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Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

whats a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A

reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions

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2
Q

define negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

appear to reflect a loss or decline of normal functions

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3
Q

explain delusions as a symptom?

A
  • positive
  • false beliefs firmly held despite being completely illogical
  • 3 types…
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4
Q

explain the three types of delusion for schizophrenia?

A

delusion of persecution- belief that others want to harm, threaten or manipulate you (paranoia)

delusion of grandeur- idea that your important individual even godlike or extraordinary powers

delusions of control- individuals may believe that they are under the control of an alien force that has invaded their mind of body

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5
Q

explain hallucinations as a symptom?

A
  • positive
  • distortions or exaggerations of perception in the senses
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6
Q

explain hallucinations as a symptom?

A
  • positive
  • distortions or exaggerations of perception in the senses
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7
Q

explain speech poverty as a symptom?

A
  • negative
  • lessening of speech fluency that reflective blocked thoughts
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8
Q

explain avolition as a symptom of schizophrenia?

A
  • negative
  • the inability to initiate and persist in goal directed behaviour (eg going to school/ work)
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9
Q

explain affective flattening as a symptom of schizophrenia?

A

a reduction in the range and intensity of a their emotional expressions

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10
Q

explain anhedonia as a symptom of schizophrenia?

A
  • negative
  • loss of interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities
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11
Q

explain catatonic behaviour as a symptom of schizophrenia?

A

pos or neg
- abnormal motor activity (loss of motor skills or extreme hyperactive motor activity eg psychomotor agitation)

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12
Q

give some aspects of the nature of schizophrenia?

A
  • psychosis (sufferer has no concept of reality)
  • the individuals thoughts emotions and senses are impaired
  • 15 to 35 (peak onset 25-35)
  • equally affects men and women altho men are often diagnosed earlier in life
  • affects 1% of the population (1/100)
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13
Q

explain the DSM and ICD differences in classifying a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A

in the DSM (usa) the patient must show one positive symptom to be diagnosed whereas in the ICD (europe asia and africa) you must show two or more negative symptoms to be diagnosed

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14
Q

who developed the ICD?

A

world health organisation

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15
Q

define reliability?

A
  • whether the results are consistent
  • diagnosed of sz can be repeated
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16
Q

define validity?

A

does it measure what its intended to measure

17
Q

define:
- test retest reliability
- inter-rater reliability
- cultural bias

A
  • reach same conclusion when test again
  • different clinician reach same conclusion
  • tendency to judge people in terms of ones own cultural assumptions
18
Q

define:
- gender bias
- symptom overlap
- co-morbidity

A
  • the differences in treatment for men and women based off stereotypes instead of real differences
  • symptoms of the disorder may not be unique to that disorder but may also be found in another making accurate diagnosis difficult
  • the extent that two or more conditions occur simultaneously in a patient (eg schizophrenia and depression)
19
Q

what are the impact of issues with classification and diagnosis?

A
  • misdiagnosis (wrongly diagnosed) - patient will not recieve the right support
  • missed diagnosis (mainly women)
  • impact of treatment on the economy
  • negative stereotypes / self fulfilling prophecy / stigma
20
Q

in relation to SZ, talk issue evidence impact for reliability?

A
  • inter rater reliability:
    differnet clinicians reach the same conclusion with the diagnosis
  • measured by Kappa Score where 0.7 is deemed as good
  • 1 being perfect inter rater agreement
  • in the DSM-V the diagnosis of SZ had a kappa score of 0.46
  • DSM-III had a inter rater reliability correlation in diagnosis of SZ as low as 0.11
  • however, in the DSM 5 pairs of interviewers achieved inter-rater reliability of +0.97
  • people may miss out on diagnosis or be miss diagnosed purely based on the psychiatrist/clinician
21
Q

explain the issue impact and evidence for cultural bias is diagnosing SZ?

A
  • cultural bias is the tendency to judge people in terms of ones own cultural assumptions
  • diagnostic manuals such as the DSM can be described at ethnocentric as they are an imposed etic (created by white american men and pushed onto other cultures)
  • Escobar = Americans and English of Afro-Caribbean origin are several times more likely to be diagnosed with SZ due to issues with cultural bias not genetics - auditory hallucinations are seen as a social norm and accepted due to cultural beliefs that it is connecting with the ancestors
  • this means ethnic minorities are discriminated against and may suffer from misdiagnosis’s because of the diagnostic process being ethnocentric
22
Q

explain the issue (evidence and impact) of gender bias when diagnosing SZ?

A
  • the accuracy of diagnosis is affected by a patients gender due to the stereotypes associated with the label
  • Broverman states that the idea of being mentally healthy is linked to male behaviour and therefore women are more likely to be deemed as mentally unhealthy
  • study conducted where 290 randomly selected male and female psychiatrists read two cases of patients behaviour and asked to offer their judgement
    56% diagnosed when labelled ‘male’ or ‘not gender’
    20% diagnosed when ‘female’
  • females miss out on diagnosis which means they arent treated appropriately and therefore suffer in their daily life as it impacts their funcitoning
  • males are over diagnosed which influences the negative stereotypes involved with men with SZ in the media + issues with self fulfilling prophecy
23
Q

explain comorbidity as an issue when diagnosing SZ?

A
  • the extent that two conditions occur simultaneously in a patient
    eg SZ and depression (50%)
  • if conditions occur together a lot of the time then the validity of their diagnosis is questioned because it may be a singular condition
24
Q

explain symptoms overlap as a diagnosing SZ issue?

A
  • symptoms are not unique to that disorder and may be found in other disorders, making accurate diagnosis difficult
  • SZ and bipolar disorder involve positive symptoms such as delusions and negative symptoms such as avolition
  • questions the validity of the diagnosis

Psychology (9 decks)

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