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Bsc Psychology Year 1 PY1506 > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

1
Q

What is commonly mistaken for depression in everyday life?

A

Depression is usually used as a synonym for sadness.

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2
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Anhedonia is a symptom of depression that involves a lack of interest or pleasure in activities.

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3
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of depression?

A

Symptoms include feeling hopeless, dejected, discouraged, and often tearful.

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4
Q

What are the motivational symptoms of depression?

A

Symptoms include lack of interest, lack of initiative, and anhedonia.

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5
Q

What are the behavioral symptoms of depression?

A

Symptoms include slowed response, fatigue, and inactivity.

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6
Q

What are the physical symptoms of depression?

A

Symptoms include insomnia/hypersomnia, loss of appetite, and loss of sex drive.

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7
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of depression?

A

Symptoms include negative thoughts, pessimism, and feelings of guilt, shame, or worthlessness.

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8
Q

What are the types of mood disorders?

A

Types include major depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, and depression-related disorders.

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9
Q

What is hypomania?

A

Hypomania is characterized by an extremely happy mood, talkativeness, and high energy.

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10
Q

What is mania?

A

Mania involves feelings of invincibility, boundless energy, and racing thoughts.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of acute mania?

A

Symptoms may include delusions, confusion, anxiety, and psychosis.

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12
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for Major Depression?

A

At least 5 symptoms must be present, including fatigue, insomnia, lack of interest, and depressed mood. Symptoms should not be due to substance use or better explained by other disorders.

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13
Q

What is dysthymia?

A

Dysthymia involves depressive moods for at least 2 years with at least two of the following: poor appetite/overeating, insomnia/hypersomnia, low self-esteem, and feelings of hopelessness.

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14
Q

How common is Major Depression (MDD)?

A

WHO estimated around 350 million people worldwide will experience MDD, with a lifetime prevalence rate of 8-18%.

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15
Q

What is the gender difference in MDD prevalence?

A

MDD is twice as common in females than in males.

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16
Q

What are the consequences of MDD?

A

Consequences include disruption of occupational/educational functioning, relationship problems, and cognitive impairments.

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17
Q

What is the relationship between depression and mortality?

A

Depression increases the risk of suicide and influences death rates from other causes.

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18
Q

What are the biological factors that cause MDD?

A

Biological factors include genetic factors, neurotransmitter imbalances, changes in brain structures, and hormonal influences.

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19
Q

What is the role of neurotransmitters in depression?

A

Depression is linked to low levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, affecting mood, appetite, and cognitive function.

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20
Q

What psychological factors contribute to MDD?

A

Psychological factors include psychodynamic influences, learned helplessness, and negative cognitive schemas.

21
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

Bipolar disorder involves manic episodes characterized by elevated mood and increased energy, along with depressive episodes.

22
Q

How common is bipolar disorder?

A

1% of the population will be diagnosed with bipolar disorder at some point in their lives.

23
Q

What are the consequences of bipolar disorder?

A

Consequences include loss of social/occupational functioning and high rates of substance abuse and suicide.

24
Q

What are the biological causes of bipolar disorder?

A

Causes include genetic factors, brain function abnormalities, and neurotransmitter imbalances.

25
Q

What are the pharmacological treatments for MDD?

A

Antidepressants include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

26
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A

ECT is an effective treatment for severe depression, particularly in treatment-resistant cases.

27
Q

When was ECT developed?

A

ECT was developed in the 30s after observations of depressed epilepsy patients.

28
Q

What conditions is ECT used for?

A

ECT is used in chronic treatment-resistant depression, where suicide is a risk, and occasionally for depression in bipolar disorder.

29
Q

What are the improvement rates for MDD and BD with ECT?

A

Significant improvements in MDD are 74% and in BD are 77%, but there is a high relapse rate of approximately 50%.

30
Q

What are potential side effects of ECT?

A

ECT may be associated with memory impairment, retrograde, and anterograde amnesia.

31
Q

How does ECT work?

A

ECT is believed to cause changes in neuroplasticity, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, functional connectivity, neuroendocrine function, and possibly epigenetic processes.

32
Q

What is Anterior Cingulotomy used for?

A

Anterior Cingulotomy is currently used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and intractable pain.

33
Q

How does Anterior Cingulotomy work?

A

It involves creating bilateral lesions to the anterior cingulate bundle, associated with high activity in the left sub-genial prefrontal cortex and the left thalamus.

34
Q

What methods are used to create lesions in Anterior Cingulotomy?

A

Lesions are created using superheated electrodes to burn out fibers, with lesion sites located using MRI.

35
Q

What are the effects of Anterior Cingulotomy?

A

It is effective for depression but may be associated with impairment in inhibition, emotional recognition, and social interference.

36
Q

What are the two treatments used for anti-manic effects in bipolar disorder?

A

The two treatments are lithium carbonate and anticonvulsants.

37
Q

What is the effectiveness of lithium in treating bipolar disorder?

A

Lithium is effective in treating mania and preventing depressive episodes.

38
Q

What are the relapse rates for lithium and valproate?

A

The relapse rate is 59% for lithium and 69% for valproate, but less so for combined therapy.

39
Q

What are some side effects associated with lithium?

A

Lithium is associated with side effects such as tremor and can be toxic in higher doses, posing a risk of suicide.

40
Q

What is the focus of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?

A

IPT focuses on present-day interactions between the depressed individual and significant others.

41
Q

What is the assumption behind IPT?

A

The assumption is that depression is a consequence of self-imposed social isolation from healthy relationships.

42
Q

What is the aim of IPT?

A

The aim of IPT is to enable patients to identify maladaptive social functioning and develop more beneficial methods of interacting and communicating with others.

43
Q

What are the stages of Behaviour Activation Therapy (BAT)?

A

Stages of BAT include assessing the function of depressed behavior, increasing frequency and reinforcement of healthy behavior, identifying behavioral goals, and generating an activity hierarchy from easiest to hardest.

44
Q

What does Cognitive Therapy (CT) aim to address?

A

CT aims to challenge negative automatic thoughts and alter maladaptive beliefs held in the schema.

45
Q

What did Mello 2010 report about IPT?

A

Mello 2010 reported that IPT was as effective as drug therapy for depression and superior to CBT.

46
Q

What are the findings regarding CBT and IPT for different severity levels of depression?

A

IPT and CBT are effective for mild to moderate depression, but CBT is better than IPT for severe depression.

47
Q

What does CT aim to facilitate for patients with bipolar disorder?

A

CT aims to facilitate adjustment to the disorder and its treatment, enhance medication adherence, improve self-esteem and self-image, reduce maladaptive behavior, and recognize and modify psycho-bio-social factors affecting daily functioning.

48
Q

What did the meta-analysis reveal about CBT for BPD?

A

The meta-analysis revealed that CBT is effective in reducing depressive symptoms and the severity of mania, but some evidence suggests it may not effectively reduce symptoms of BPD.

49
Q

What was compared in Miklowitz 2007’s study?

A

Miklowitz 2007 compared IPT, CBT, and family-focused therapy as adjuncts to pharmacological therapy, finding that all forms of psychotherapy increased recovery rates and prevented relapse with no differences between therapy forms.

Bsc Psychology Year 1 PY1506 (8 decks)

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