Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
Conditions that develop at early stages of development.
What are the three main conditions of neurodevelopmental disorders?
- Intellectual disability 2. Autism spectrum disorder 3. Specific learning difficulties.
What characterizes intellectual disability?
Deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning, with an IQ less than 70.
What is the prevalence of intellectual disability?
1-5%.
What are some prenatal causes of intellectual disability?
Chromosomal issues (e.g., Down syndrome), genetic factors (e.g., fragile X), biomedical factors (e.g., bacterial meningitis), and environmental factors (e.g., asphyxia).
What are some postnatal causes of intellectual disability?
Biomedical (e.g., meningitis), environmental (e.g., head injury), and psychosocial (e.g., child abuse).
What does autism impact?
How individuals communicate, learn, and interact with each other.
What are some differences in social interactions for individuals with autism?
Echolalia, not understanding or using gestures, and inappropriate facial expressions.
What are characteristics of restricted interests and repetitive behavior in autism?
Interest in specific areas and insistence on sameness.
What are some biological factors associated with autism?
Genetics (monozygotic twin concordance of 88%) and brain structure differences.
What cognitive factors are implicated in autism?
Issues with executive functioning.
What is the theory of mind in relation to autism?
Autistic individuals have difficulties putting themselves in someone else’s shoes.
What is the evidence regarding the MMR vaccine and autism?
Limited evidence claims of a link are discredited.
What are the two categories of specific learning disabilities?
Learning disorders and communication disorders.
What is dyslexia?
A learning disorder characterized by poor spelling and slow reading.
What are some causes of dyslexia?
Genetic factors - high concordance in MZ
phonological theory - difficulty associating sounds of words with written letters
What are communication disorders?
Language disorders such as stuttering and repetition of sounds.
What causes communication disorders?
Physical differences, genetic factors (heritability of 70%), and emotional factors related to anxiety.
What is the gold-standard assessment for autism?
Parent interview, observation of social-communication skills, and physical examination.
What does the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule assess?
Communication, social interaction, play, and repetitive behavior.
What are the goals of intervention for neurodevelopmental conditions?
Reduction of risk factors, support for behavior and skills development, and mental health support.
What skills are developed to support individuals with intellectual disabilities?
Communication skills, living skills, feeding and dressing, and toilet training.
What are visual schedules used for?
To help communicate when attention, food, or preferred items will be available.
What does communication-focused intervention involve?
Working with parents to develop communication skills using video feedback.
What is the skill development approach?
Upskilling individuals and providing resources for daily activities and engagement.
What are inclusion strategies for individuals with intellectual disabilities?
Shifting from institutionalized care to community-based approaches.
What support is provided for transitions to university for autistic youth?
Summer autistic school with lectures, education, and social opportunities.
What percentage of individuals with intellectual disabilities show challenging behavior?
10-20%.
What is pharmacotherapy used for in neurodevelopmental conditions?
Prescribed for challenging behavior, often involving antipsychotics.
What are some side effects associated with antipsychotics?
Weight gain, fatigue, and drowsiness.
What do operant reinforcement models explain? in neurodevelopmental disorders
They explain the learning association between behavior and consequences.
What is the purpose of teaching replacement behaviors?
To manage challenging behavior through assessment and intervention.
What is parent-led intervention for behavior management?
Effective for autistic children, aiming to decrease disruptive behavior and increase positive behavior.
What is the mental health risk for individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions?
Higher risk of mental health problems.
What mental health conditions are prevalent in individuals with autism?
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent.
What modifications are made for adapted CBT for individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions?
Concrete examples, slower pace, and clear goals.
What is a common presentation of anxiety in autistic children?
Linked to changes in routine and specific phobias.
