Depression

Question 1

What is commonly mistaken for depression in everyday life?

Answer 1

Depression is usually used as a synonym for sadness.

Question 2

What is anhedonia?

Answer 2

Anhedonia is a symptom of depression that involves a lack of interest or pleasure in activities.

Question 3

What are the emotional symptoms of depression?

Answer 3

Symptoms include feeling hopeless, dejected, discouraged, and often tearful.

Question 4

What are the motivational symptoms of depression?

Answer 4

Symptoms include lack of interest, lack of initiative, and anhedonia.

Question 5

What are the behavioral symptoms of depression?

Answer 5

Symptoms include slowed response, fatigue, and inactivity.

Question 6

What are the physical symptoms of depression?

Answer 6

Symptoms include insomnia/hypersomnia, loss of appetite, and loss of sex drive.

Question 7

What are the cognitive symptoms of depression?

Answer 7

Symptoms include negative thoughts, pessimism, and feelings of guilt, shame, or worthlessness.

Question 8

What are the types of mood disorders?

Answer 8

Types include major depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, and depression-related disorders.

Question 9

What is hypomania?

Answer 9

Hypomania is characterized by an extremely happy mood, talkativeness, and high energy.

Question 10

What is mania?

Answer 10

Mania involves feelings of invincibility, boundless energy, and racing thoughts.

Question 11

What are the symptoms of acute mania?

Answer 11

Symptoms may include delusions, confusion, anxiety, and psychosis.

Question 12

What are the DSM-5 criteria for Major Depression?

Answer 12

At least 5 symptoms must be present, including fatigue, insomnia, lack of interest, and depressed mood. Symptoms should not be due to substance use or better explained by other disorders.

Question 13

What is dysthymia?

Answer 13

Dysthymia involves depressive moods for at least 2 years with at least two of the following: poor appetite/overeating, insomnia/hypersomnia, low self-esteem, and feelings of hopelessness.

Question 14

How common is Major Depression (MDD)?

Answer 14

WHO estimated around 350 million people worldwide will experience MDD, with a lifetime prevalence rate of 8-18%.

Question 15

What is the gender difference in MDD prevalence?

Answer 15

MDD is twice as common in females than in males.

Question 16

What are the consequences of MDD?

Answer 16

Consequences include disruption of occupational/educational functioning, relationship problems, and cognitive impairments.

Question 17

What is the relationship between depression and mortality?

Answer 17

Depression increases the risk of suicide and influences death rates from other causes.

Question 18

What are the biological factors that cause MDD?

Answer 18

Biological factors include genetic factors, neurotransmitter imbalances, changes in brain structures, and hormonal influences.

Question 19

What is the role of neurotransmitters in depression?

Answer 19

Depression is linked to low levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, affecting mood, appetite, and cognitive function.

Question 20

What psychological factors contribute to MDD?

Answer 20

Psychological factors include psychodynamic influences, learned helplessness, and negative cognitive schemas.

Question 21

What is bipolar disorder?

Answer 21

Bipolar disorder involves manic episodes characterized by elevated mood and increased energy, along with depressive episodes.

Question 22

How common is bipolar disorder?

Answer 22

1% of the population will be diagnosed with bipolar disorder at some point in their lives.

Question 23

What are the consequences of bipolar disorder?

Answer 23

Consequences include loss of social/occupational functioning and high rates of substance abuse and suicide.

Question 24

What are the biological causes of bipolar disorder?

Answer 24

Causes include genetic factors, brain function abnormalities, and neurotransmitter imbalances.

Question 25

What are the pharmacological treatments for MDD?

Answer 25

Antidepressants include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Question 26

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Answer 26

ECT is an effective treatment for severe depression, particularly in treatment-resistant cases.

Question 27

When was ECT developed?

Answer 27

ECT was developed in the 30s after observations of depressed epilepsy patients.

Question 28

What conditions is ECT used for?

Answer 28

ECT is used in chronic treatment-resistant depression, where suicide is a risk, and occasionally for depression in bipolar disorder.

Question 29

What are the improvement rates for MDD and BD with ECT?

Answer 29

Significant improvements in MDD are 74% and in BD are 77%, but there is a high relapse rate of approximately 50%.

Question 30

What are potential side effects of ECT?

Answer 30

ECT may be associated with memory impairment, retrograde, and anterograde amnesia.

Question 31

How does ECT work?

Answer 31

ECT is believed to cause changes in neuroplasticity, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, functional connectivity, neuroendocrine function, and possibly epigenetic processes.

Question 32

What is Anterior Cingulotomy used for?

Answer 32

Anterior Cingulotomy is currently used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and intractable pain.

Question 33

How does Anterior Cingulotomy work?

Answer 33

It involves creating bilateral lesions to the anterior cingulate bundle, associated with high activity in the left sub-genial prefrontal cortex and the left thalamus.

Question 34

What methods are used to create lesions in Anterior Cingulotomy?

Answer 34

Lesions are created using superheated electrodes to burn out fibers, with lesion sites located using MRI.

Question 35

What are the effects of Anterior Cingulotomy?

Answer 35

It is effective for depression but may be associated with impairment in inhibition, emotional recognition, and social interference.

Question 36

What are the two treatments used for anti-manic effects in bipolar disorder?

Answer 36

The two treatments are lithium carbonate and anticonvulsants.

Question 37

What is the effectiveness of lithium in treating bipolar disorder?

Answer 37

Lithium is effective in treating mania and preventing depressive episodes.

Question 38

What are the relapse rates for lithium and valproate?

Answer 38

The relapse rate is 59% for lithium and 69% for valproate, but less so for combined therapy.

Question 39

What are some side effects associated with lithium?

Answer 39

Lithium is associated with side effects such as tremor and can be toxic in higher doses, posing a risk of suicide.

Question 40

What is the focus of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?

Answer 40

IPT focuses on present-day interactions between the depressed individual and significant others.

Question 41

What is the assumption behind IPT?

Answer 41

The assumption is that depression is a consequence of self-imposed social isolation from healthy relationships.

Question 42

What is the aim of IPT?

Answer 42

The aim of IPT is to enable patients to identify maladaptive social functioning and develop more beneficial methods of interacting and communicating with others.

Question 43

What are the stages of Behaviour Activation Therapy (BAT)?

Answer 43

Stages of BAT include assessing the function of depressed behavior, increasing frequency and reinforcement of healthy behavior, identifying behavioral goals, and generating an activity hierarchy from easiest to hardest.

Question 44

What does Cognitive Therapy (CT) aim to address?

Answer 44

CT aims to challenge negative automatic thoughts and alter maladaptive beliefs held in the schema.

Question 45

What did Mello 2010 report about IPT?

Answer 45

Mello 2010 reported that IPT was as effective as drug therapy for depression and superior to CBT.

Question 46

What are the findings regarding CBT and IPT for different severity levels of depression?

Answer 46

IPT and CBT are effective for mild to moderate depression, but CBT is better than IPT for severe depression.

Question 47

What does CT aim to facilitate for patients with bipolar disorder?

Answer 47

CT aims to facilitate adjustment to the disorder and its treatment, enhance medication adherence, improve self-esteem and self-image, reduce maladaptive behavior, and recognize and modify psycho-bio-social factors affecting daily functioning.

Question 48

What did the meta-analysis reveal about CBT for BPD?

Answer 48

The meta-analysis revealed that CBT is effective in reducing depressive symptoms and the severity of mania, but some evidence suggests it may not effectively reduce symptoms of BPD.

Question 49

What was compared in Miklowitz 2007's study?

Answer 49

Miklowitz 2007 compared IPT, CBT, and family-focused therapy as adjuncts to pharmacological therapy, finding that all forms of psychotherapy increased recovery rates and prevented relapse with no differences between therapy forms.