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Psychology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is OCD?

A

an anxiety disorder caused by obsession which is an internal thought

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2
Q

what is a compulsion?

A

repetitive/ rigid behaviour that reduces anxiety

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3
Q

what is anxiety?

A

a negative state of high arousal

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4
Q

how common is schizophrenia?

A

1/100

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5
Q

name the four definitions of abnormality?

A
  • statistical infrequency
  • deviation from social norms
  • failure to function adequately
  • deviation from ideal mental health
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6
Q

explanation of statistical infrequency?

A

when a persons behaviour is statistically rare

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7
Q

explanation of deviation from social norms?

A

if the behaviour deviates from the unwritten rules of society

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8
Q

explanation of failure to function adequately?

A

people are abnormal it they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life and this causes personal suffering

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9
Q

explanation of deviation of ideal mental health?

A

people are abnormal if they don’t meet the criteria of perfect mental health

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10
Q

what are norms?

A

standards of acceptable behaviour

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11
Q

what are some demands of everyday life?

A

brush teeth, socialise, make food

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12
Q

apply statistical infrequency to real life?

A

intellectual disability disorder (IDD)
- average IQ is 100
- 2% of population have IQ less than 70 = statistically rare = IDD

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13
Q

evaluate statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality?

A

+ easy to analyse (quantitive data)

  • no understanding of patients
  • many mental illnesses are common (depression 1/6)
  • cut off point is too fine (people might not get the help they need)
  • too simplistic
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14
Q

apply deviation of social norms to real life ?

A

homosexuality
- regarded as a mental illness till 1973
- against the law until 1967
- historically seen as deviating from the norm of heterosexuality

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15
Q

what are the weaknesses of deviation from social norm as a definition of abnormality?

A
  • norms are context dependant
  • norms change over cultures and time
  • has lead to groups being discriminated against
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16
Q

apply failure to function adequately to real life?

A
  • IDD - low IQ and failure to function with life
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17
Q

evaluate failure to function adequately?

A

+ joined together makes it more adequate

  • perception of not coping is different
  • dif demands of life
  • eg travelling not got a home etc but your not failing to function
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18
Q

name the Jahodas criteria of ideal mental health?

A
  • no symptoms of distress
  • we are rational and can perceive ourself accurately
  • we self actualise
  • we can cope with stress
  • we have a realistic view of the world
  • we have good self esteem and lack guilt
  • we are independent of other people (autonomy)
  • we can successfully work love and enjoy leisure (environmental mastery)
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19
Q

evaluate deviation from ideal mental health as a definition of abnormality?

A
  • criteria too unrealistic (too many relate, we all cope with stress)
  • criteria is unmeasurable
  • cultural bias - western bias (self actualisation)
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20
Q

what is cultural bias?

A

judging someone based off of your own culture

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21
Q

what is cultural relativism

A

behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is viewed in the context of the culture in which it originates

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22
Q

what are the DSM categories for phobias?

A

• all phobias are characteristics by excessive dear and anxiety triggered by an object place or situation
• specific phobia (object, body part, animal)
• social anxiety (social situation)
• agoraphobia (being in public)

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23
Q

what are the behavioural symptoms for phobias?

A

• panic
• avoidance
• endurance

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24
Q

what are the emotional symptoms for phobias?

A

anxiety and fear

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25
Q

what are the cognitive symptoms for phobias?

A

• selective attention to the phobic stimulus
• irrational beliefs
• cognitive distortions

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26
Q

what is a phobia?

A

an anxiety disorder of an irrational fear of an object or situation that interferes with daily life

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27
Q

what are the DSM categories for depression?

A

• characterised by changes to the mood
• major depressive disorder
• persistent depressive disorder
• disruptive mood disorder
• premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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28
Q

what are the behavioural symptoms for depression?

A

• acitivity levels
• disruption to sleep and eating behaviour
• aggression and self harm

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29
Q

what are the emotional symptoms for depression?

A

• lowered mood
• anger
• lowered self esteem

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30
Q

what are the cognitive symptoms for depression?

A

• poor concentration
• attending to and dwelling on the negative
• absolutist thinking

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31
Q

what is depression

A

a mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels

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32
Q

what are the behavioural symptoms for OCD?

A

• compulsions
• avoidance

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33
Q

what are the emotional symptoms for OCD?

A

• anxiety and distress
• accompanying depression
• guilt and disgust

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34
Q

what are the cognitive symptoms for OCD?

A

• obsessive thoughts
• cognitive strategies to deal with obsession
• insight into excessive anxiety (aware they aren’t rational)

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35
Q

what is the model in the behaviourist approach to explaining phobias?

A

the two process model by mowrer

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36
Q

explain the first stage of the two process model?

A

• acquisition by classical conditioning
- learning to associate something of which we initially have no fear for (NS)

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37
Q

explain acquisition using little albert?

A

initially, the white rat didn’t evoke a fear response (NS) however the loud noise (UCS) naturally evoke a fear response so when the rat was paired with the loud noise in a association pairing six times. Little Albert developed a fear response (CR) to the white rat (CS). He also developed fear to similar stimulus due to stimulus generalisation occurring - he feared rabbits and dogs etc.

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38
Q

explain the second stage in the two process model?

A

• maintenance via operant conditioning
• shows why individuals continue to avoid a feared stimulus

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39
Q

how is negative reinforcement used in maintenance of a phobia?

A

when avoided something unpleasant theres a positive outcome
• avoid phobia stimulus = escape the anxiety

= avoidance behaviour repeated and phobia is maintained

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40
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A

• compulsions -
they are repititive
and they reduce anxiety

• avoidance - keeping away from situations that trigger the anxiety

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41
Q

summarise flooding?

A

• immediate exposure to their fear
• one session lasts for 2/3 hours and usually only one is needed
• patient has no option to avoid situation so the learn that the phobic stimulus is harmless (extinction)

42
Q

is flooding unethical?

A

no as long as patients give fully informed consent

43
Q

explain the strength of flooding?

A

• cost effective treatment for phobias
• takes much less time for positive results (1 session usually)
• health service providers or clients don’t have to fund and pap for longer options of treatment

44
Q

explain the two weaknesses of flooding?

A

• highly traumatic got the patient
- purposely elicits a high level of anxiety - high attrition drop out rates - some hospitalised from anxiety (ethics?!)

• less effective for other types of phobias eg social phobia - if not learn, cant be unlearnt (eg irrational thinking not learnt)

45
Q

explain symptom substitution for flooding weakness?

A

• one phobia removed and replaced with another bc underlying cause remains and is show in other ways

46
Q

who developed systematic desensitisation?

A

wolpe 1958

47
Q

what does systematic desensitisation aim to do??

A

extinguish a phobia by eradicating an undesirable behaviour (fear) and replacing it with a more desirable one (relaxation) - counter conditioning

48
Q

what is the principle called where one person cannot feel feat and relaxation at the same time? - its what systematic desensitisation works on!!

A

reciprocal inhibition

49
Q

what are the three stages of systematic desensitisation?

A

• hierarchy
• relaxation
• exposure

50
Q

explain the first stage of systematic desensitisation?

A

hierarchy -
• therapist and client work together to construct a hierarchy of fear with situations each one causing more anxiety than the previous

51
Q

explain the second stage of systematic desensitisation?

A

relaxation -
• client given training in relaxation techniques (breathing exercises, mental imagery techniques or even drugs eg valium)

52
Q

explain the third stage of systematic desensitisation?

A

exposure -
• patient gradually works through the hierarchy (least to most fear inducing) while utilising the relaxation techniques
• due to reciprocal inhibition, after a while they should be able to remain relaxed in the stressful situation
• if they stay relaxed they move up the hierarchy and continue as the event no longer causes them stress
• once reached the top of the hierarchy, the fear stimulus no longer initiates a fear response

53
Q

what does in vitro mean?

A

visualisation

54
Q

what does in vivo mean?

A

direct experience

55
Q

true or false:
they use a mixture of in vivo and vitro now for most phobias?

A

TRUE

56
Q

what is the negative of systematic desensitisation

A

if phobias aren’t learnt they cannot be unlearnt so would NOT work for evolutionary phobias with an innate bias!!!

57
Q

explain the strengths of systematic desensitisation?
(effectiveness)

A

• 75% of patients with phobias successfully treated especially and using in vivo - direct experiences (McGrath et al 1990)

• great long term results - Gilroy et al 2002 - 42 patients with arachnophobia treated with 3 x 45min sessions, 33 months later less fearful than control group!!!

58
Q

explain the strengths of systematic desensitisation?
(less traumatic)

A

• more ethical and people choose it because it doesn’t cause same levels of distress to flooding
• high n of patients who persist with treatment
• more appropriate for eg learning disabilities or high anxiety people
• learning relaxation techniques can be helpful and positive experience

59
Q

compare flooding and systematic desensitisation in terms of overall effectiveness?

A

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION!!
• flooding is more cost and time effective at face value!!! 1 sessions need !!!!
• 10 sessions for systematic
• flooding too high attrition rate too traumatic and only adults!!!
• 75% success rate for systematic and more gradual so less traumatic/anxiety inducing

60
Q

what does the cognitive approach say??

A

• disorder arises due to faulty information processing leads to irrational thinking

61
Q

who proposed the ABC model?

A

Ellis

62
Q

who proposed the idea of a negative triad?

A

Beck

63
Q

whats the most important part of the ABC model?

A

Belief

64
Q

explain Ellis’ ABC model?

A

• Activating Event -> the trigger/ something that happens (eg. fail an exam)
• Belief -> the way you deal with the trigger: rational (i can use it to improve) or irrational (I’m going to fail the real exams)
• Consequence -> irrational leads to unhealthy emotions such as depression, rational belief leads to healthy emotions

65
Q

explain musturbatory thinking?

A

“source of irrational beliefs”
- absolutist thinking
- i must do/be etc
- if outcome doesn’t happen as needed may become depressed

66
Q

explain Beck’s negative triad?

A

• three kinds of negative thinking that contribute to becoming depressed: negative view of the world, yourself and the future

67
Q

which part of the negative triad is most important? and why?

A

• the self
• leads to neg view of world and future
• links to the negative self schema
• all info about ourselves perceived in a negative way

68
Q

name the two strengths of the cognitive approach to explaining depression?

A
  • the role of irrational thinking is supported by research
  • successfully applied in therapy (CBT)
69
Q

name the two weaknesses of cog approach to explain depression?

A
  • blames client rather than situational factors
  • does not take into account alternative explanations such as biological
70
Q

explain what CBT aims to do?

A

change the thought process which consequently changes the abnormal behaviour and then feelings
-> replace irrational thought with rational

71
Q

what did Ellis expand his model to and explain what it means and what you call it?

A

abcDEF:
D - dispute (challenge the irrational thoughts)
E - effects (rational belief replaced irrational)
F - new feeling (sadness to no depression)

CALLED: REBT
(rational emotional behavioural therapy)
subtype of CBT

72
Q

what are the three types of disputing?

A
  • logical
  • empirical
  • pragmatic
73
Q

what does logical disputing do?

A

challenging whether it makes sense

74
Q

what does empirical disputing do?

A
  • challenge whether its consistent with reality (reality testing)
  • uses evidence to support the disputing argument
75
Q

what are elements/ methods within CBT?

A

• homework =
- record events to test the irrational beliefs
- “client as scientist” client collects evidence of a positive event to be used in empirical disputing

• behavioural activation =
- encouraging clients to be more active and engage in pleasurable activities
- aiming to gradually decrease isolation and avoidance
- being active acts as an antidote to depression

76
Q

what are the strengths of cog approach to treat depression?

A
  • research evidence to support the effectiveness of REBT/CBT
77
Q

what are the weaknesses of CBT/REBT?

A
  • individual differences (such as the severity of symptoms of learning difficulties) means CBT is more effective for some individuals than others
  • high relapse rates
  • other treatment options such as biological - anti depressant drugs
78
Q

what are the two parte of the biological approach to explaining OCD

A

genetics
neural

79
Q

what is OCD?

A

an anxiety disorder caused by obsession which is temporarily relieved by compulsions

80
Q

what is the difference between obsessions and compulsions ?

A
  • obsession is an internal component (thought)
    -> is a persistent thought experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive and causes anxiety
  • compulsions are an external component (behaviour)
    -> repetitive behaviour that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety
81
Q

what is the name for one specific gene? (eg SERT)

A

candidate

82
Q

what is dopamine ?

A

pleasure neurotransmitter, if too high can cause addiction -> compulsions

83
Q

what is seratonin?

A

mood neurotransmitter - affects happiness levels
if low = depression
affected by sunlight etc

84
Q

what are the four genetic explanations of ocd?

A
  • SERT gene
  • COMT gene
  • OCD may be a polygenic condition
  • diathesis stress model
85
Q

explain SERT gene as an genetic explanation for OCD?

A
  • candidate gene
    • affects the transportation of serotonin
    • low levels of serotonin implicated with OCD + depression
86
Q

explain COMT gene as an genetic explanation for OCD?

A
  • candidate gene
    • supposed to regulate the production of neurotransmitter dopamine
    • a variation of the COMT gene results in high levels of dopamine
    -> more common in OCD patients
87
Q

explain OCD as a polygenic condition as an genetic explanation for OCD?

A
  • OCD may not be caused by one singular gene but a combo of genetic variations that together increase the vunerability
  • Taylor - up to 230 genes
88
Q

explain diathesis stress model as an genetic explanation for OCD?

A
  • interactionist approach
  • genetic vulnerability + environmental trigger
  • explains how identical twins have one with OCD and one without even with 100% DNA shared
89
Q

explain neurotransmitters role as an neural explanation for OCD?

A

low serotonin and high dopamine can be implicated with the disorder separately of the gene (SERT or COMT)

90
Q

explain the worry circuit as an neural explanation for OCD?

A
  • caudate nucleus (in the basal ganglia) normally suppresses signals from the orbito frontal context
    • caudate nucleaus found damaged in OCD patients
    -> fails to suppress minor worries + thalamus is detected always
    -> creates a worry circuit
91
Q

CN role?

A

role to differentiate between minor and manor worries to send signals to thalamus for only major ones

92
Q

what do biological treatments for OCD aim to do?

A

restore neuro chemical imbalances in the brain

93
Q

what are the main antidepressants called used to treat OCD?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibition

94
Q

explain how antidepressants such as SSRIs work?

A

• increase the level of serotonin in the synapse by inhibiting it from being reabsorbed into the sending cell (pre synaptic neurons)
• serotonin cab therefore continue to stimulate the post synaptic neuron

95
Q

whats the name, dosage and time of use of an antidepressant?

A

fluoxetine - 20mg - capsule or liquid - 3/4 months for an impact on symptoms

96
Q

example of anti anxiety drugs?

A

benzodiazepines

97
Q

explain how benzodiazepines work????

A

• release GABA - which locks onto the GABA receptor sites located on the post synaptic membrane
• when GABA locked on to the sites it opens a channel which increase the flow of chloride ions making it difficult for the post synaptic neuron’s go he further stimulated by other neurotransmitters -> calming effect on mind

98
Q

what efffects does GABA have?

A

inhibitory - stops other neurotransmitters firing

99
Q

what are the positives of drug therapy?

A

effective and cost effective and non distruptive

100
Q

what are the negs of drug therapy?

A

side effects n treat symptoms not cause

Psychology (8 decks)

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