Schizophrenia Flashcards
What is Schizophrenia?
the mental disorder which disrupts though process, perception, social interaction and emotional responsiveness
Is schizophrenia treatable?
Yes, it is a treatable disorder with treatment more effective in initial stages.
What percentage of people with schizophrenia aren’t receiving appropriate care?
Over 50% of people with schizophrenia aren’t retrieving appropriate care.
What is the treatment situation in developing countries for schizophrenia?
90% of people aren’t being treated in developing countries.
How was mental illness referred to before the 19th century?
Mental illness was referred to as idiocy, dementia, mania, and melancholia.
Who divided functional psychosis into two classes?
Kraepelin divided functional psychosis into manic-depressive psychosis and dementia praecox.
What does ‘dementia praecox’ refer to?
It refers to a steady downhill course leading to chronic impairment, later renamed ‘schizophrenia’ by Bleuler.
What does the term ‘schizophrenia’ mean?
‘Schizophrenia’ translates to ‘shattered mind’ and indicates that the constituent parts of the mind are disconnected, not split personality.
What are the two types of symptoms in schizophrenia?
Positive symptoms, which add to an individual’s reality, and negative symptoms, which take away from reality.
What are examples of positive symptoms?
Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and disorganized/catatonic behavior.
What are examples of negative symptoms?
Flattened affect and avolition.
What are the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?
Characteristic symptoms, social/occupational dysfunction, duration of at least 6 months, schizoaffective and mood disorder exclusion, general medical condition exclusion, and relationship to a pervasive development disorder.
What is the typical onset age for schizophrenia?
Onset typically occurs in early adulthood.
Which gender is more frequently affected by schizophrenia?
Men are affected more frequently, severely, and earlier.
What is the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia?
The lifetime risk is approximately 1%.
What is the annual incidence of schizophrenia?
The annual incidence is 15 per 100,000.
What percentage of patients with schizophrenia attempt suicide?
30% of patients attempt at least once during their lifetime.
What is the risk of developing schizophrenia for first-degree relatives?
The risk is 2-9% for first-degree relatives.
What do twin studies suggest about schizophrenia?
Monozygotic twins show 50% concordance, while dizygotic twins show 4%, suggesting genetic factors are important.
What are some environmental factors associated with schizophrenia?
Season of birth, influenza during pregnancy, maternal malnutrition, complications during pregnancy, and stress during pregnancy.
What is the relationship between urban living and schizophrenia?
People living in urban areas are more likely to develop schizophrenia due to feelings of isolation.
What is expressed emotion in the context of schizophrenia?
Expressed emotion measures criticism, hostility, warmth, and emotional over-involvement in families.
What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is caused by an excess of dopamine in the brain.
What evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis?
Evidence includes amphetamine psychosis, Parkinson’s disease, and the effectiveness of antipsychotic medication.
What are the side effects of antipsychotic medication?
Side effects can include Parkinsonian symptoms.
What does the original dopamine hypothesis explain?
It explains that excessive dopamine activity causes positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
What is a side effect of antipsychotic treatment?
Parkinsonian symptoms.
What is the correlation between clinical dose and DA receptor blockade?
There is a strong correlation; however, when all DA receptors are blocked, schizophrenia (sz) persists.
What does the original Dopamine Hypothesis state?
Excessive DA activity causes positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
How do typical antipsychotics work?
They work by blocking DA receptors.
What side effect do typical antipsychotics explain?
The Parkinson’s side effect of treatment.
What does the original Dopamine Hypothesis not explain?
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
What are atypical antipsychotic medications?
A new generation of antipsychotic drugs like Clozapine introduced in the 1970s.
How do atypical antipsychotics compare to typical ones?
They are as effective as older typical antipsychotic medications, more effective in treatment-resistant cases, and for negative symptoms.
What are the side effects of atypical antipsychotics?
They show fewer extrapyramidal side effects.
What is a characteristic of atypical antipsychotics regarding DA blocking?
They showed weaker DA blocking.
What additional action do atypical antipsychotics have?
They act as serotonin receptor antagonists.
What does the mesolimbic pathway control?
Pleasure and motivation; increased DA causes positive symptoms.
What does the mesocortical pathway control?
Memory, attention, problem solving, motivation, and emotional response; a decrease in DA causes negative symptoms.
How does serotonin affect the mesocortical DA system?
Serotonin inhibits activity in the mesocortical DA system.
What is the revised DA hypothesis?
Overactivity of the DA mesolimbic pathway causes positive symptoms, while underactivity of the DA mesocortical pathway causes negative symptoms.
How do both typical and atypical antipsychotics affect positive symptoms?
They block dopamine, decrease mesolimbic activity, and reduce positive symptoms.
What do atypical antipsychotics do to the mesocortical pathway?
They block serotonin antagonists, reduce inhibition, increase mesocortical activity, and reduce negative symptoms.
What is recommended as initial treatment for schizophrenia?
Pharmacological intervention to block DA.
How quickly do antipsychotics reduce anxiety symptoms?
They reduce feelings of anxiety within hours but take days or weeks to reduce other symptoms.
What are examples of atypical and typical antipsychotics?
Atypical - clozapine; Typical - chlorpromazine.
What side effects do both atypical and typical antipsychotics cause?
They can cause side effects like tremors and weight gain.
What is the focus of psychological intervention for schizophrenia?
Targeting negative symptoms and helping people cope with positive symptoms.
What are some types of psychological interventions?
CBT, Family Therapy, and Art Therapy.
How is psychological intervention best used in treating Sz?
It is best combined with antipsychotic treatment.
