Schizophrenia Flashcards
What was schizophrenia originally known as
Dementia praecox, which is dementia of the young
Describe the onset of schizophrenia
 usually begins during adolescence or early 20s  at the latest, and it is stabilised overtime with Support 
Define Bleuler’s definition of schizophrenia
Break in the Mind, which is 1. disturbances of association
2. disturbances of affect
3. I’m bivalence.
4. Autism.
5. Abulia
What did Schneider describer’s first rank symptoms?
 what would you now describe as positive sentence such as audible thoughts for broadcasting for intrusion, withdrawal, semantic, hallucinations, passivity, feelings, and delusions of control
What are the three types of symptoms in schizophrenia?
Negative cognitive and positive
Describe the first phase of schizophrenia
The pro journal phase where cognitive symptoms then negative symptoms, then positive symptoms begin

How do you get a diagnosis of schizophrenia?
 You must have two or more for more than a month at a time, and one of the symptoms must come from the first free
 hallucinations, delusions or disorganised speech
Twin studies have found that schizophrenia
 Because highest in monozygotic /identical twins And then siblingss  two parents with schizophrenia 
What is the likelihood in percentages of getting schizophrenia if you’re identical monozygotic twin has it?
40% chance
Describe the diaphysis stress model and schizophrenia
Proposes that there are genetic and pre-perinatal/pregnancy complications such as viral infection and stress that combine to increase your risk of getting schizophrenia later in life.
For example, the number of hypoxia related complications, meaning oxygen access by the fetus is reduce or viral infections, such as the flu combined with genetic vulnerability which causes schizophrenia . 
Later, Night, you may end up with more neurotransmission, such as dopamine glutamate and gabba .  aunty psychotics can reduce dopamine levels and drugs are increased dopamine increased likelihood of psychosis
There’s also reduced white matter which is involved in connections between rain areas and deficient my nationn. Grey matter is also reduced in the temple and limbic prefrontal regions, insular cortex because of lower connections between the areas and the brains lead to atrophy in the grey matter itself, . White matters connected to low grade matter, .  therefore, enlarged ventricles in the brain between these two brain areas. 
Explain the diaphysis stress model in terms of children to adulthood
 Children who develop schizophrenia later and tend to show low levels of cognitive abilities in childhood such as social behaviour and reduce facial motion, expression and motor skills. dated me become depressed or non-compliant, and then show symptoms of delusions and hallucinations 
Describe the short study of mapping, auditory, hallucinations in schizophrenia, using FMRI
 1. Six patients with schizophrenia were given a free second scan every 30-60 seconds.
2. After the scan, they reported whether or not they had been experiencing auditory hallucinations when the scan started..  in another run. Continuous data was recorded and the patient’s press button to signal the end of hallucination.
Describe the most significant study on auditory, hallucination,
connection to N1suppression
they have a talk, listen paradigm where participant has to talk and the brain activity is recorded whilst doing so.
 Where is another has a recording of their own voice played, and  the brain is seen hearing the speech, but not generating the speech
 when a person without schizophrenia, speaks,  there is greater N1, suppression and lower auditory cortex activation, but when they are listening to other speak, there is less than one suppression and more auditory activation. The reason why there’s less auditory activation and more suppression when we talk it because we expect it (forward model theory)
 it’s like being tickled, you can’t tickle yourself and feel it as much, so you’re suppressing your senses.
However, in schizophrenia, they seem to struggle to suppress their own voice, and therefore the auditory cortex activation, it’s greater and suppression is lower when they speak, , which is why it seems like the sound is coming from somebody else,  
Patience with which traits are particularly good at tickling themselves
Schizotypal traits
What’s an example of a study showing suppression in healthy people
 in the task spoons, had to think of a certain phoning in their head at a certain moment and simultaneously, they had a sound that may or may not match what they were thinking. If the sounds matched what they were thinking, there was reduced suppression activity due to the suppression effect, and hopefully this could be applied to schizophrenia patience.
The conclusion could be that against schizophrenic patients show less suppression and higher activity, because they don’t realise the sound has come from them
