account of human memory . 2wq

Answer 15

-model was proposed to be very oberly simpelfied .

-especially assumptions that there is a single short- term memory sytem and a single long-term memorys sytem ahve been shwon to be wrong .

-the model is also limitied that it attches far too much importance to rehersal , (your rley enage in rehersal

Question 16

limitiation of three types of long term memeory approach

Answer 16

-is that the thre types is too neat and itdy

-you csn ivnovle mixture of long term memories at ocne .

Question 17

importamce of the central executive

Answer 17

-most component of the working memorys ytem , BECAUSE IT IS INVOVLED EVERYTIME WE NEAGE WITH A TASK .

–CAN SEE the signigficance of the central exectuive by looking at individuals that suffer with dysexectuive syndrome
-such people find it very hard cocnentrate to lokc out incorrrect reposnses and plan ahaes .

-therefore hard in rvrtfys igr .

Question 18

three different functions that are assoicted withtthe central execuitve

Answer 18

-there is the inhibiton function , usd to rpevent our atterntion from irrelevant stimuloi .

-second ,t here is the hsifting function , used sto swtich our attention between different takss .
-third there is the updating function , that is used ot monitor and engange in rapidly adding or deleting info from wworking memory model . (when ur fin better info thn us tarted )

Question 19

improtance of models

Answer 19

-a mdoel is a representation of an ide , process or object .
-It ttempts to describe compelx phenomena ina way that will alow researches to sudy how they interact .
-that is the idea , the compelx phenomena shouldbe explained in the simpelst terms possible .
-Models ten to focus ona signel level of expalantion ..

USUEFUL THING ABOUT MSSM

-the sms gives us a lanague for discugin aand researching hwo emroy s strucuted , But the lac of compelxirit leaaves the medel with los of uesions . u

Question 20

the msm suggests that memories are made thoruh ttentiona nd rehearsal .
-howeveer to devlep a more compregescue theory psyholgiss idnirtfy the vairales that are unaccounted for n carry out research to test the role of these vairbles i memoryc retin .

Answer 20

example flashbulb memories re ecxremly emotionsl snapshots .

high lrvel sof emtione xpereicnesd paritcpnts remeemeber more .

even if the story hs no perosnal conenction .

-CHECK EXTRA READING but the research obeserivairons above hsow tat mdoel onl provides a starting point for helpign us to understnsd compex psychological pehenoemna .

-CHallenging a model’s assumptiosn and searchng for appropriate evidence to suport these chalagnes is how psychogolosyst smke scienits progress .

Question 21

state d[enedeant frgetting

Answer 21

state dependent forgetting occurs when your mood or phsyciological state during recall is different fromt he mood youw ere in when you were lerning .

Question 22

viking smells and viking ememories

Answer 22

-almost everyone has had the epxeirenc fo smell or aste suddenly brignign ack to mind seemingly forgotten memories and forogtten .
-prossut effect like tasting somehing childhood memoru .

Question 23

Elizabeth Loftus - ethicl

Question 24

Methodological issues with a loft to study

Answer 24

So this was a controller department used a real signature, I got film footage of a car accident. However, the situation was still artificial because participants were aware that they had to pay attention. In real life I would assess instant witnesses will not be prepared.

Question 25

Song critics of Loftus study have said that hypothesis were subjected to bond characteristics. However, Loftus (1980), an experiment to refute this
Criticism.

Answer 25

,.,

Question 26

 ethical issues issues

Answer 26

Expected to contain consent, I will loft is gonna come like fully inform getting full content because she could not advise that she was going to ask questions.
Resources should also avoid exposing psychological harm in the study. That absence was a minor one. There was no injuries.
So many people could feel embarrassed because they’ve been fooled so need to be reassured that this was just you know and understanding that this was important for the Jude sort of system.

Question 27

Ecological validity Validity with the Loftus and Palmer verb study

Answer 27

So laboratory experiments, such as those code that might represent real life because people do not take these seriously/all they’re not emotionally aroused in the way that they would be accident.
Foster, I found that if possible, thought they were watching a real life, Aubrey, that the responses would influence a child that more accurate

Question 28

Yuli and Cutshall, 1986 – eyewitness memory of a crime

Answer 28

So the instant involved a shooting, which occurred outside of Canada 
Basically tied up the perpetrator and stole some money. The owner freed himself by picking up a revolver and went outside to take the thieves license off.
The thief hadn’t yet entered his car, and then a face-to-face car on the street separated by 6 feet thief, 52 shoots at the store. After slight pause, the store, the discharge all sorts from his revolver.
The thief was killed , but the store recovered from serious syndrome.
When is is viewed from various vantage points along the street from adjacent buildings or from pausing automobiles. 

Question 29

21. Of the witnesses were interviewed by the police and 30 of them are going to take off the research the interview questions or ask to clarify points of detail and the research is also asked to Miss questions based on loft has broken headlight and broken headlight technique.

Answer 29

Producing impressive more than they did.
Is who essential to get more details than peripheral witnesses, but there was no revolved difference between the group.
Significantly, wedding questions had not felt, and most distressed while incident with the most accurate of the witnesses.

Question 30

Criticism left his work – one of the studies that they ask about peripheral details event. All witnesses also in accurate in the reporting of essential details of the event.

Answer 30

Turn off showed sides of man, stealing, brought red past my woman’s bag. Some then read the description of their phone with the number of errors about the peripheral features of the scene of the colour of some items.
Other spread the same strip, but which also contained that the parcel was brown. If she found out part of the Miss about the proof of arms, but correctly remember the past being read this questions, so this indicates that when item memory is resistant to distortion.

Question 31

According to Cohen (1993)

Answer 31

People are more likely to be misled if the fourth person given concert as the answer to the main event, the fourth is given after delay, the memory event has no reason to stress it.

Question 32

Stevenson (1988)

Answer 32

Point out that the bulk of the work on ET has been carried out in the Barries and has concentrated on our people seen under fairly nonfretting conditions, or even people seen on films. In sharp contrast, the part of a study by union, Kutsu, or general of a real violent crime.
This study suggest that our memory is not eased.

Question 33

Extension reading – reconstructive memory

Answer 33

We need a theory to explain how and why memories can be.
What let develop the theory of reconstructive memory to explain how we understand the world and still new memories.
This can also be used to explain how new invasion and distal existing memories.

Question 34

What did Bartlett propose?

Answer 34

So Butler proposed that there was a different indefinitely last numbers of schemes a scheme, simplified in generalised reposition of all we know about given object event.
Ask skimmers are derived from our past officers and they operate top down weight.
We fit schemes to our sensory information.
When we do, so, we understand the object of event.
So, for example, if our Kutai markets are currently through information. We perceive a cat.

Of course, we do not have a fix of schemas which ability to change experiences, as well as develop new schemes.

Question 35

Bartlett part two

Answer 35

Memories are faithful copies of information: memories are constructed to comply with existing. If there is not a perfect match, this can distort information. Additionally, if we think about passive event again, we can instruct and change the memory. This view sees our memory as much more fluid and changeable than the passes of information presented by, MSMM.
This is part of the system with can be changed. We think about possible so that we have fitted them to a different skipper and let uses the wolf of the ghost story to demonstrate this.

Question 36

What are the other people to record the story when you use something technical production, but one person has a story to another, which Parsons?
The technique of reproduction he would ask a person tell him the story at different point in time, sometimes years after the first 

Answer 36

With both techniques, but it found that the story gets shorter half and length details that are committed so things became more conventional to.
So effort to reconstruct them memory of the story so that it makes more sense.
The fact they distorted the original story about imposing the existence is on it.
When they do this comment makes more sense babe, becomes a very more inaccurate version of the story.
It follows from the theory that distortions of information are likely to car if we have inadequate screamers from the aspect of the world, which we are trying to remember.

Question 37

Britt to explain it – human memory is not like a radio recorder. We interpret advanced existing schemes if somebody does not struggle to understand it and struggle.
It’s something fits perfectly our existence theme. We will have a very very good

Answer 37

So the wolf go rather than be like a memory like a notebook down critical details.

Question 38

Major advantages of using schemes

Answer 38

They help us the most present experiences to past experiences.
They does make the world more predictable – if we recognise the same type of event occurring again, we can predict that it would turn out the same way.
The film that when our memory is incomplete, or only part.

Question 39

Disadvantages of scammers

Answer 39

However, they have a significant distortion effect. When the schema does not much on experience, we tend to ban the information in favour of our schema. This what happened to the war of the ghost story where it was reconstructed a quarter to the schemas and that information.
Important, when is the opposite of filtered through the screamers, so that all our memory the same as true memories in the past, they will be filled to through the current scammers. When you recall them, the better than match between your presence, schemer and your memory, the left sorted your recall of the meal.

Question 40

So how does this link with Loftus?

Answer 40

But let’s few of memories as we can also take my loft with you to testimony.
Argues the evidence given witnesses in court cases is highly unreliable and nausea by the kind of questions that was asked.
No worries are you in touch as the police interrogation, suspect and witnesses of an accident