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Bsc Psychology Year 1 PY1506 > Anxiety Disorder > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between anxiety and fear?

A

Anxiety is related to but distinct from fear.

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2
Q

How is fear defined?

A

Fear is distress about specific dangerous objects or situations.

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3
Q

How is anxiety defined?

A

Anxiety is the feeling of unease about unspecified danger.

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4
Q

What is the nature of anxiety compared to fear?

A

Anxiety shares the same multidimensional nature as fear, consisting of cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral elements.

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5
Q

What are some somatic symptoms of anxiety?

A

Fast or irregular heartbeat, hyperventilating, muscle tension, trembling, sleep disturbance (insomnia).

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6
Q

What emotions are associated with anxiety?

A

Feelings of apprehension, panic, and dread.

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7
Q

What are the behavioral aspects of anxiety?

A

Involuntary behaviors such as sweating, blushing, and goosebumps, and voluntary behaviors such as running away.

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8
Q

What cognitive aspects distinguish fear from anxiety?

A

In fear, there is an appraisal of imminent danger; in anxiety, there is an expectation of diffuse and uncertain danger.

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9
Q

What characterizes anxiety?

A

Anxiety is characterized by catastrophic worry, hypervigilance, and intrusive thoughts.

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10
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A

Anxiety disorders are characterized by intense levels of anxiety.

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11
Q

What are some symptoms of anxiety disorders?

A

Extreme apprehension, always fearing the worst, marked efforts to guard against possible disasters, hyper-vigilance to possible dangers.

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12
Q

What are the six main anxiety disorders?

A

Phobias, Social Anxiety, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

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13
Q

What are phobias?

A

Phobias refer to an intense and irrational fear of an object or situation.

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14
Q

What is a key feature of phobias?

A

Irrationality is a key feature of phobias.

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15
Q

What triggers intense fear in phobias?

A

Phobic stimuli trigger intense fear and even panic.

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16
Q

How common are phobias?

A

60% of the general population report experiencing ‘unreasonable’ fears; lifetime prevalence of phobias is 7.4%.

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17
Q

Which gender is more likely to experience phobias?

A

Phobias are more common in females (9.8%) than males (4.9%).

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18
Q

What are common types of phobias?

A

Animal phobias, heights phobias, water phobia, claustrophobia, blood-injury-injection phobias.

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19
Q

What is the psychodynamic explanation for phobias?

A

According to Freud, phobias are defenses against anxiety related to a repressed id impulse.

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20
Q

What does the learning explanation suggest about phobias?

A

Phobias are results of previous learning, such as classical conditioning.

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21
Q

What is a problem with the learning explanation of phobias?

A

Many phobic individuals have no memory of an aversive experience.

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22
Q

What is biological preparedness in relation to phobias?

A

Some stimuli can affect genes, influencing the likelihood of developing phobias.

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23
Q

What role does the amygdala play in phobias?

A

The amygdala has a key role in phobias, showing a linear relationship between its activity and subjective fear.

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24
Q

What is the cognitive explanation of phobias?

A

Phobic beliefs maintain fear and promote avoidance of phobic stimuli.

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25
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

A

GAD is a pervasive condition where individuals experience continual apprehension about future events and chronic pathological worrying.

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26
Q

What physiological symptoms are associated with GAD?

A

High or irregular heart rate, profuse sweating, breathing difficulties, and insomnia.

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27
Q

What psychological symptoms are associated with GAD?

A

Persistent worry, feelings of inadequacy, over-sensitivity, and inability to concentrate.

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28
Q

What is the prevalence of GAD?

A

GAD is the most common anxiety disorder, with a prevalence of 4.4% in the UK.

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29
Q

What biological factors contribute to GAD?

A

Neurotransmitters like GABA and serotonin are implicated in GAD.

30
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

Panic disorder is characterized by repeated panic or anxiety attacks.

31
Q

What are the physiological symptoms of panic disorder?

A

Irregular heart rate, shortness of breath, nausea, dizziness, sweating, trembling.

32
Q

What psychological experiences are associated with panic disorder?

A

Feelings of terror or extreme apprehension, possibly depersonalization.

33
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Agoraphobia is the fear of being in a place where the person does not feel safe, often leading to avoidance of leaving home.

34
Q

What is the prevalence of panic disorder?

A

Panic disorder has a lifetime prevalence of between 1.6% and 5.2%.

35
Q

What role do genes play in panic disorder?

A

There is a strong genetic link, with higher concordance rates in MZ twins compared to DZ twins.

36
Q

What is the role of anxiety sensitivity in panic disorder?

A

Individuals with high anxiety sensitivity exhibit maladaptive beliefs that bodily sensations predict harm.

37
Q

What is Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?

A

SAD is a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations.

38
Q

How common is SAD?

A

Lifetime prevalence rate of 6.7% in Europe and 10% in UK students.

39
Q

What genetic factors are associated with SAD?

A

Children with SAD often have parents with SAD, suggesting a genetic link.

40
Q

What brain structures are implicated in SAD?

A

Amygdala hyperactivity and disrupted white matter tracts linking the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala.

41
Q

What is the risk of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) in children with Behavioral Inhibition (BI)?

A

Children with BI have a 17% greater risk of SAD compared to those without BI.

42
Q

What does the amygdala’s hyperactivity indicate in patients with SAD?

A

Amygdala hyperactivity has been reported during aversive social situations and when viewing threatening faces.

43
Q

What white matter disruption is associated with SAD?

A

The white matter tracts linking the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala are disrupted in SAD.

44
Q

What does the dysfunction of the frontal lobes suggest in SAD?

A

SAD is associated with dysfunction of the modulatory effects of the frontal lobes on amygdala activity.

45
Q

How are glutamate levels in the anterior cingulate cortex related to SAD?

A

Glutamate levels are higher in SAD, suggesting a disruption in the normal functioning of the prefrontal cortex.

46
Q

What parental factors are associated with children who have SAD?

A

Parents of children with SAD tend to be over-controlling, overprotective, and less sociable.

47
Q

How do parents of children with SAD typically discipline?

A

They are more likely to use shame as a method of discipline.

48
Q

What maladaptive behavior can children learn from anxious caregivers?

A

Children can learn maladaptive social skills vicariously by watching their anxious caregivers.

49
Q

What cognitive expectations do individuals with SAD have?

A

Individuals with SAD expect more negative social interactions and interpret their performance negatively.

50
Q

What is the focus of practitioners regarding recovery?

A

Practitioners focus on remission of symptoms and health outcomes.

51
Q

How do service users view recovery?

A

Service users have a more complex and personal conception of recovery linked to their experiences.

52
Q

What is clinical recovery?

A

Clinical recovery refers to the remission of symptoms, such as a reduction in symptoms.

53
Q

What does personal recovery involve?

A

Personal recovery involves self-identity, re-establishment of goals, and taking responsibility.

54
Q

What is the importance of social recovery?

A

Social interaction is crucial during recovery as individuals may internalize societal notions of mental health.

55
Q

What is functional recovery?

A

Functional recovery emphasizes the importance of work in the recovery process.

56
Q

What is the primary function of anxiolytics?

A

Anxiolytics reduce anxiety by increasing GABA activity, which reduces noradrenaline activity.

57
Q

What is the most commonly prescribed anxiolytic?

A

Benzodiazepines are the most commonly prescribed anxiolytics.

58
Q

What disorders are benzodiazepines effective in treating?

A

They are effective for treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Panic Disorder.

59
Q

What is the role of antidepressants in treating anxiety disorders?

A

Antidepressants are used to treat GAD, social anxiety, and panic disorder due to the comorbidity of depression.

60
Q

What are the advantages of SSRIs over benzodiazepines?

A

SSRIs have fewer and less serious side effects than benzodiazepines.

61
Q

What is the effectiveness of exposure therapy?

A

Exposure therapy is effective for specific phobias, with 90% improvement and 65% no longer having the phobia.

62
Q

What are the two methods of exposure therapy?

A

Flooding involves exposure to trigger stimuli, while systematic desensitization involves gradual exposure using a hierarchy.

63
Q

How effective is exposure therapy for social anxiety?

A

42% of participants recover from social anxiety using exposure therapy.

64
Q

What is the benefit of virtual reality in exposure therapy?

A

Virtual reality is used to expose individuals to their triggers, leading to significant improvements in social anxiety, phobias, and panic disorders.

65
Q

What does cognitive therapy address in anxiety disorders?

A

Cognitive therapy addresses dysfunctional thoughts and biased information processing underlying anxiety.

66
Q

How is cognitive restructuring used in phobias?

A

Cognitive restructuring is used alongside exposure to combat phobic beliefs.

67
Q

What is the effectiveness of cognitive therapy confirmed for?

A

CBT is confirmed effective for specific phobias, social anxiety, panic disorder, and GAD.

68
Q

What is attention bias modification (ABM)?

A

ABM is based on the dot probe task, helping participants learn to avoid negative stimuli.

69
Q

What is the effectiveness of ABM?

A

ABM has shown effectiveness in treating GAD and phobias, with improvements in anxiety symptoms.

70
Q

How should ABM be used in treatment?

A

ABM is useful as an adjunct rather than a frontline treatment option.

Bsc Psychology Year 1 PY1506 (8 decks)

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