Scalp And Cranial Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the scalp?

A

Superior nuchal line of occipital bone and the superior orbital margins if the frontal bone, laterally it extends to the zygomatic arch.

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2
Q

What are the borders of the face?

A

Is the anterior aspect of the head, from the chin to the forehead, and from ear to ear.

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3
Q

What tissue makes up the scalp and what does each layer house / do?

A

S C A L P

Skin - outermost layer

Connective tissue (dense) - subcutaneous layer rich in neuromuscular structure

Aponeurotic layer (epicranial aponeurosis) - suturing required here to close gaping wounds

Loose connective tissue - separates first 3 layers with the underling pericranium and Calvaria

Pericranium - external periosteal layer

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4
Q

What structures are contained within the skin layer of the scalp?

Where thickest?

A

Hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands.

It is thickest over the occipital bone

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5
Q

What structures are contained within the dense connective tissue layer of the scalp?

A

Subcutaneous layer, richly vascularised and with cuntaneous nerves.

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6
Q

What structures are contained within the aperoneurotic layer of the scalp?

A

Tendon and muscle of the occipitofrontalis

Layer prevents superficial wounds from gaping open. When this is compromised, then sutures are required.

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7
Q

What structures are contained within the loose connective tissue layer of the scalp?

Explain the spaces and the issues caused in this layer

A

Loose packing material (areolar tissue)
- allows free movement of outer layers over the underlying calvaria

Contains spaces susceptible to distortion with fluid or infection spread

  • infection can spread to eyelid or the nose because the frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle inserts into skin and tissue not bone
  • infection doesn’t spread below zygomatic arch or posteriorly down to the neck due to attachments at superior nuchal line and zygomatic arch
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8
Q

What structures are contained within the pericranium layer of the scalp?

A

External periosteum of the skull

Periosteum = dense vascular tissue surrounding bone surface other than at joints

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9
Q

What nerve innervates the pink area of the head?

A

CN V - trigeminal nerve

CNV1 - ophthalmic branch

CNV2 - maxillary branch

CNV2 - mandibular branch

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10
Q

What branches does the ophthalmic nerve (CNV1) give rise to?

A

Supraorbital

Supratrochlear

Infratrochlear

External nasal

Lacrimal

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11
Q

What branches does the maxillary nerve (CNV2) give rise to?

A

Zygomaticotemporal

Zygomaticofacial

Infra-orbital

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12
Q

What branches does the mandibular nerve (CNV3) give rise to?

A

Auriculotemporal

Buccal

Mental

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13
Q

What nerves innervate the green area of the head?

A

Cervical nerves C2, C3 and C4 - greater occipital nerve and the third occipital nerve

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14
Q

What nerves innervate the yellow area of the head?

A

Cervical plexus, C3 and C2 with the great auricular nerve

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15
Q

What arteries and their sub divisions supply which areas of the scalp?

A

Internal carotid artery (supraorbital, supratrochlear) - anterior scalp

External carotid artery (superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital) - lateral and posterior scalp

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16
Q

What veins and their sub divisions drain the face and scalp?

A

Same names as arteries however occipital vein drains to internal vein not external

Internal jugular vein (occipital vein, supratrochlear, supraorbital)

External jugular vein (posterior auricular vein, superficial temporal vein)

17
Q

What lymphatics drain the scalp?

A

Posteriorly = mastoid and occipital nodes drain to deep cervical nodes

Anteriorly = pre-auricular and parotid nodes

18
Q

What are the cranial fossa?

A

Anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa

19
Q

What are the contents of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobe of cerebral cortex

Olfactory bulbs (CN I) which receives nerve fibres from nasal cavity via cribiform plate foramina

Olfactory tract

Crista galli bone on ethmoid plate = attachment for the dura layer of the brain

20
Q

What are the contents of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobes of brain, pituitary gland in the pituitary fossa, cerebrum, cerebellum, basal ganglia

21
Q

What are the contents of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Cerebellum, brainstem, medulla oblong at a via foramen magnum, cranial nerves,

22
Q

What is a buttress?

A

Thicker portions of cranial bone that absorb forces and spread them out across thinner portions of bone - bypassing the orbits and nasal cavity

23
Q

Where are the buttresses on the skull

A

Frontonasal butress - from area between maxillary canines to the central frontal bone

Zygomatic arch lateral orbital margin butress - molars to lateral frontal and temporal bone

Occipital buttress - transmit forces lateral to foramen magnum down the spinal column