Depression Flashcards
What is commonly mistaken for depression in everyday life?
Depression is usually used as a synonym for sadness.
What is anhedonia?
Anhedonia is a symptom of depression that involves a lack of interest or pleasure in activities.
What are the emotional symptoms of depression?
Symptoms include feeling hopeless, dejected, discouraged, and often tearful.
What are the motivational symptoms of depression?
Symptoms include lack of interest, lack of initiative, and anhedonia.
What are the behavioral symptoms of depression?
Symptoms include slowed response, fatigue, and inactivity.
What are the physical symptoms of depression?
Symptoms include insomnia/hypersomnia, loss of appetite, and loss of sex drive.
What are the cognitive symptoms of depression?
Symptoms include negative thoughts, pessimism, and feelings of guilt, shame, or worthlessness.
What are the types of mood disorders?
Types include major depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, and depression-related disorders.
What is hypomania?
Hypomania is characterized by an extremely happy mood, talkativeness, and high energy.
What is mania?
Mania involves feelings of invincibility, boundless energy, and racing thoughts.
What are the symptoms of acute mania?
Symptoms may include delusions, confusion, anxiety, and psychosis.
What are the DSM-5 criteria for Major Depression?
At least 5 symptoms must be present, including fatigue, insomnia, lack of interest, and depressed mood. Symptoms should not be due to substance use or better explained by other disorders.
What is dysthymia?
Dysthymia involves depressive moods for at least 2 years with at least two of the following: poor appetite/overeating, insomnia/hypersomnia, low self-esteem, and feelings of hopelessness.
How common is Major Depression (MDD)?
WHO estimated around 350 million people worldwide will experience MDD, with a lifetime prevalence rate of 8-18%.
What is the gender difference in MDD prevalence?
MDD is twice as common in females than in males.
What are the consequences of MDD?
Consequences include disruption of occupational/educational functioning, relationship problems, and cognitive impairments.
What is the relationship between depression and mortality?
Depression increases the risk of suicide and influences death rates from other causes.
What are the biological factors that cause MDD?
Biological factors include genetic factors, neurotransmitter imbalances, changes in brain structures, and hormonal influences.
What is the role of neurotransmitters in depression?
Depression is linked to low levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, affecting mood, appetite, and cognitive function.
What psychological factors contribute to MDD?
Psychological factors include psychodynamic influences, learned helplessness, and negative cognitive schemas.
What is bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder involves manic episodes characterized by elevated mood and increased energy, along with depressive episodes.
How common is bipolar disorder?
1% of the population will be diagnosed with bipolar disorder at some point in their lives.
What are the consequences of bipolar disorder?
Consequences include loss of social/occupational functioning and high rates of substance abuse and suicide.
What are the biological causes of bipolar disorder?
Causes include genetic factors, brain function abnormalities, and neurotransmitter imbalances.
What are the pharmacological treatments for MDD?
Antidepressants include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
ECT is an effective treatment for severe depression, particularly in treatment-resistant cases.
When was ECT developed?
ECT was developed in the 30s after observations of depressed epilepsy patients.
What conditions is ECT used for?
ECT is used in chronic treatment-resistant depression, where suicide is a risk, and occasionally for depression in bipolar disorder.
What are the improvement rates for MDD and BD with ECT?
Significant improvements in MDD are 74% and in BD are 77%, but there is a high relapse rate of approximately 50%.
What are potential side effects of ECT?
ECT may be associated with memory impairment, retrograde, and anterograde amnesia.
How does ECT work?
ECT is believed to cause changes in neuroplasticity, neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, functional connectivity, neuroendocrine function, and possibly epigenetic processes.
What is Anterior Cingulotomy used for?
Anterior Cingulotomy is currently used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and intractable pain.
How does Anterior Cingulotomy work?
It involves creating bilateral lesions to the anterior cingulate bundle, associated with high activity in the left sub-genial prefrontal cortex and the left thalamus.
What methods are used to create lesions in Anterior Cingulotomy?
Lesions are created using superheated electrodes to burn out fibers, with lesion sites located using MRI.
What are the effects of Anterior Cingulotomy?
It is effective for depression but may be associated with impairment in inhibition, emotional recognition, and social interference.
What are the two treatments used for anti-manic effects in bipolar disorder?
The two treatments are lithium carbonate and anticonvulsants.
What is the effectiveness of lithium in treating bipolar disorder?
Lithium is effective in treating mania and preventing depressive episodes.
What are the relapse rates for lithium and valproate?
The relapse rate is 59% for lithium and 69% for valproate, but less so for combined therapy.
What are some side effects associated with lithium?
Lithium is associated with side effects such as tremor and can be toxic in higher doses, posing a risk of suicide.
What is the focus of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
IPT focuses on present-day interactions between the depressed individual and significant others.
What is the assumption behind IPT?
The assumption is that depression is a consequence of self-imposed social isolation from healthy relationships.
What is the aim of IPT?
The aim of IPT is to enable patients to identify maladaptive social functioning and develop more beneficial methods of interacting and communicating with others.
What are the stages of Behaviour Activation Therapy (BAT)?
Stages of BAT include assessing the function of depressed behavior, increasing frequency and reinforcement of healthy behavior, identifying behavioral goals, and generating an activity hierarchy from easiest to hardest.
What does Cognitive Therapy (CT) aim to address?
CT aims to challenge negative automatic thoughts and alter maladaptive beliefs held in the schema.
What did Mello 2010 report about IPT?
Mello 2010 reported that IPT was as effective as drug therapy for depression and superior to CBT.
What are the findings regarding CBT and IPT for different severity levels of depression?
IPT and CBT are effective for mild to moderate depression, but CBT is better than IPT for severe depression.
What does CT aim to facilitate for patients with bipolar disorder?
CT aims to facilitate adjustment to the disorder and its treatment, enhance medication adherence, improve self-esteem and self-image, reduce maladaptive behavior, and recognize and modify psycho-bio-social factors affecting daily functioning.
What did the meta-analysis reveal about CBT for BPD?
The meta-analysis revealed that CBT is effective in reducing depressive symptoms and the severity of mania, but some evidence suggests it may not effectively reduce symptoms of BPD.
What was compared in Miklowitz 2007’s study?
Miklowitz 2007 compared IPT, CBT, and family-focused therapy as adjuncts to pharmacological therapy, finding that all forms of psychotherapy increased recovery rates and prevented relapse with no differences between therapy forms.
