Attachment Flashcards
Reciprocity
A description of how two people interact . Caregiver-infant interaction is reciprocal in that both caregiver +baby respond to each others signals + elicts a response from the other .
International Synchrony
What is an attachment ?
An attachent cna be defined as a close two way emotional bond between two individuals in which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security .
Attachment in humans
attachment in humans takes a few months to devleop .
-We cn recognise an attachment when people display the following behaviours .
PROXIMITY - people try to stay physically close to their attachment figure .
-SEPRATION DISTESS - people sihow sings of anixety when an attachment figure leaves their presence .
-SECURE BASE BEHAVIOUR - even when we are independent of oru attachment figures ,w e end to make regular contact witht he . Babies dispal secure-bse behviour when they regularly return tot heir attachment figure while playing .
reciprocity
-from birth , babies and their mothers (or other caregivers ) spend a lot of time in ntense nd highly plesurbale interaction .
-An interaction is said to show reciproicty , when a person responds o the other and ELICITS a response fromt hem .
–For exmpla e, a caregiver might respod to his baby’s smile by saying something and then this in turn elicits a response from his aby .
-This kind reciprocal ineracion is also soemtimes called ‘turn taking @
-It is an essenital part of an conversation otherwsioe , people talk over eachother .
Alert phase
Babies have periodic a lot of faces in which they signal (example, make eye contact) that they are ready for a sped up interaction.
Research shows that mothers typically pick up on and respond to their babies and let us around 2/3 of the time. (Third and Addleman, 2007), although this varies, according to the skill of the mother external factors, such as stress.
When do babies start to show more increasingly frequent interactions?
From around three months, this interaction to become increased frequent and involve with both mother and Baby paying attention to each other, verbal signals and face expressions (failed man, 2007)
What is active involvement?
Traditional views of childhood have portrayed babies in a passive role, receiving care for an adult.
However, it seems that babies as well as caregivers actually take quite an active role. Both caregiver and Baby can initiate interactions and they appear to take turns and doing so.
T.Barry1975), describe the interaction as a “dance “because it is just like a couples dance for each partner response to the other person moves.
International synchrony
Like synchronise swimming to for us, said she synchronise when the car the same act simultaneously.
International synchrony can be defined as a temporal coordinated of my level social behaviour (Feldman, 2007).
It takes place when caregiver and Baby interact in such a way that the actions and emotions mirror the other.
International synchrony – Synchrony begins when
Andrew melts off and Keith Moore, 1977, observes the beginning of intraretinal synchrony and babies as young as two weeks old.
I don’t displayed one of the three facial expressions or one of the three distinctive gestures.
The babies response was filmed and labelled by independent service.
Babies expression and gestures were more likely to more those adults more than chance to predict That was a significant association.
International synchrony – important for attachment
It is believed that international synchrony is important for the development of caregiver – infant attachment.
Russell, Isabella ETA 1989, observed 30 mods and babies together and assessed the degree of synchrony.
The research has also assessed the quality of mother – Baby attachment.
They found that high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality – Baby attached (.G.emotional intensity of the relationship)
Evaluation – filmed observations
One strength of the research on this topic is that the caregiver interactions are usually filmed in the laboratory.
This means that other activity, that might distract the Baby, can be controlled.
Also using films means that observations can be recorded and analyse later.
Therefore is unlikely that resources will missing this.
Furthermore, having filmed interruptions means that more than one observer can record data and establish the interrater reliability of observations.
Finally, babies don’t know that they are being observed, so their behaviour does not change in response to observation. This is generally the main problem for over observations.
Therefore the day to collect insults research could have good reliability and validity.
Evaluation, limitation, difficulty, observing babies
One limitation of research into caregiver infant interaction is that his hard interpret a babies behaviour
Young babies like coordination and much of their bodies are almost in mobile. The movements being observed are just small hand movements or subtle changes and expression.
It is difficult to be sure, for example, whether a baby is smiling, or passing wind. It is also difficult to determine what is taking place from the babies perspective.
For example, we cannot know whether the movements such as a hand to it is a random or triggered by something the caregiver has done.
. This means we cannot be certain that the behaviour and caregiver her infant interactions. Have a special meeting.
Evaluation – developmental importance
A father limitation is that simply observing a behaviour does not tell us. It’s developmental importance.
Ruth, Feldman (2012), points out the ideas like synchrony (and by implication reciprocity), simply give names to patterns of observable Caregiver and baby behaviour.
These are robots phenomena in the sense that they can be reliably observed, but they still may not be a particularly useful and understanding child development as it does not tell us the purpose of these behaviours.
This means that we cannot be certain from observational research and loan that reciprocity and synchrony are important for child development.
Evaluation – developmental importance – counterpoint
There is evidence from other lines of research to suggest that early interactions are important. For example, Isabella 1989, found out the achievement of interactional synchrony predicted the development of a good quality attachment.
This means that, on balance, caregiver infant interaction is probably important in development.
Evaluation extra – practical value versus ethics
Research into early caregiver in infant interaction has practical applications in paging school training. For example, Rebecca Crotwell found out a 10 minute parent child interaction therapy improved interaction, synchrony in 20 low income, mothers and their preschool children.
On the other hand research into caregiver infant interaction is socially sensitive because it can be used to argue that when mother returns to work soon after having a baby this is damaging their babies development.
Consider: does practical value outweigh the social sensitive research?how valuable is this research?
Stages of attachment
Many developmental theories are by sequence of qualitatively different behaviours linked to a specific ages.
In the case of stages of attachment qualitative activity different infant (Baby) behaviours are linked to specific ages command all babies going to be them in the same order.
Multiple attachments
Attachments are two or more people. Most babies appear to develop multiple attachments once I have formed one strong attachment to one of the car.
Rudolph, Shaffer and Peggy Emerson started to touch behaviours and how to develop an account of how attached behaviour changes to the Baby gets older. They propose that there were full identifiable stay
A sequence which is observed in all babies
Stage one: a social stage
In a Baby’s first few weeks of its life it’s observable behaviour towards humans and animal object is very similar – hence the term asocial.
However, shuffle and Emerson did not believe that it’s entirely a social, because even at this stage, babies show science that they prefer to be with other people.
Babies also turned to show a preference for the company of familiar people, and almost easily comforted by them.
At this state, the baby is forming bond with certain people, and these formed the basis of light attachments.
Stage two indiscriminate attachment
From 2 to 7 months, Baby starts to display more obvious and observable social behaviour. They now show a clear preference of being with other humans rather than an animal object. They also recognise some further company familiar people. However, at this stage babies, you should accept, cuddles and comfort from any person – he term indiscriminate.
They do not usually show separation anxiety when caregiverslead their presence or stranger anxiety in the presence of unfamiliar people.
Size 3: specific attachment
Round 7 months, majority of babies starts display the classic signs of attachment towards one particular person. These science include anxiety, direct to strangers (strange anxiety), especially when they’re touching figure is absent, and anxiety, when separated from the attachment figure (separation, anxiety).
At this point, the Baby set up from the specific attachment. This person with whom the attachment is formed is called the primary attachment.
This person is not necessarily the individual. The child spent most time with, but the one who offered the most interactional response to the Baby signals with the most skill.
This is Baby’s mother in 65% of the cases.
Stage four multiple attachments
Surely after Baby starts to show attachment behaviour ( stranger anxiety and separation anxiety) towards one person they usually extend their behaviour to multiple attachments with other people with whom they regularly spend time.
These relationships are called secondary attachments. Shaffer and Emerson observed that 29% of the children from secondary attachments within a month of forming a primary attachment. By the age of one year, the majority of babies had developed multiple attachments.
Shuffle on Emerson‘s research
Shuffle Emerson, is there a stage theory on an observational study of the form of early infant attachments.
The specification does not require that you know the procedure details of the study, but they are useful background which may help you
Procedure – the study involves 60 babies – 31, male, 29 female. All from Glasgow and the majority work from skilled working class families. Research as visited babies and mothers in their own homes every month for the first year and again at 18 months.
The research just asked some other questions about the kind of protest. Their babies showed every day separations,.G.adults see the room (of separation, anxiety).
This was desired to measure the Baby attachment. The reset also stranger – the babies anxiety response on familiar people.
Findings to Shaffer and Emerson’s research
The data but attachments is shown in the table on the left. Shafran Emerson identified four distinct theism of development of infant attachment behaviour. These make up their stay theory (above).
Evaluation – good external validity
One strength of Saffron Emerson recess is that it had good external validity.
Most of observations (not strange anxiety) were made by parents during or no activities and report to the research.
Your alternative would have been to have research as present to record observations. This might have distracted the babies are made them feel more answers.
This means it is highly likely that the participants behaved naturally while being observed.
Evaluation – good external validity – counterpoint.
On the other hand, there are issues with asking the mothers to be observers.
They were unlikely to be objective servers. They might have been biased in terms of what they noticed, and what they reported, for example, they might not have noticed when the baby was showing signs of anxiety, or they may have Miss remembered it.
this means that even if naturally their behaviour may not have been accurately recorded.
Evaluation – Poor evidence for the asocial stage
One limitation of chauffeur and Emerson stages in the validity of the measures they used to assess attachment in the asocial state.
Young babies have poor coordination and are fairly mobile. If babies listen in two months I would felt anxiety every day situations they might have displayed this in quite a subtle heart of ways.
This may difficult for mother to serve and report back to research is on signs of anxiety and attachment in this group.
This means that babies may actually be quite social, but because of short method, they may be a social.
Evaluation – real world application
I know the strength of Shafar and Emerson stages is that they have practical application in the daycare (babies are cared for outside of their home by non-family adult). New line in the social and indiscriminate attachment stages. Daycare is likely to be straightforward as babies can be comforted by any skilled adult. However, an Emerson research tells us that daycare, especially starting daycare with an unfamiliar adult, problematic during the specific attachment study.
This means that parents use of daycare can be planned using Shaffer and Emerson, stages.
Evaluation, extra – generalisability
On the positive side to show for an Emerson space estate account on a large girl study with some good design features.
On the other hand, they only looked at one sample, which had unique features in terms of the cult of historical context – 1960s working class Glasgow.
In other cultures, for example, collective cultures, multiple attachments form a very early age, I’m more than normal.
Consider: on balance, how likely is it that Sophie and Emerson stages generalise to other populations?
Father
In attachment research, the father is anyone who takes on the role of the main male caregiver. This can be, but it’s not necessarily the biological father.
Difference between caregiver and primary attachment figure
There is a difference between a primary caregiver and a primary attachment figure.
A primary caregiver is the person who spent the most time with a baby, caring for its needs.
A primary attachment is the person to whom the baby as a strongest attachment. Often the same person fulfil the two roles were not always.
Most attachment is folks on the mother and Baby attachment, and then the father is often neglected. However, there is bruises on the specific goals for place and development.
Who says fathers can’t be primary caregivers
Attachment to fathers
Do babies actually text to fathers, and if so when ? Available evidence suggested fathers are less likely to pick up the first attachment figure compared to mothers.
Example, on the previous spread, we looked at stay so attachment based on research by Rudolph Shafter and Peggy Emerson. They found that the majority of babies first became attached their mother at around seven months. And only 3% of cases, the father was the first object of attachment.
In 27% of cases, the father was the joint first object of attachment with the mother.
However, it appears that most phones go on to become important attachment figures, 75% of babies studied by Shaun Emerson formed attachment with her father by the age of 18 months.
This was the time by the fact of the babies protested, when their father walked away – as sign of attachment.
Distinctive role of father
A different research question is whether attachment of fathers hold some specific value in a chance to development and, if so, whether it plays a different role in the child development from attachment to the mother. In other words, do male, I don’t care, give us make a unique contribution to early development?
Distinctive role of farthest, part two
Klaus Grossman carried out a longer Tudal study where babies attachments were studied until they were into their teams.
The researcher looked at both parents behaviour and its relationship to the quality of their babies later attachments to other people.
Quality of a babies attachment with mothers, but not fathers was related to attachmentsin adolescence.
This suggests that attachment to fathers is less important than attachment to mothers.
However, Grossman also found that the quality of fathers play with babies was related to the quality of adolescent attachments.
This suggested father have a different role for others – the one that is more to do with stimulation, unless to do with the emotional development.
Fathers as primary attachment figures, part one
Distinction is made between Parmly and secondary attachment figures.
On the previous spread. We describe the first specific attachment as far we attachment and attachments as secondary attachments would happen in stage four.
But there is more primary attachment than being first Baby primary attachment has special emotional significance.
A babies relationship with their primary attachment figure forms the basis of all later, close emotional relationships.
Interestingly There is some evidences suggest that when fathers do take on the role of primary caregiver, they are able to adopt emotional role more typically associated with mothers.
Fathers as primary attachment figures, part two
For example, in one study, Tiffany Field filmed four month, old babies, and face-to-face interaction with primary caregiver, our mothers, secondary caregiver fathers and primary caregiver fathers.
Primary caregiver fathers, like primary caregiver mothers, spent more time, smiling imitating, and holding babies and the secondary care, give her fathers.
Smiling, imitating, and holding babies, are all part of reciprocity and interactional synchrony, which, as we saw on page, simply five are part of the process of attachment formation (research by Isabella).
So it seems that fathers have the potential to be more emotional focused primary attachment figure – they provide the responsiveness required for a close emotional attachment. Perhaps only expresses were given the fall of primary caregiver..
Heteronormativity
The line of research focusing on the role of the father and infant development is based on the assumption that babies have two opposite sex parents. This of course is always the case.
Although the research reported here concerns fathers in two parent heterosexual partnerships, there is no suggestions from the respectable psychologist that having single parent or two same parents have any negative impact on children’s development.
Evaluation – confusion over research questions
One limitation of research into the role fathers is lack of clarity over the questions being asked.
The question “what is the role of the father in the context of attachments. It’s much more complicated than it sounds.
Some researcher attempting to answer this question actually want to understand the role of fathers, a secondary attachment figures.
But others are more concerned with fathers as primary attachment figure. The former have tended to see fathers as behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role.
The latter found that fathers can take on a mental role.
This makes a difficult to offer a simple answer as to the role of the father. Really depends what specific role is being discussed.
Evaluation – conflicting evidence
A limitation of research into the role of fathers is that findings vary according to the methodology used.
Longitudinal studies, such as that of Grossman have suggested that father as second attachment figures have an important and distinct role in their children’s development, evolving, playing, and stimulation.
However, if fathers have a distinct important role, we will expect that children growing up in single mother and lesbian. Parent families would turn out in someway different from those into parent resection families.
In fact studies (McCallum and Golombok close consistently so that these children do not develop differently from children in two parent heterosexual families.
This means that the question us to whether fathers have a distinctive remains unanswered.
Conflicting evidence – counterpoint
These lines of research may not in fact being conflict. It could be that far, simply take on distinctive roles in two parent heterosexual families, but that parent and single mother and lesbian parent families simply adapt to accommodate the role-play by fathers.
This means that the question of a distinctive role for fathers is clear after all. One present, father to adopt distinctive role, but families can adapt to not having a father.
Evaluation of real world application
One strength of research into the role of fathers is that it can be used to offer advice to parents.
Parents and prospective parents sometimes organise over decisions like who should take on the primary caregiver role.
For some this can even mean worrying about whether they’re having children at all.
Mothers, may feel pressured to stay at home because of the disturb typical views of mothers and fathers.
Equally fathers may be pressure to focus on work rather than parenting.
Some families this may not be economically the best solution. Research into the role of the father can be used to be offer. Reassuring advice to parents.
For example, heterosexual parents can be informed our fathers are quite capable of becoming primary attachment figures.
Also lesbian, parent and single mother. Families can be informed that not having a father around does not affect a child development. This means that parental anxiety by the roles of fathers can be reduced. reduced.
Evaluation extra bias in this research
Preconceptions about fathers do what should be behave, can be created by the physical accounts and images of parenting role and behaviour, for example, those using advertising.
These stereotypes (fathers are not private fathers district off) may cause unintentional observer bias by observers, see what they expect to see them, recording objective reality.
Consider: what extent do you think that this might have been a problem for studies discussed on the spread?
Animal studies
Animal studies psychology, teacher studies card On nonhumans your epic walk or practical reasons.
Because animals breed faster and research is that interest in seeing results across more than one generation of animals.
Lorenz’s research
In the early 20th century, a number of apologists conducted animal studies of the relationships between newborn animals and their mothers. The observations inform psychologist understanding of caregiver infant attachment she was. One of the most popular authorities were Conrad Lawrence
Imprinting – Laurens (1952), first observed the phenomenon of imprinting
When he was a child, and a neighbour gave him a newly hatched ducklings that then followed him around.
Procedure – as an adult researcher, Lauren set up a classic experiment in which he randomly divided a large clutch of goose eggs.
Half the eggs were hatched with the mother Goose in their natural environment. The other hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was Lorenz.
Findings of the Loren study
The incubator group followed Laurens everywhere. Where is the control group, had in the presence of the mother come on follow Todd.
When the two groups of mixed up the control group continue to follow the mother of experimental group followed Lawrence.
– This process is called imprinting come on whereby species that on mobile from Bath (like Ethan box) attached to follow the first moving object, they see .
Lorenz identified a critical period, in which imprinting need to take place. Depending on the species, this can be as brief as a few hours of the hatching (or Birth). If I’m printing, the thought occurred within that time, Laurens van that chicks did not attach themselves to a mother figure.
.
Sexual imprinting
Lawrence also investigated the relationship between imprinting and adult mate preferences. He observed that bad is that imprinted on a human, but often they display courtship behaviour towards humans.
In a case study at Laurens (1952) described a peacock that had been afraid in the reptile house opposite of where the first moving object, the peacocks or after hatching Were giant tortoises.
As an adult, this bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards giant tortoises. Lawrence concluded that this Peacock Had undergone sexual imprinting.
Harlow’s research
Harry Harlow carried out, perhaps the most important animal research in terms of informing all understanding attachment. Hollow worked with rhesus monkeys, which are much more similar to humans than Lorenz birds .
The importance of contact comfort
Harlow served. The newborns, kept a load of the birdcage often died, but That they usually survive, just given something soft like a cloth to cuddle.
Procedure of contact comfort
Harlow (1958), tested the idea that a soft object Serves some of the functions of a mother. In one experiment, he rude, 16, baby monkeys with two white model models. In one condition, local suspense by the plane, why am other players in a second condition of the local suspense by the club, mother.
The importance of contact comfort – findings
The baby monkeys cuddle, the cloth covered mother in preference to the plane by Amador, until comfort from the class, 115 Todd (by Noizy mechanical teddy bear), regardless of which mother dispense milk. This showed that contact comfort was one of the most important, the monkeys, then food when it came to the attachment behaviour.
Maternally deprived monkeys as adults
Harlow and colleagues also followed The monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if this Early maternal deprivation had a problem, perfect. The researchers found a severe consequences. The monkey rude with the plane why mothers only were the most dysfunctional.
However, even those red with a cloth covered mother did not develop normal social behaviour.
These deprived monkeys were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and a bread less often than is typical for monkey Being unskilled at meeting. When they became mothers, some of the deprived monkeys neglected, their young and others attacked their children, even killing them in some cases.
The critical period from normal development
I like Lawrence, hollow concluded that there was a critical period for attachment formation – a mother figure had to be introduced to a young monkey within 90 days for an attachment to form. After this time, attachment was impossible and the damage done by Adi deprivation became irreversible .
Evaluation – research support
One strength of Laurens, this research is existence of support for the concert in Princy. I study by Lusia regular and Georgia value of the tiger or supports the words are there in person. Cheeks exposed to simple shape, combinations that moved, such as triangle with a rectangle informed. Arrange a sheep combinations, but then moved in front of them And they followed the original most closely.
This supports the view that young animals are born with a mechanism to imprint on a moving object present in the critical window of development, as predicted by Lorenzo. 
Evaluation – generalisability to humans
One limitation of Lorenzo studies ability to generalise findings, inclusions from bad to humans phone. The marmalade attachment system is quite different and more complex than that in bed. For example, in mammals attachment is a two-way process, so it is not just a young you become detached, but the mother is also become attached to the show and emotional ties into the young. This means that it’s probably not appropriate to generalise Lorences ideas to humans.
Evaluation extra -Applications to understanding human behaviour
Although human attachment is very different from that in birds, there have been attempts to use the idea that some cards in Princy explains in behaviour. Free sample, Peter C back (2005) suggested that computer uses exhibit Baby, docs of which is attached to a form to the first computer, operating system, leading them to reject the others.
Consider: to what extent is imprinted get useful, I don’t humans.
Evaluation – real world value
One strength of hollows research is, it’s important real-world applications, for example.
For example, it has Help social workers and clinical psychologist understand that a lack of bonding experience may be a risk factor in child development along them to intervene to prevent pull up homes. We also not understand the importance of attachment figures for baby monkeys in zoos and breeding programs in the world. This means that the value policy says it’s not hysterical, but also practical.
Generalisability to humans
One limitation of horrors versus is the ability to generalise findings and conclusions from monkeys to humans.
Recess monkeys are much more similar to humans and Lorenzo birds and all my Muslim, attachment behaviour. However, the human right as you can, but if it’s still more complex than of monkeys. This means that it’s not appropriate to generalise. Harlow is fine and the humans.
