Scale Flashcards

1
Q

Define scale

A

the presence of flakes of keratinized skin in the hair coat and on the skin.

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2
Q

List 5 things that scale can result from

A

normal skin function- small amounts normal
abnormal desquamation
Abnormal cornification
Inflammation
Bacterial and fungal enzymatic action

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3
Q

what is crust

A

result from the hardening of pus, serum and/or blood with scale to form a solid material which like scale is variably adherent to the skin

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4
Q

What is more common primary or secondary scale

A

secondary scale much more common

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5
Q

what is the most common form of scale

A

scale secondary to bacterial infection
the amount of scale depends on bacterial toxins

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6
Q

Decsribe the diagnostic plan in cases of scale

A
  1. check for parasites
  2. check for infection
  3. older animals- general health screening (e.g. biochem, urinalysis, haem)
  4. Biopsy
  5. Genetic testing if indicated
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7
Q

Describe Type 1 Zn-respinsive dermatosis

A

Genetically predisposed breeds eg Husky (type I)
Don’t absorb Zn very well - often young adult
see dull coat and specific hard plaques with marked scale and crusting

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8
Q

what is Zn needed for in the skin

A

Zinc is required for normal keratinisation

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9
Q

Describe how to treat Zn-responsive dermatosis

A

Zn supplementation (zinc sulphate - can cause v+)
correct diet

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10
Q

what is typically seen with ichthyosis of the golden retriever

A

seen from few weeks of age- scale is variable over life but can be severe
symptomatic treatment only
is a genetic disease

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11
Q

Describe canine ear margin seborrhea

A

uncommon - seen in dachshunds
thick white crust around ear margin
rubbing of these produces erosions and ulceration

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12
Q

Describe how to treat canine ear margin seborrhoea

A

incurable condition
surgery- can perform edge resection
medical- topical anti-seborrhoeic shampoos, combined with moisturisers

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13
Q

what is Nasodigital hyperkeratosis

A

A broad term for dogs with non-inflamed, quiescent and tightly adherent hyperkeratosis affecting the nose and sometimes the feet.

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14
Q

what is nasodigital hyperkeratosis associated with

A

distemper virus
has genetic component?

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15
Q

Desribe how to treat nasodigital hyperkeratosis

A

cutting off prominent fronds with scissors or a scalpel blade
hydrating the keratin using shampoos and soaks as described elsewhere
Essential fatty acids

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16
Q

Describe nasal parakeratosis of labradour retrivers

A

First observed between 6 & 12 months
genetic
roughening of nasal skin
treatment is for life- animals should not be bred from

17
Q

Describe how to diagnose NPLR (nasal parakeratosis of labrador retrievers)

A

biopsy
genetic testing

18
Q

Describe how to treat NPLR (nasal parakeratosis of labrador retrievers)

A

topical vitamin E
petroleum jelly
propylene glycol

19
Q

Describe Footpad hyperkeratosis of the Dogue de Bordeaux

A

fist signs at 4-6months
Foot pads only, with severe thickening with deep cracks appearing centrally

20
Q

Describe how to treat Footpad hyperkeratosis of the Dogue de Bordeaux

A

50% propylene glycol soaks
antibiotics for secondary infection
retinoids- very expensive

21
Q

where does callus generally occur

A

hocks, elbows, sternum and ischium

22
Q

what are callus

A

round or oval hyperkeratotic plaque that develops on the skin at points of trauma.

Callus is the normal response to pressure induced ischemia and inflammation.

23
Q

Describe how to treat callus

A

treat secondary infection
removal of trauma/pressure
bandaging and padding??
surgery is possible- Don’t really do though

24
Q

Describe Thymoma induced exfoliative dermatitis

A

Diffuse, non-pruritic erythema and exfoliation (large 1+ cm flakes if skin) +/- alopecia
Concurrent signs from respiratory compromise

25
Describe how to treat Thymoma induced exfoliative dermatitis
immunomodulatory drugs surgery is curative
26
What is Idiopathic canine sebaceous adenitis
Inflammation in the sebaceous glands resulting in reduced activity to complete loss not uncommon
27
List the clinical signs of Idiopathic canine sebaceous adenitis
dry scale- fine hair loss Perifollicular hyperkeratosis is prominent Follicular casts are common Pruritus when 2˚ infection present
28
Describe how to diagnose Idiopathic canine sebaceous adenitis
clinical signs highly suggestive biopsy- will see absent sebaceous glands
29
Treatment of Idiopathic canine sebaceous adenitis
Use emollient and lubricating shampoos fatty acid and oil supplementation ciclosporin prognosis good if seen early enough
30
what do Keratoplastic / keratolytic products do
reduce scale production but cause excessive drying so need to be used before moisturizing products
31
what do Moisturising and emollient products do
These reduce transepidermal water loss and prevent inflammation Best used after other products have removed scale
32
what is the action of keratoplastic products
reducing cell turnover in the skin to reduce scale production e.g. sulphur and tar
33
what is the action of keratolytic products
the shampoo removes cells from the surface of the skin e.g. salicylic acid
34
when do we use Selenium sulphide to treat scale
Older anti-seborrheic but can be used to treat severe cases of oily greasy skin non-responsive to other agents- not used much causes marked drying stains coat pink in white animals
35
Describe nasodigital hyperkeratosis lesions
nasal lesions - nose is dry with hard projections, cracks and fissures may occur pad lesions - all the pads lack flexibility, they are cracked and corns can form
36
How do steroids affect keratinisation
reduce turnover of epithelial cells
37
Describe type 2 Zn-responsive dermatosis
In nutritional restriction seen in young rapidly growing larger breeds