Scalp And Superficial Face Flashcards
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
Integument (skin) Dense CT Aponeurosis Loose areolar CT Pericranium (periosteum) SCALP
Which nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the face and scalp?
Trigeminal nerve (CN V) and spinal nerves C2-3
Describe spinal nerves C2-3
Anterior rami of C2, C3 (greater auricular and lesser occipital nerve)
Posterior rami of C2 (greater occipital N)
What are the cutaneous nerves of the ophthalmic branch of CN V?
Supraorbital exiting via supraorbital foramen
supratrochlear exiting via supratrochlear foramen and infratrochlear nerves
What are the cute angus nerves of the maxillary branch of CN V?
Infraorbital which exits via Infraorbital foramen,
zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal N
What are the cutaneous nerves of the mandibular branch of CN V?
Mental which exits via mental Foramen
buccal, and auriculotemporal Ns
Which arteries provide blood supply to the scalp?
Posterior auricular, superficial temporal, occipital and supraorbital/supratrochlear arteries
Which arteries of the scalp are from the external carotid?
Posterior auricular and occipital arteries
Superficial temporal artery (from maxillary branch)
Which scalp arteries are from the ophthalmic artery (from internal carotid)?
Supraorbital/supratrochlear arteries
What is a superficial scalp injury?
Superficial to aponeurosis
Does not gap as aponeurosis holds edges of wound together
Bleeds profusely as CT of scalp tends to hold cut vessels open
What is a deep scalp injury?
Through the aponeurosis
Forms gaping wound because of pull of occipitofrontalis muscle (facial expression muscle)
Bleeds profusely as CT of scalp tends to hold cut vessels open
What are scalp infections?
Can spread into cranium via small emissary veins (anastomoses between intra and extracranial veins)
List characteristics of the facial nerve (CN VII)
Has both motor and sensory roots
Motor innervation to facial expression muscles
Sensory innervation of taste to anterior 2/3 tongue
Parasympathetics to lacrimal, nasal cavity, submandibular and sublingual glands
Describe a facial nerve injury
Damage due to surgery or infections causes Bell’s palsy
Muscle weakness/paralysis including inability to close eyelids - prone to cornea ulceration
Describe Botox injections (botulinum toxin)
Blocks neuromuscular transmission by inhibiting ACh release
Used to treat eye disorders, migraines, muscle spasms or used cosmetically
Which muscles does the trigeminal nerve provide somatic motor innervation to?
Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior digastric, and tensor tympani
What is the herpes zoster virus?
Chickenpox virus (initial infection)
Lesions due to reactivation of the virus that can appear anywhere on the body (in a single or adjacent dermatomes)
Many produce lesions in cranial ganglia with most involving CN. V
Ophthalmic division commonly affected
-usual cornea involvement leads to painful corneal ulcerationp
What are the three salivary gland?
Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
What is the parotid gland?
Largest
Serous gland encapsulated by tough fascia
What is the submandibular gland?
Located in submandibular triangle inferior to mandible
Mixed serous and mucous gland
What is the sublingual gland?
Located within the oral cavity beneath the tongue
Mucous gland
What is the parotid duct?
Runs over masseter muscle pierces buccinator and opens on surface of oral cavity near upper second molar
What structures are found within the parotid gland?
Parotid duct, facial nerve, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery and auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3 sensory)
Describe the course of the facial nerve in the parotid gland
Exits stylomastoid foramen and enters the gland after innervating the stylohyoid and posterior digastric muscle
What are the arteries of the face and scalp?
Facial, occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal, transverse facial, Infraorbital, supraorbital and supratrochlear, mental artery
Describe the facial artery
Branch off the external carotid artery
Gives rise to labial and angular arteries
Describe the occipital artery
Branch off external carotid artery
Supplies posterior scalp
Describe the posterior auricular artery
Branch off external carotid artery
Describe the superficial temporal artery
A terminal branch of the external carotid artery
Describe the transverse facial artery
Branch off the superficial temporal artery
Describe the Infraorbital artery
Branch off the maxillary artery
Describe the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries
Branches off opthalamic artery
Describe the mental artery
Terminal branch of inferior alveolar artery
What does the facial vein empty into?
Internal jugular vein but has other anastomoses
The superficial temporal veins join the maxillary vein to form what vein?
Retromandibular
The retromandibular vein joins with the posterior auricular vein to make what?
External jugular vein
What structure causes a potential spread of exterior infections into the cranium?
Anastomoses between supratrochlear, supraorbital, angular vein of facial vein with intracranial veins
What are the superficial cervical LNs?
Submental, submandibular, parotid, mastoid and occipital LNs
What are the inferior deep cervical LNs?
Jugulo-digastric and jugulo-omohyoid LNs
